{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>RAID algoritmi predstavljeni su javnosti davne 1987. godine. Do danas ostaju najtra\u017eenija tehnologija za za\u0161titu i ubrzanje pristupa podacima u podru\u010dju pohrane informacija. No, starost IT tehnologije koja je pre\u0161la 30-godi\u0161nju granicu, vi\u0161e je znak starosti nego zrelosti. Uzrok tome je napredak, koji neprekidno donosi nove mogu\u0107nosti. U vremenima kada prakti\u010dno nije bilo drugih ure\u0111aja osim HDD-a, RAID algoritmi omogu\u0107ili su naju\u010dinkovitije kori\u0161tenje raspolo\u017eivih resursa pohrane. Me\u0111utim, s pojavom SSD-a, situacija se drasti\u010dno promijenila. Sada RAID, kada radi s \u010dvrstim diskovima, postaje \u201espona\u201c u njihovoj izvedbi. Stoga, kako bi se oslobodila potpuna brzina SSD-a, potreban je potpuno druga\u010diji pristup radu s njima.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Osim o\u010ditih razlika izme\u0111u HDD i SSD u na\u010dinu rada, ove vrste medija imaju i jo\u0161 jednu va\u017enu karakteristiku: svaki tvrdi disk mo\u017ee prepisivati bilo koje podatke s granularno\u0161\u0107u od jednog bloka (\u0161to je trenutno naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e 4KB). Za SSD, me\u0111utim, proces prepisivanja predstavlja mnogo slo\u017eeniju proceduru:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Promijenjeni podaci kopiraju se na novo mjesto. Pri tome, granularnost ostaje isti blok, ali se sastoji od nekoliko stranica i ima veli\u010dinu izme\u0111u 256KB i 4MB. To zna\u010di da prilikom promjene istih 4KB morate kopirati tako\u0111er i sve susjedne stranice koje \u010dine jedinstveni blok.<\/li>\n<li>\u201eStari\u201c blokovi ozna\u010davaju se kao neiskori\u0161teni, kako bi ih kasnije izbrisao sakuplja\u010d \u201esme\u0107a\u201c (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Sekvencijalno pisanje\/prepisivanje na SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U slu\u010daju sekvencijalnog pisanja\/prepisivanja, ova posebna funkcionalnost SSD-a nema veliki utjecaj na njegovu izvedbu, s obzirom na to da su blokovi blizu jedni drugima i sakuplja\u010d \u201esme\u0107a\u201c dobro obavlja svoj posao u pozadini. No u stvarnom \u017eivotu, a pogotovo u Enterprise segmentu, SSD-ovi se \u010desto koriste za nasumi\u010dni pristup podacima. A ti se podaci pi\u0161u na nasumi\u010dna mjesta na ure\u0111ajima.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0160to vi\u0161e podataka se zapisuje na SSD, to je te\u017ee radu 'sakuplja\u010da sme\u0107a', jer se znatno pove\u0107ava fragmentacija. Kao rezultat, dolazi trenutak kada proces \u010di\u0161\u0107enja diska vi\u0161e nije 'u pozadini': performanse SSD-a zna\u010dajno opadaju, budu\u0107i da ve\u0107i deo tro\u0161i sakuplja\u010d sme\u0107a.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Stvarna lokacija podataka na SSD-u tokom svakodnevne upotrebe<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kako bismo ilustrovali efekat uticaja rada sakuplja\u010da 'sme\u0107a' u zavisnosti od na\u010dina upisa na disk, mo\u017eemo sprovesti jednostavne testove: sekvencijalno i slu\u010dajno zapisivanje blokovima od 4KB na 100GB diska. (Izvor \u2013 kompanija <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Performanse pri sekvencijalnom zapisivanju<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Performanse pri slu\u010dajnom zapisivanju<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to se mo\u017ee videti iz testova, pad performansi mo\u017ee dose\u0107i vi\u0161e od dva puta. I to je samo jedan disk. U slu\u010daju kori\u0161\u0107enja SSD-a u RAID grupi, broj operacija prepisivanja se zna\u010dajno pove\u0107ava zahvaljuju\u0107i radu sa paritetom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Uop\u0161te, zahvaljuju\u0107i ovim osobinama rada SSD-a, postoji takav parametar kao \u0161to je koeficijent zapisivanja (write amplification). To je odnos koli\u010dine podataka koji su zapisani na disk i koli\u010dine podataka koje je host zapravo poslao. Za najpopularniji RAID5 ovaj koeficijent iznosi ~3.5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kao rezultat, sistemi sa klasi\u010dnim RAID-om u su\u0161tini koriste SSD-ove sa samo ~10% njihove stvarne brzine i slabo se skaliraju po performansama kada se broj diskova pove\u0107a na vi\u0161e od deset.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tako\u0111e, treba napomenuti da suvi\u0161ni operacije zapisivanja ne samo da smanjuju performanse SSD-a, ve\u0107 i smanjuju njegov daleko ne beskona\u010dan resurs, skra\u0107uju\u0107i time \u017eivotni vek diska.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">Tehnologija FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex>, koja je osnova svih proizvoda AccelStor, razvijena je kao alternativa klasi\u010dnim algoritmima RAID prilikom rada sa SSD-ima. Inovativnost tehnologije prepoznata je kako raznim patentima i nagradama (uklju\u010duju\u0107i i na Flash Memory Summit-u 2016), tako i rezultatima nezavisnih testova (na primer, SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Bit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> sastoji se u pretvaranju svih dolaznih zapisnih zahtjeva, a prvenstveno onih koji su nasumi\u010dni, u skup blokova koji su \u0161to sli\u010dniji na\u010dinu sekvencijalnog zapisivanja s aspekta pohrane. Kao rezultat toga, zapisivanje na SSD-ove se odvija u najboljem mogu\u0107em re\u017eimu za njih, a ukupna izvedba prema\u0161uje bilo kakve sustave s klasi\u010dnim RAID-om.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Svi SSD-ovi u AccelStor sustavima podijeljeni su u dvije simetri\u010dne skupine FlexiRemap\u00ae. Veli\u010dina skupine ovisi o modelu i iznosi od 5 do 11 jedinica pohrane. Za otpornost unutar skupine koriste se paritetna rje\u0161enja sli\u010dna RAID5. Obe skupine se koriste zajedni\u010dki, stvaraju\u0107i zajedni\u010dki prostor za pohranu. Stoga \u0107e ukupna otpornost biti sli\u010dna RAID50 polju koje se sastoji od dvije skupine: sustav mo\u017ee podnijeti kvar do dva SSD-a, ali ne vi\u0161e od jednog u svakoj FlexiRemap\u00ae skupini.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Svi dolazni zapisni zahtjevi razla\u017eu se na blokove veli\u010dine 4KB, koji se naizmjeni\u010dno zapisuje u obje FlexiRemap\u00ae skupine. U ovom procesu sustav neprekidno vodi evidenciju o potra\u017enji zapisivanih blokova, nastoje\u0107i prilikom njihovih promjena zapisivati sli\u010dne blokove \u0161to je bli\u017ee mogu\u0107e jedan drugome. Dobiva se virtualni analog tiranja, ako se tako izra\u017eava u terminima skladi\u0161ta podataka. U ovom slu\u010daju zna\u010dajno se olak\u0161ava rad sakuplja\u010da 'otpada': neiskori\u0161teni blokovi uvijek \u0107e biti blizu jedni drugima.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Valja napomenuti da <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">AccelStor sustavi<\/a><\/noindex> za razliku od proizvoda konkurenata ne koriste mogu\u0107nost ke\u0161iranja dolaznih zahtjeva u radnoj memoriji kontrolera. Svi dolazni podaci odmah se zapisuje na SSD. Host prima potvrdu o uspje\u0161nom zapisivanju tek nakon fizi\u010dkog smje\u0161taja podataka na ure\u0111aje za pohranu. U RAM-u se \u010duvaju samo tablice smje\u0161taja blokova na SSD-ima radi br\u017eeg pristupa i odre\u0111ivanja kamo zapisati sljede\u0107i blok podataka. Naravno, za pouzdanost, kopije tih tablica nalaze se i na samim medijima. Kao rezultat, AccelStor sustavima nije potrebna nikakva za\u0161tita ke\u0161a u obliku baterije\/kondenzatora (iako postoji mogu\u0107nost povezivanja s UPS-om \u2013 za 'mekano' isklju\u010divanje u slu\u010daju problema s napajanjem).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zahvaljuju\u0107i takvom pristupu organizaciji zapisa, \"sakuplja\u010d sme\u0107a\" mo\u017ee raditi u pozadini bez zna\u010dajnog utjecaja na brzinu pohrane, \u0161to na kraju omogu\u0107ava sustavu da iskoristi do 90% performansi SSD-a. U tome le\u017ei visoki IOPS pokazatelji u AccelStor sustavima u usporedbi s All Flash, koji temelje na RAID algoritmima.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tako\u0111er, va\u017ena zna\u010dajka FlexiRemap\u00ae tehnologije je zna\u010dajno smanjenje suvi\u0161nih operacija pisanja na SSD. Tako faktor pisanja (write amplification) za AccelStor sustave iznosi svega 1.3, \u0161to, u normalnom jeziku, zna\u010di da se vijek trajanja pohrane produ\u017eava vi\u0161e od 2.5 puta u usporedbi s RAID5! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Zahvaljuju\u0107i stalnoj kontroli sustava nad politikom rasporeda podataka na SSD-ima, svi su ure\u0111aji podlo\u017eni istom habanju. Ovakav pristup omogu\u0107uje predvi\u0111anje njihovog vijeka trajanja i unaprijed obavje\u0161tava administratora o iscrpljenju resursa za pisanje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jasno je da SSD-ovi mogu otkazati. U tom slu\u010daju sustav odmah zapo\u010dinje rebuild na jedan od hot spare diskova. Prilikom toga, FlexiRemap\u00ae grupa koja je u degradeiranom stanju prelazi u \"samo za \u010ditanje\" re\u017eim, dok se svi zahtjevi za pisanjem usmjeravaju na drugu grupu. Ovaj mehanizam za\u0161tite predvi\u0111en je za ubrzanje operacije rebuild-a i smanjenje vjerojatnosti otkaza jo\u0161 jednog ure\u0111aja unutar iste grupe. Nije tajna da tijekom rebuild-a svi ure\u0111aji unutar grupe do\u017eivljavaju pove\u0107ano optere\u0107enje zbog interferencija operacija \u010ditanja, pisanja i oporavka na hot spare. Time se pove\u0107ava vjerojatnost otkaza jo\u0161 jednog diska. I \u0161to je vi\u0161e operacija pisanja, to \u0107e dulje trajati rebuild. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae protiv RAID-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Nakon zavr\u0161etka procesa oporavka i vra\u0107anja FlexiRemap\u00ae grupe u normalno stanje, do\u0107i \u0107e do malog nerazmjera u resursu pisanja izme\u0111u dvije grupe. Stoga \u0107e se, radi izjedna\u010davanja, budu\u0107e operacije pisanja \u010de\u0161\u0107e usmjeravati na obnovljenu grupu (naravno tako da kona\u010dne performanse sustava ne pate previ\u0161e).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pove\u0107anje performansi All Flash sustava temeljenih na RAID algoritmima iznad odre\u0111enih vrijednosti (~280K IOPS@4K nasumi\u010dno pisanje) nije mogu\u0107e ni uz kori\u0161tenje slo\u017eenih sustava ke\u0161iranja. Tehnologija FlexiRemap\u00ae, zahvaljuju\u0107i potpuno druga\u010dijem pristupu organizaciji prostora za pohranu, ne samo da lako prevladava ovu prepreku, ve\u0107 i vi\u0161estruko pove\u0107ava vijek trajanja SSD-a. Tako da sustavi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> imaju ozbiljne prednosti me\u0111u All Flash nizovima na mnogim podru\u010djima (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), \u010dine\u0107i ih idealnim kandidatima za klju\u010dne polo\u017eaje u data centrima klijenata za rje\u0161avanje zahtjevnih zadataka.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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