{"id":30767,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:21","slug":"sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sintez-kak-odin-iz-metodov-uluchsheniya-proizvoditelnosti-postgresql","title":{"rendered":"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6960ab96e829332fbde0b2aebd79b48a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Filozofski uvod<\/h3>\n<p>\nKako je poznato, postoje samo dvije metode za rje\u0161avanje problema:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Metoda analize ili metoda dedukcije, ili od op\u0107eg ka posebnom.<\/li>\n<li>Metoda sintetiziranja ili metoda indukcije, ili od posebnog ka op\u0107em.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nZa rje\u0161avanje problema 'pobolj\u0161ati performanse baze podataka' to mo\u017ee izgledati ovako.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b>Analiza<\/b> \u2014 razla\u017eemo problem na pojedina\u010dne dijelove i rje\u0161avaju\u0107i ih poku\u0161avamo pobolj\u0161ati performanse baze podataka u cjelini.<\/p>\n<p>U praksi analiza izgleda otprilike ovako:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Javlja se problem (incidencija performansi) <\/li>\n<li>Sakupljamo statisti\u010dke informacije o stanju baze podataka<\/li>\n<li>Tra\u017eimo uska grla (bottlenecks)<\/li>\n<li>Rje\u0161avamo probleme s uskih mjesta<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>Uska mjesta baze podataka<\/b> \u2014 infrastruktura (CPU, Memorija, Diskovi, Mre\u017ea, OS), postavke (postgresql.conf), upiti:<\/p>\n<p><b>Infrastruktura<\/b>: mogu\u0107nosti utjecaja i promjena za in\u017eenjera \u2014 gotovo nula.<\/p>\n<p><b>Postavke baze podataka<\/b>: mogu\u0107nosti za promjene malo su ve\u0107e nego u prethodnom slu\u010daju, ali obi\u010dno su jo\u0161 uvijek prili\u010dno te\u0161ke, posebno u oblacima.<\/p>\n<p><b>Upiti<\/b> za bazu podataka: <u>jedino podru\u010dje za manevar<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><b>Sintetiziranje<\/b> \u2014 pobolj\u0161avamo performanse pojedinih dijelova, o\u010dekuju\u0107i da \u0107e se u rezultatima pobolj\u0161ati i performanse baze podataka. <\/p>\n<h3>Lirski uvod ili za\u0161to je sve ovo potrebno <\/h3>\n<p>\nKako izgleda proces rje\u0161avanja incidencija performansi, ako se performanse baze podataka ne prate: <\/p>\n<p>Naru\u010ditelj - 'kod nas je sve lo\u0161e, sporo, u\u010dinite nam dobro'<br \/>\nIn\u017eenjer - 'lo\u0161e kako?'<br \/>\nNaru\u010ditelj - 'evo kako sada (prije sat vremena, ju\u010der, u pro\u0161loj situaciji), polako'<br \/>\nIn\u017eenjer - 'a kada je bilo dobro?'<br \/>\nNaru\u010ditelj - 'prije tjedan (dva tjedna) bilo je dobro.' (Imali sre\u0107e)<br \/>\nNaru\u010ditelj - 'ne sje\u0107am se kada je bilo dobro, ali sada je lo\u0161e' (Uobi\u010dajen odgovor)<\/p>\n<p>Kao rezultat dobivamo klasi\u010dnu sliku:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/836777a3f813b1f5c36cc23aa5af6ad0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Tko je kriv i \u0161to u\u010diniti?<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa prvi dio pitanja najlak\u0161e je odgovoriti \u2014 kriv je uvijek in\u017eenjer DBA. <\/p>\n<p>Na drugi dio tako\u0111er nije previ\u0161e te\u0161ko odgovoriti \u2014 potrebno je implementirati sustav pra\u0107enja performansi baze podataka.<\/p>\n<p>Javlja se prvo pitanje \u2014 <b>\u0161to pratiti?<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>Put 1. Pratit \u0107emo SVE<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/9aa90bcce679e67d1749e270828cf792.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOptere\u0107enje CPU-a, broj diska za \u010ditanje\/zapisivanje, veli\u010dina dodijeljene memorije i jo\u0161 megatona raznih brojila koja bilo koji malo djelotvoran sustav pra\u0107enja mo\u017ee pru\u017eiti.<\/p>\n<p>Rezultat je mno\u0161tvo grafikona, sa\u017eetak tablica i neprekidna obavijest na e-mail, kao i 100% zauzetost in\u017eenjera rje\u0161avanjem gomile istih tiketa, obi\u010dno s standardnom formulacijom - \"Privremeni problem. Nije potrebna akcija\". Ipak, svi su zaposleni i uvijek ima \u0161to pokazati klijentu - rad se odvija.<\/p>\n<h3>Put 2. Monitortati samo ono \u0161to je potrebno, a ono \u0161to nije potrebno, ne treba pratiti.<\/h3>\n<p>\nMo\u017ee se malo druga\u010dije pratiti - samo entitete i doga\u0111aje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Na koje in\u017eenjer DBA mo\u017ee utjecati.<\/li>\n<li>Za koje postoji algoritam radnji u slu\u010daju nastanka doga\u0111aja ili promjene entiteta.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPolaze\u0107i od ove pretpostavke i prisje\u0107aju\u0107i se \"<b>Filozofski uvod<\/b>\" kako bismo izbjegli redovito ponavljanje \"<b>Lirski uvod ili za\u0161to je sve ovo potrebno<\/b>\" bilo bi prikladno pratiti izvedbu pojedina\u010dnih upita, radi optimizacije i analize, \u0161to na kraju treba dovesti do pobolj\u0161anja brzine cijele baze podataka. <\/p>\n<p>No, kako bismo pobolj\u0161ali te\u0161ke upite koji utje\u010du na ukupnu izvedbu baze podataka, prvo ih moramo prona\u0107i. <\/p>\n<p>Dakle, postavljaju se dva me\u0111usobno povezana pitanja:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>koji upit se smatra te\u0161kim <\/li>\n<li>kako tra\u017eiti te\u0161ke upite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nO\u010digledno, te\u017eak upit je upit koji koristi mnogo resursa OS-a za dobivanje rezultata.<\/p>\n<p><b>Prijelazimo na drugo pitanje - kako tra\u017eiti i zatim pratiti te\u0161ke upite?<\/b><\/p>\n<h3>Koje mogu\u0107nosti pra\u0107enja upita postoje u PostgreSQL-u? <\/h3>\n<p>\nU usporedbi s Oracle-om, mogu\u0107nosti su ne\u0161to manje, ali se i dalje mo\u017ee u\u010diniti nekoliko stvari.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/995419a92c0b340512bef6221e76822f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>PG_STAT_STATEMENTS<\/h3>\n<p>\nZa pronala\u017eenje i pra\u0107enje te\u0161kih upita u PostgreSQL-u namijenjeno je standardno pro\u0161irenje pg_stat_statements.<\/p>\n<p>Nakon instalacije pro\u0161irenja, u ciljnoj bazi podataka pojavljuje se istoimeni prikaz koji se koristi za pra\u0107enje.<\/p>\n<p>Ciljane kolone pg_stat_statements za izgradnju sustava pra\u0107enja:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>queryid <\/b>Unutarnji hash-kod, izra\u010dunat prema stablu sintakti\u010dke analize operatora.<\/li>\n<li><b>max_time <\/b>Maksimalno vrijeme potro\u0161eno na operator, u milisekundama.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNakon prikupljanja i kori\u0161tenja statistike o ova dva stupca, mo\u017ee se izgraditi sustav pra\u0107enja.<\/p>\n<h3>Kako se koristi pg_stat_statements za pra\u0107enje performansi PostgreSQL-a.<\/h3>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/fbec099eb6ff2de2fb3c90c7cbcf9505.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZa pra\u0107enje performansi upita koristi se:<br \/>\nNa strani ciljne baze podataka - prikaz pg_stat_statements. <br \/>\nS druge strane <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"poslu\u017eitelja\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3479\">poslu\u017eitelja<\/a> i baza podataka za pra\u0107enje - skup bash skripti i servisnih tablica.<\/p>\n<h3>1. faza \u2014 prikupljanje statisti\u010dkih podataka<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa nadzornom hostu, redovno se pokre\u0107e skripta putem cron-a koja kopira sadr\u017eaj prikaza pg_stat_statements iz ciljne baze podataka u tabelu pg_stat_history u bazi podataka za nadzor. <\/p>\n<p>Time se formira istorija izvr\u0161enja pojedina\u010dnih upita, koja se mo\u017ee koristiti za generisanje izve\u0161taja o performansama i pode\u0161avanje metrika.<\/p>\n<h3>2. faza \u2014 pode\u0161avanje metrika performansi<\/h3>\n<p>\nNa osnovu prikupljenih podataka, biramo upite \u010dije je izvr\u0161enje najkriti\u010dnije\/va\u017enije za klijenta (aplikaciju). U skladu sa dogovorom sa klijentom, postavljamo vrednosti metrika performansi koriste\u0107i polja queryid i max_time. <\/p>\n<h3>Rezultat \u2014 pokretanje nadzora performansi<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nadzorna skripta prilikom pokretanja proverava konfigurirane metrike performansi, upore\u0111uju\u0107i vrednost max_time metrike sa vredno\u0161\u0107u iz prikaza pg_stat_statements u ciljnoj bazi podataka.<\/li>\n<li>Ako je vrednost u ciljnoj bazi podataka ve\u0107a od vrednosti metrike \u2013 formira se upozorenje (incident u sistemu tiketa)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Dodatna mogu\u0107nost 1<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Istorija planova izvr\u0161enja upita<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Za kasnije re\u0161avanje incidenata vezanih za performanse, veoma je korisno imati istoriju promena planova izvr\u0161enja upita. <\/p>\n<p>Za \u010duvanje istorije koristi se servisna tabela log_query. Tabela se popunjava prilikom analize u\u010ditanog log-fajla PostgreSQL. Po\u0161to u log-fajl, za razliku od prikaza pg_stat_statements, ulazi ceo tekst sa vrednostima izvr\u0161nih parametara, a ne normalizovan tekst, postoji mogu\u0107nost vo\u0111enja loga ne samo vremena i trajanja upita, ve\u0107 i \u010duvanja planova izvr\u0161enja u trenutnom vremenu.<\/p>\n<h3>Dodatna mogu\u0107nost 2<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b>Proces kontinuiranog pobolj\u0161anja performansi<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Nadzor pojedina\u010dnih upita u op\u0161tem slu\u010daju nije namenjen re\u0161enju problema kontinuiranog pobolj\u0161anja performansi baze podataka u celini, jer kontroli\u0161e i re\u0161ava probleme performansi samo za pojedina\u010dne upite. Me\u0111utim, metod se mo\u017ee pro\u0161iriti i pode\u0161avati tako da nadzire upite za sve baze podataka. <\/p>\n<p>Za to je potrebno uvesti dodatne metrike performansi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>U poslednjim danima<\/li>\n<li>Za osnovni period<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSkripta bira upite iz prikaza pg_stat_statements u ciljnoj bazi podataka i uspore\u0111uje vrijednost max_time s prosje\u010dnom vrijedno\u0161\u0107u max_time, u prvom slu\u010daju u posljednjim danima ili odabranom razdoblju (bazna linija), a u drugom slu\u010daju.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, u slu\u010daju degradacije performansi za bilo koji upit, upozorenje \u0107e se automatski generirati, bez ru\u010dne analize izvje\u0161taja. <\/p>\n<h3>A kakve veze ima sinteza?<\/h3>\n<p>\nU opisanom pristupu, kao \u0161to metoda sinteze sugerira \u2014 pobolj\u0161anjem pojedina\u010dnih dijelova sustava, pobolj\u0161avamo sustav u cjelini.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Upit koji izvr\u0161ava baza podataka \u2013 tezis<\/li>\n<li>Izmijenjeni upit \u2013 anti-tezis<\/li>\n<li>Promjena stanja sustava \u2014 sinteza<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Sintez kao jedna od metoda pobolj\u0161anja performansi PostgreSQL-a\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/088abb9900319353a42d236d26a20a2c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Razvoj sustava<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pro\u0161irenje prikupljene statistike dodavanjem povijesti za sustavni prikaz pg_stat_activity<\/li>\n<li>Pro\u0161irenje prikupljene statistike dodavanjem povijesti za statistiku pojedina\u010dnih tablica uklju\u010denih u upite <\/li>\n<li>Integracija s sustavom nadzora u oblaku AWS<\/li>\n<li>I jo\u0161 ne\u0161to mo\u017eemo smisliti...<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444988\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447: \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0437\u0430 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\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22752,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0424\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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