{"id":31090,"date":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:39:22","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:39:22","slug":"steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/steganografiya-mimo-fajlov-pryachem-dannye-pryamo-v-sektorah","title":{"rendered":"Steganografija mimo datoteka: skrivamo podatke direktno u sektorima","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Kratak uvod<\/h3>\n<p>\nSteganografija, ako se netko ne sje\u0107a, je skrivanje informacija unutar nekih kontejnera. Na primjer, u slikama (o \u010demu se raspravljalo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/112976\/\">ovdje<\/a><\/noindex> i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/128327\/\">ovdje<\/a><\/noindex>). Tako\u0111er se mogu skrivati podaci u rezerviranim tablicama datote\u010dnog sustava (o tome se pisalo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/347604\/\">ovdje<\/a><\/noindex>), pa \u010dak i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/60726\/\">u rezerviranim paketima TCP protokola<\/a><\/noindex>. Na\u017ealost, svi ti metodi imaju jedan nedostatak: da bi se neprimjetno \"ubacila\" informacija u kontejner, potrebni su pametni algoritmi koji uzimaju u obzir karakteristike unutarnje strukture kontejnera. A i dugotrajnost kontejnera na manipulacije predstavljaju problem: na primjer, ako se malo ure\u0111uje slika, skrivena informacija se gubi.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017ee li se nekako zaobi\u0107i potreba za pametnim algoritmima i delikatnim manipulacijama s podacima, a da pritom i dalje osiguramo funkcionalnost kontejnera i prihvatljivu razinu o\u010duvanja skrivenih podataka? Da unaprijed ka\u017eem \u2014 da, mo\u017ee! I \u010dak \u0107u ponuditi program\u010di\u0107.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Krvave pojedinosti metode<\/h3>\n<p>\nOsnovna ideja je jednostavna kao udarac batinom u \u010delo: na disku postoje podru\u010dja u koja operativni sustav nikada ne pi\u0161e (ili pi\u0161e u rijetkim slu\u010dajevima). Da ne bismo morali tra\u017eiti ta podru\u010dja slo\u017eenim algoritmima, iskoristit \u0107emo suvi\u0161nost \u2014 to jest, mnogo, mnogo puta \u0107emo duplicirati na\u0161e skrivene informacije po svim sektorima diska. Zatim, izravno preko sve te rasko\u0161i mo\u017eemo kreirati potrebne particije, formatirati datote\u010dne sustave, pisati datoteke i instalirati operacijske sustave \u2014 svejedno \u0107e dio tajnih podataka ostati i mo\u0107i \u0107e se izvu\u0107i, a vi\u0161estruko dupliciranje \u0107e nam pomo\u0107i da sastavimo iz komadi\u0107a izvorni cjelina.<\/p>\n<p>Prednost ove metode je o\u010digledna: ne ovisimo ni o formatu datoteka, niti \u010dak o tipu kori\u0161tenog datote\u010dnog sustava.<\/p>\n<p>Nedostaci su tako\u0111er, mislim, o\u010digledni:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tajne podatke mogu\u0107e je promijeniti samo potpunim prepisivanjem cijelog diska, uz naknadno obnavljanje vidljivog sadr\u017eaja korisniku. Pri tome ne smijemo koristiti softver koji obnavlja disk iz slike: on \u0107e obnoviti i prethodne tajne podatke.<\/li>\n<li>\u0160to je ve\u0107i volumen tajnih podataka, to je ve\u0107a vjerojatnost gubitka dijela informacija.<\/li>\n<li>Izdvajanje podataka s diska mo\u017ee potrajati dugo. Od nekoliko minuta do nekoliko dana (moderni diskovi su ve\u0107i).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSada pre\u0111imo na pojedinosti.<\/p>\n<p>Jasno je da, ako jednostavno ra\u0161irimo tajne podatke po cijelom disku, oni \u0107e biti skriveni samo od neobu\u010denog oka. Ako naoru\u017eamo pogled, recimo, ure\u0111iva\u010dem diska, podaci \u0107e se otkriti u svojoj punoj ljepoti. Stoga bi bilo dobro da podatke enkriptiramo, kako ne bi bili o\u010digledni. Enkriptirat \u0107emo jednostavno, ali sa stilom: prema algoritmu aes256-cbc. Klju\u010d za enkripciju zatra\u017eit \u0107emo od korisnika, neka smisli dobar lozinku.<\/p>\n<p>Sljede\u0107e pitanje je kako razlikovati \"ispravne\" podatke od o\u0161te\u0107enih. Tu nam poma\u017ee kontrolna suma, i to ne obi\u010dna, ve\u0107 SHA1. Za\u0161to? Za git je ona dovoljna dobra, pa \u0107e odgovarati i nama. Odlu\u010deno: svaki sa\u010duvani fragment informacije opremit \u0107emo kontrolnom sumom, a ako se nakon de\u0161ifriranja poklapa \u2014 de\u0161ifriranje je uspjelo.<\/p>\n<p>Tako\u0111er \u0107e nam biti potreban broj fragmenta i ukupna duljina tajnih podataka. Broj fragmenta \u2014 kako bismo pratili koje smo dijelove ve\u0107 dekriptirali, a koji su ostali. Ukupna duljina bit \u0107e nam korisna prilikom obrade posljednjeg fragmenta, kako ne bismo pisali suvi\u0161ne podatke (\u010ditaj: padding). Kako se ionako sprema naslov, dodat \u0107emo ime tajne datoteke. Ono \u0107e nam trebati nakon dekripcije, kako ne bismo naga\u0111ali \u010dime je otvoriti.<\/p>\n<h3>Testiramo metodu u praksi<\/h3>\n<p>\nZa testiranje \u0107emo uzeti najrasprostranjeniji medij \u2014 USB flash. Na\u0161ao sam staru od 1 GB, \u0161to je sasvim u redu za eksperiment. Ako vam, kao i meni, padne na pamet ne mu\u010diti se s fizi\u010dkim medijima, nego testirati na datoteci \u2014 slici diska, odmah \u0107u re\u0107i: ne ide. Prilikom formatiranja takvog \u201ediska\u201c, Linux ga ponovno stvara, i svi neiskori\u0161teni sektori bit \u0107e ispunjeni nulama.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u017ealost, za ma\u0161inu s Linuxom morao sam iskoristiti meteorolo\u0161ku stanicu na Raspberry Pi 3 koja se na\u0161la na balkonu. Memorije tamo nema mnogo, pa ne\u0107emo skrivati velike datoteke. Ograni\u010dit \u0107emo se na maksimalnu veli\u010dinu od 10 megabajta. Previ\u0161e male datoteke tako\u0111er nema smisla skrivati: alat zapisuje podatke na disk u blokovima od 4 KB. Stoga \u0107emo se ograni\u010diti na datoteku od 3 KB \u2014 ona se uklapa u jedan takav blok.<\/p>\n<p>Mu\u010dit \u0107emo USB flash korak po korak, provjeravaju\u0107i nakon svake faze je li skrivena informacija \u010ditljiva:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Brzo formatiranje u FAT16 s veli\u010dinom klastera od 16 kB. To je ono \u0161to Windows 7 nudi u\u010diniti s flash diskom koji nema datote\u010dni sustav.<\/li>\n<li>Punjenje flash diska raznoraznim sme\u0107em do 50%.<\/li>\n<li>Punjenje flash diska raznoraznim sme\u0107em do 100%.<\/li>\n<li>\u201eDugo\u201c formatiranje u FAT16 (s prepisivanjem svega).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nPrva dva testa zavr\u0161ila su o\u010dekivano potpunom pobjedom: alat je uspje\u0161no uspio izvu\u0107i 10 megabajta tajnih podataka s flash diska. No nakon \u0161to je flash disk bio prepun datoteka, do\u0161lo je do kvara:<\/p>\n<p><code>Ukupno pro\u010ditani klasteri: 250752, dekriptirani: 158<br \/>\nGRE\u0160KA: ne mo\u017ee se zapisati nepotpuni secretFile<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to vidimo, uspje\u0161no je de\u0161ifrirano samo 158 klastera (632 kilobajta sirovih podataka, \u0161to daje 636424 bajta korisnog tereta). Jasno je da ovdje nema \u0161anse prikupiti 10 megabajta, a me\u0111u tim klasterima o\u010dito ima duplikata. \u010cak se ni 1 megabajt na taj na\u010din vi\u0161e ne mo\u017ee obnoviti. No, mo\u017ee se jam\u010diti da \u0107emo 3 kilobajta tajnih podataka obnoviti s flash diska \u010dak i nakon \u0161to se formatira i napuni do kraja. Me\u0111utim, eksperimenti pokazuju da je s takvog flash diska mogu\u0107e izvu\u0107i datoteku duljine 120 kilobajta.<\/p>\n<p>Na\u017ealost, posljednji test pokazao je da je flash disk bio potpuno prepisan:<\/p>\n<p><code>$ sudo .\/steganodisk -p password \/dev\/sda<br \/>\nVeli\u010dina ure\u0111aja: 250752 klastera<br \/>\n250700 99%<br \/>\nUkupno pro\u010ditani klasteri: 250752, dekriptirani: 0<br \/>\nGRE\u0160KA: ne mo\u017ee se zapisati nepotpuni secretFile<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Nijedan klaster nije sa\u010duvan... \u017dalosno, ali ne i tragi\u010dno! Poku\u0161at \u0107emo prije formatiranja stvoriti particiju na flash disku, a zatim u njoj \u2014 datote\u010dni sustav. Usput, s tvornice je do\u0161ao upravo s takvim formatiranjem, tako da ne radimo ni\u0161ta sumnjivo.<br \/>\nO\u010dekivano je da je dostupni prostor na flash disku malo smanjen.<\/p>\n<p>Tako\u0111er je o\u010dekivano da 10 megabajta nije moglo biti skriveno na potpuno punom disku. Ali zato se sada broj uspje\u0161no de\u0161ifriranih klastera vi\u0161e nego udvostru\u010dio!<\/p>\n<p><code>Ukupni klasteri pro\u010ditani: 250752, de\u0161ifrirani: 405<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Na\u017ealost, nije mogu\u0107e skupiti megabajt iz komadi\u0107a, ali 200 kilobajta \u2014 lako.<\/p>\n<p>I vijest o posljednjem, 4. testiranju, ovaj put je vesela: potpuno formatiranje takvog flash diska nije dovelo do uni\u0161tenja svih informacija! 120 kilobajta tajnih podataka savr\u0161eno se uklopilo u neiskori\u0161teni prostor.<\/p>\n<p>Sa\u017eeta tabela testiranja:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Steganografija mimo datoteka: skrivamo podatke direktno u sektorima\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/dd386ca1f39808d6c7af85a310334629.bmp\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Malo teorije: o slobodnom prostoru i neiskori\u0161tenim sektorima<\/h3>\n<p>\nAko ste ikada podijelili tvrdi disk na particije, mogli ste primijetiti da nije uvijek mogu\u0107e iskoristiti sav slobodni prostor na disku. Prva particija uvijek po\u010dinje s odre\u0111enim odstupanjem (obi\u010dno to bude 1 megabajt ili 2048 sektora). Iza posljednje particije tako\u0111er ponekad ostane mali 'rep' neiskori\u0161tenih sektora. \u010cak i izme\u0111u particija ponekad ostaju razmaci, iako rijetko.<\/p>\n<p>Drugim rije\u010dima, na disku postoje sektori kojima se ne mo\u017ee pristupiti tijekom obi\u010dnog rada s diskom, ali podaci se mogu zapisati u te sektore! A to zna\u010di da se mogu i pro\u010ditati. Uz napomenu da postoji jo\u0161 tablica particija i u\u010ditava\u010da, koji su smje\u0161teni u praznom podru\u010dju na po\u010detku diska.<\/p>\n<p>Odvojimo se na trenutak od particija i pogledajmo disk s visine, da tako ka\u017eemo, iz pti\u010dje perspektive. Imamo na disku praznu particiju. Stvorimo u njoj datote\u010dni sustav. Mo\u017eemo li re\u0107i da su neki sektori na disku ostali neizbrisani?<\/p>\n<p>I-i-i \u2014 bubnjevi! Odgovor \u0107e gotovo uvijek biti \u2014 da! Naime, u ve\u0107ini slu\u010dajeva, stvaranje datote\u010dnog sustava svodi se na to da se na disk zapisuje samo nekoliko blokova servisnih informacija, dok se u ostalom sadr\u017eaj particije ne mijenja.<\/p>\n<p>Osim toga \u2014 \u010disto empirijski \u2014 mo\u017ee se pretpostaviti da datote\u010dni sustav ne mo\u017ee uvijek zauzeti sav prostor koji mu je dodijeljen do posljednjeg sektora. Na primjer, datote\u010dni sustav FAT16 s veli\u010dinom klastera od 64 kilobajta o\u010dito ne mo\u017ee potpuno ispuniti particiju veli\u010dine koja nije vi\u0161ekratnik od 64 kilobajta. Na kraju takve particije morat \u0107e ostati 'rep' od nekoliko sektora, nedostupnih za pohranu korisni\u010dkih podataka. Me\u0111utim, eksperimentalno ovu pretpostavku nije bilo mogu\u0107e potvrditi.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, kako biste maksimizirali prostor dostupan za steganogram, potrebno je koristiti datote\u010dni sustav s ve\u0107om veli\u010dinom klastera. Tako\u0111er mo\u017eete stvoriti particiju, \u010dak i ako to nije nu\u017eno (na primjer, na USB-u). Ne treba stvarati prazne particije ili ostavljati neizdijeljena podru\u010dja \u2014 to \u0107e privu\u0107i pa\u017enju znati\u017eeljnih gra\u0111ana.<\/p>\n<h3>Alat za eksperimente<\/h3>\n<p>\nIzvore alata mo\u017eete isprobati <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/dishather\/steganodisk\">ovdje<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Za kompilaciju \u0107e biti potrebni Qt verzije 5.0 i vi\u0161e i OpenSSL. Ako se ne\u0161to ne kompajlira \u2014 mo\u017eda \u0107e biti potrebno prilagoditi datoteku steganodisk.pro.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017eete promijeniti veli\u010dinu klastera sa 4 Kb na, recimo, 512 bajta (u secretfile.h). Tada \u0107e se pove\u0107ati tro\u0161kovi za pomo\u0107ne informacije: zaglavlje i kontrolna suma zauzimaju fiksnih 68 bajtova.<\/p>\n<p>Pokretanje alata treba, naravno, obaviti s pravima korisnika root, i to s oprezom. Ne\u0107e biti nikakvih upozorenja prije prepisivanja navedenog datoteke ili ure\u0111aja!<\/p>\n<p>U\u017eivajte.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447028\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445 (\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0443\u0442). \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b (\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0443\u0442), \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 TCP. \u041a \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 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