{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Primjena Linuxa i otvorenog softvera u na\u0161oj obrazovnoj ustanovi: biti ili ne biti?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Dobar dan, po\u0161tovani \u010dlanovi Habr. U posljednje vrijeme mu\u010di me pitanje: koliko dugo \u0107e trajati monopol kompanije Microsoft u sektoru tr\u017ei\u0161ta koji opskrbljuje mnoge obrazovne ustanove u na\u0161oj zemlji (u stvari, on je bio zadu\u017een od 90-ih godina<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Dajem konkretan primjer: poha\u0111am relativno popularnu IT sekciju za srednjo\u0161kolce pri lokalnom sveu\u010dili\u0161tu N (ovo sveu\u010dili\u0161te je prili\u010dno presti\u017eno u mom gradu), gdje u\u010dimo niz disciplina:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u201eOsnovi informatike i ra\u010dunalne tehnike\u201c (ve\u0107 je zavr\u0161eno).<\/li>\n
  2. \u201eUre\u0111aj\u2026 ra\u010dunalnog sustava\u201c: OS, \u201eunutra\u0161njost\u201c PC-a (zavr\u0161eno).<\/li>\n
  3. \u201eRad na osobnom ra\u010dunalu\u201c: osnove Windows Explorera, CMD, MS Office (tek je zavr\u0161eno).<\/li>\n
  4. \u201eOsnove programiranja\u201c: PascalABC.NET (hvala Bogu, barem nije Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nA sada kritika ve\u0107ine to\u010daka:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. Vjerojatno jedina disciplina koja me donekle zadovoljila. Sustavi brojanja, binarna logika itd. Ovdje smo se sna\u0161li bez kori\u0161tenja bilo kakvih OS i softvera, stoga nema izravne veze s mojim postom.<\/p>\n

    2. E tu kre\u0107e najzanimljivije. Prije svega, gotovo sve \u0161to smo prolazili \u2014 povijest i mogu\u0107nosti MS-DOS-a i Windowsa (svi verzija, me\u0111utim, o Windows XP-u, jer je prezentacija napravljena po\u010detkom 2000-ih), spomenuli su postojanje takvih sustava kao \u0161to su GNU\/Linux, *nix i... to je to. Jasne povijesti i mogu\u0107nosti *nix-a nisam vidio u ovoj prezentaciji. Drugo, na predavanju smo dugo raspravljali o razlikama izme\u0111u Windows 3.11 i 95 i 98; prisjetili smo se postojanja IDE moda; upoznali se s FAT12\/16\/32 i NTFS-om (iako predava\u010d nije rekao gotovo ni\u0161ta osim de\u0161ifriranja akronima 'NTFS'), ali nisam \u010duo ni rije\u010d o EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF, pa \u010dak ni o na\u010dinima partititioning-a - muk! Sli\u010dna situacija je bila s BIOS-om: objasnili su funkciju Legacy-BIOS-a, ali su zaboravili na UEFI, da ne govorimo o Coreboot-u i drugim implementacijama BIOS-a. Uz to, predava\u010di su nam pri\u010dali o 'mo\u0107ima novih' Pentium 4 i DDR2, postepenom zastarijevanju floppy diskova, i prednostima Windows XP-a u odnosu na ME i 98 (opet, prezentacija 2003-2005 godina).<\/p>\n

    3. Ovde je sve prili\u010dno jasno: sve je zastarelo i\/ili vlasni\u010dko. Ne prigovaraju mi karakteristikama samih ra\u010dunara: 0,5-2 gigabajta RAM-a i Pentium 4\/D dovoljni su za klijentski ra\u010dunar, kao \u0161to imamo Windows XP i centralni server za datoteke, koji delimi\u010dno smanjuje optere\u0107enje na sistemskom HDD-u. Me\u0111utim, na ovim ra\u010dunarima uspeo sam da prona\u0111em samo par slobodnih programa od stotina: Notepad++ i veoma staru verziju OpenOffice-a. Sve ostalo: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007\/2010 (neaktivan), Adobe PDF Reader, antivirusni programi, vlasni\u010dki kompajleri, Turbo Pascal\u2026 Usput, na nekima (s najmanje 1 GB RAM-a) instalirana je Kubuntu 14.04.x, koja od trenutka instalacije nikada nije a\u017eurirana, ni sistem ni repozitoriji. A postavili su je o\u010digledno radi forme: nikada nisam video nijednog studenta koji koristi Linux. Tako\u0111e, ljudi koji su postavili distribuciju nisu naveli lozinku za root i boot loader. <\/p>\n

    Zbog toga se lako mo\u017ee prona\u0107i opcija Rescue Mode u GRUB2, automatski dobiti root privilegije, premontirati korenski sistem u read\/write i izvr\u0161iti passwd. U su\u0161tini, to je ono \u0161to je va\u0161 pokorni sluga u\u010dinio dvaput. I ceo (svi) OS je pod mojom potpunom kontrolom. Kakva je onda svrha postavljanja lozinki za Windows, instalacije antivirusnih programa, pode\u0161avanja proxy-ja kada je cela ta \"za\u0161tita\" bezvredna? Osim toga, kada sam profesoru ispri\u010dao o ovoj ranjivosti, odgovorio mi je da ga ta problematika nije mnogo zanimala. Kako je to mogu\u0107e? S jedne strane zabranjuju kori\u0161\u0107enje USB fle\u0161 memorija bez antivirusnog skeniranja, s druge strane ignoriraju problem koji je na povr\u0161ini. Usput, na ovim Kubuntu gotovo da nema softvera. Ni gcc, ni g++, ni fpc, ni\u0161ta osim osnovnog sistema.<\/p>\n

    Ako govorim o kancelariji, kori\u0161\u0107enje LibreOffice-a i otvorenih standarda dokumenata dovelo je do toga da se ve\u0107ina .odt datoteka nije ispravno otvarala u proizvodu kompanije Microsoft, a suprotno je tako\u0111e ta\u010dno. Iako je MS Office (po mom skromnom mi\u0161ljenju) vrlo prakti\u010dan proizvod, LibreOffice, posebno kao besplatni projekat, tako\u0111e je dobar. U su\u0161tini, da nije vlasni\u010dke prirode i zatvorenosti MS Office-a, svrha postojanja njegovih alternativa bila bi svedena na minimum (ponovo, po mom skromnom mi\u0161ljenju). <\/p>\n

    Iako se sla\u017eem sa A.V. Stolyarovim<\/a><\/noindex>, imam osje\u0107aj da je odre\u0111eni va\u017ean softver dostupan samo za Windows i da ne\u0107e biti zamijenjen u ovim podru\u010djima u sljede\u0107ih nekoliko godina (na primjer, za programiranje odre\u0111enih mikrocontroller-a ili pokretanje softvera za upravljanje stajali\u0161tima za optimizaciju), ali svake godine tog softvera je sve manje. Pogotovo jer su to prili\u010dno rijetke oblasti, a *nix se ne bez razloga smatraju dobrim sustavima za u\u010denje osnova programiranja.<\/p>\n

    Moral ove pri\u010de: na\u017ealost, moram konstatirati da se na lokalnim visoko\u0161kolskim institucijama (vjerojatno, ne samo ovdje) daje prednost proprietarnim i zatvorenim proizvodima, \u010dak i kada ih je potrebno koristiti ilegalno. Drugi softver se \u010desto ignori\u0161e, jer nema motivacije za pobolj\u0161anje stvarnog znanja i znanja studenata kod u\u010ditelja (\u00abU\u010ditelji ne \u017eele u\u010diti\u00bb). Samo padaju na pamet rije\u010di da, u na\u010delu, slobodan softver je spreman za kori\u0161tenje korisnicima, ali sami korisnici ne \u017eele da ga koriste i\/ili se samou\u010de, ako \u00abi tako mo\u017ee\u00bb.<\/p>\n

    P.S.:UNIX u SSSR-u<\/b> Moj djed mi je pri\u010dao da je 1986-1988. godine, kao vo\u0111a organizacije UPRCENTRZAPCHAST, zajedno s drugim kolegama donio odluku o prijenosu osoblja na njihovoj bazi u Stolbcima i Tashkent-u na Mini-EMV \u00abRobotron\u00bb i jo\u0161 nekim ra\u010dunalima na\u0161e proizvodnje, s centralnim ra\u010dunalom-serverom. Prema njegovim opisima i Wikipediji, na tom serveru je bio instaliran Unix, \u010dak i na nekim od njih sovjetske verzije. Stoga je, mo\u017ee se re\u0107i, potencijal za u\u010denje *nix ostao. <\/p>\n

    Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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