{"id":31582,"date":"2019-10-31T21:41:58","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:41:58","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:58","slug":"na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn","title":{"rendered":"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/382292eed2e7f08be017343c01eb5c2f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b>\u2014 Koji je opseg ove antene?<br \/>\n\u2014 Ne znam, provjeri.<br \/>\n\u2014 KAAA?!<br \/>\n<\/b><br \/>\nKako odrediti koju antenu imate u rukama ako na njoj nema oznake? Kako shvatiti koja antena je bolja ili gora? Ovaj problem me mu\u010di ve\u0107 dugo.<br \/>\nU \u010dlanku se jednostavnim jezikom opisuje metoda mjerenja karakteristika antena i na\u010din odre\u0111ivanja frekvencijskog opsega antene.<\/p>\n<p>Iskusnim radioin\u017eenjerima ove informacije mogu izgledati banalne, a metoda mjerenja \u2014 nedovoljno to\u010dna. \u010clanak je namijenjen onima koji uop\u0107e ne razumiju radioelektroniku, poput mene. <\/p>\n<p><b>TL;DR<\/b> Mjerenje \u0107emo izvr\u0161iti na razli\u010ditim frekvencijama s pomo\u0107u ure\u0111aja OSA 103 Mini i usmjerenog odvoda, te izgraditi graf ovisnosti \u041aSV-a o frekvenciji. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Teorija<\/h2>\n<p>\nKada oda\u0161ilja\u010d \u0161alje signal anteni, dio energije se isijava u zrak, a dio se reflektira i vra\u0107a natrag. Omjer izme\u0111u isijane i reflektirane energije karakterizira se pomo\u0107u koeficijenta staja\u0107e valne duljine (\u041aSV ili SWR). \u0160to je manji \u041aSV, ve\u0107i dio energije oda\u0161ilja\u010da se isijava u obliku radio valova. Pri \u041aSV = 1 refleksije nema (sva energija se isijava). \u041aSV stvarne antene je uvijek ve\u0107i od 1.<\/p>\n<p>Ako \u0161aljete signal razli\u010ditih frekvencija u antenu i istodobno mjerite \u041aSV, mo\u017eete otkriti na kojoj \u0107e frekvenciji refleksija biti minimalna. To \u0107e biti radni opseg antene. Tako\u0111er mo\u017eete usporediti razli\u010dite antene za jedan opseg i otkriti koja je bolja.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/570bcfba65af1250c8245446ee38d846.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDio signala oda\u0161ilja\u010da reflektira se od antene<\/p>\n<p>Antena koja je dizajnirana za odre\u0111enu frekvenciju bi, u teoriji, trebala imati najni\u017ei \u041aSV na svojim radnim frekvencijama. Zna\u010di, dovoljno je emitirati u antenu razli\u010ditim frekvencijama i otkriti na kojoj je frekvenciji refleksija najmanja, tj. maksimalna koli\u010dina energije oti\u0161la u obliku radio valova.<\/p>\n<p>Imaju\u0107i mogu\u0107nost generiranja signala na razli\u010ditim frekvencijama i mjerenja refleksije, mo\u0107i \u0107emo izgraditi graf koji \u0107e na X osi imati frekvenciju, a na Y osi \u2014 koeficijent refleksije signala. Kao rezultat toga, tamo gdje na grafu bude pad (tj. najmjnja refleksija signala), bit \u0107e radni opseg antene. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6b76c3667d764ffa98ee25463cba8878.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nZami\u0161ljeni graf ovisnosti refleksije o frekvenciji. Na cijelom opsegu refleksija je 100%, osim na radnoj frekvenciji antene.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>Ure\u0111aj Osa103 Mini<\/h3>\n<p>\nZa mjerenja \u0107emo koristiti <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osa103.ru\/\">OSA103 Mini<\/a><\/noindex>. OSA103 Mini je univerzalni mjera\u010d koji kombinira osciloskop, generator signala, analizator spektra, mjera\u010d A\u010cH\/F\u010cH, vektorski antenni analizator, mjera\u010d LC, pa \u010dak i SDR transceiver. Radni raspon OSA103 Mini ograni\u010den je na 100 MHz, dok OSA-6G modul pro\u0161iruje frekvencijski raspon u IA\u010cH modu do 6 GHz. Izvorni program sa svim funkcijama zauzima 3 MB, radi na Windowsu i kroz Wine na Linuxu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/2a959223b0f99593a8ba609429019cad.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n OSA103 Mini je univerzalni mjera\u010d za radioamaterizam i in\u017eenjere<\/p>\n<h3>Usmjereni razdjelnik<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7ddcda098311bb0944b957204e09e91f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Usmjereni razdjelnik (directional coupler) je ure\u0111aj koji oddvaja mali dio visokofrekventnog signala koji se kre\u0107e u odre\u0111enom smjeru. U na\u0161em slu\u010daju, on bi trebao odvojiti dio reflektiranog signala (koji se vra\u0107a s antene u generator) za njegovo mjerenje. <br \/>\nJasno obja\u0161njenje rada usmjerenog razdjelnika: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iBK9ZIx9YaY\">youtube.com\/watch?v=iBK9ZIx9YaY<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Osnovne karakteristike usmjerenog razdjelnika:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Radne frekvencije<\/b> \u2014 raspon frekvencija na kojima osnovni pokazatelji ne prelaze normalne vrijednosti. Moj razdjelnik je projektiran za frekvencije od 1 do 1000 MHz <\/li>\n<li><b>Odvo\u0111enje (Coupling)<\/b> \u2014 koji dio signala (u decibelima) \u0107e biti odvojen kada se val kre\u0107e iz IN u OUT<\/li>\n<li><b>Usmjerenost (Directivity)<\/b> \u2014 koliko manje signala \u0107e biti odvojeno kada se signal kre\u0107e obrnutim smjerom iz OUT u IN<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Na prvi pogled to izgleda prili\u010dno zbunjuju\u0107e. Da bismo to slikovito prikazali, zamislimo razdjelnik kao vodovodnu cijev s malim odvojkom unutar. Odvojak je napravljen tako da pri kretanju vode u pravom smjeru (od IN do OUT), zna\u010dajan dio vode bude odvojen. Koli\u010dina vode koja se odvoji u tom smjeru odre\u0111ena je parametrom Coupling u tehni\u010dkom listu razdjelnika.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/96e6f67afd733afca5ec69b6bd566af3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKada se voda kre\u0107e u obrnutom smjeru, mnogo manje vode se odvoji. To treba shvatiti kao nuspojava. Koli\u010dina vode koja se odvoji u tom smjeru odre\u0111ena je parametrom Directivity u tehni\u010dkom listu. \u0160to je taj parametar manji (ve\u0107a vrijednost dB), to je bolje za na\u0161u svrhu. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/40ab73a0be05c89af4408c5af096bec9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Principska shema<\/h3>\n<p>\nBudu\u0107i da \u017eelimo mjeriti razinu signala reflektiranog s antene, povezujemo je na IN razdjelnika, a generator na OUT. Na taj na\u010din dio reflektiranog signala s antene \u0107e do\u0107i do prijemnika za mjerenje. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bdf04c64d65c320d65e3db4b99c99363.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nShema povezivanja razdjelnika. Reflektirani signal se odvaja na prijemnik<\/p>\n<h3>Mjerne postaje<\/h3>\n<p>\nIzradit \u0107emo postaju za mjerenje VSWR prema shemi. Na izlazu generatora ure\u0111aja dodatno \u0107emo ugraditi atenuator s potiskom od 15 dB. Ovo \u0107e pobolj\u0161ati uskla\u0111ivanje razdjeljnika s izlazom generatora i pove\u0107ati to\u010dnost mjerenja. Atenuator mo\u017ee imati potisak od 5 do 15 dB. Vrijednost potiska automatski \u0107e se uzeti u obzir prilikom sljede\u0107e kalibracije.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7a882805d26fdee67107f38f0864850c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAtenuator slabi signal za fiksni broj decibela. Glavna karakteristika atenuatora je koeficijent potiska (atenuacije) signala i radni opseg frekvencija. Na frekvencijama izvan radnog opsega karakteristike atenuatora mogu se nepredvidivo mijenjati.<\/p>\n<p>Ovako izgleda kona\u010dna postaja. Tako\u0111er ne smijemo zaboraviti poslati signal me\u0111ufrekvencije (MF) iz modula OSA-6G na glavnu plo\u010du ure\u0111aja. Za to povezujemo port IF OUTPUT na glavnoj plo\u010di s INPUT na modulu OSA-6G.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/d1045f27ece8d915bbc0d5afaaa94da3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kako bismo smanjili razinu smetnji od impulznog napajanja prijenosnog ra\u010dunala, sve mjere provodim pri napajanju prijenosnog ra\u010dunala iz baterije. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/053c4405f0f06559d97ce171a2335447.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Kalibracija<\/h2>\n<p>\nPrije po\u010detka mjerenja potrebno je osigurati ispravnost svih dijelova ure\u0111aja i kvalitetu kablova, za to direktno povezujemo generator i prijemnik kablom, uklju\u010dujemo generator i provodimo mjerenje A\u010cH. Dobivamo gotovo ravnu krivulju na 0dB. To zna\u010di da je na cijelom opsegu frekvencija svoj emitirani kapacitet generatora do\u0161ao do prijemnika. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/8e5bc1632e289e083ef3abd3a9ab9cc4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nDirektno povezivanje generatora s prijemnikom<\/p>\n<p>Dodajemo atenuator u shemu. Vidljivo je gotovo ravno slabljenje signala od 15dB na cijelom opsegu. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/490a7cb5a17313e73fb9c612d667e8f3.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPovezivanje generatora preko atenuatora od 15dB s prijemnikom<\/p>\n<p>Povezat \u0107emo generator na priklju\u010dak OUT razdjeljnika, a prijemnik na CPL razdjeljnika. Budu\u0107i da na port IN nije priklju\u010deno optere\u0107enje, sav generirani signal trebao bi se reflektirati, a dio se preusmjerava na prijemnik. Prema tehni\u010dkom listu na\u0161eg razdjeljnika (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ww2.minicircuits.com\/pdfs\/ZEDC-15-2B.pdf\">ZEDC-15-2B<\/a><\/noindex>), parameter Coupling is ~15db, which means we should see a horizontal line at around -30 dB (coupling + attenuator loss). However, since the operational bandwidth of the splitter is limited to 1 GHz, all measurements above this frequency can be considered meaningless. This is clearly visible on the graph; after 1 GHz, the readings are chaotic and lack meaning. Therefore, all further measurements will be conducted within the operational range of the splitter.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/ac734456bcd9752786af57efc9ac06bf.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nConnecting the splitter without a load. The limits of the operational range of the splitter are visible.<\/p>\n<p>Since measurements above 1 GHz are meaningless in our case, we will limit the maximum frequency of the generator to the operational values of the splitter. We get a straight line during measurements.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/360c60083a6bd8ef2b46a8d24edb34e5.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nLimiting the generator's range to the operational range of the splitter<\/p>\n<p>To visually measure the VSWR of antennas, we need to perform a calibration to take the current parameters of the circuit (100% reflection) as a reference point, that is, zero dB. For this, the OSA103 Mini program has a built-in calibration feature. Calibration is performed without a connected antenna (load), and the calibration data is saved to a file and automatically taken into account when graphing.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/6069e45a30f0a5a14f0ff0ab113bbb12.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nCalibration function of the amplitude-frequency response in the OSA103 Mini program<\/p>\n<p>By applying the calibration results and running measurements without a load, we obtain a flat graph at 0dB. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/b916728c3dc3c644b437add9fa31736a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nGraph after calibration<\/p>\n<h3>Measuring antennas<\/h3>\n<p>\nWe can now proceed with measuring the antennas. Thanks to the calibration, we will see and measure the reduction in reflection after connecting the antenna. <\/p>\n<h2>Antenna from Aliexpress at 433MHz<\/h2>\n<p>\nAntenna labeled 443MHz. It is evident that the antenna works most effectively in the 446MHz range, at this frequency the VSWR is 1.16. Meanwhile, at the claimed frequency, the readings are significantly worse, with a VSWR of 4.2 at 433MHz.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/7b9ba1ad3069235fb10fb92112f52097.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Unknown antenna 1<\/h2>\n<p>\nAn unmarked antenna. Judging by the graph, it is designed for 800 MHz, presumably for the GSM band. To be fair, this antenna also works at 1800 MHz, but due to the splitter's limitations, I cannot make accurate measurements at these frequencies.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/69c4c7d6084a0b835d141912f3465999.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Unknown antenna 2<\/h2>\n<p>\nAnother antenna that has been lying around in my boxes for a long time. Judging by its appearance, it is also for the GSM band, but better than the previous one. At 764 MHz, the VSWR is close to one, and at 900 MHz, the VSWR is 1.4.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/d6c9c55c62865cf348001d2f26b0cd7b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Nepoznata antena 3<\/h2>\n<p>\nIzgleda da je to Wi-Fi antena, ali konektor je iz nekog razloga SMA-mu\u0161ki, a ne RP-SMA kao kod svih Wi-Fi antena. Sude\u0107i prema mjerenjima, ova antena je beskorisna na frekvencijama do 1 MHz. Opet, zbog ograni\u010denja razdjeljiva\u010da, ne\u0107emo saznati \u0161to je ovo za antenu.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/554d1bb265a202f8129882cff1d45c88.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Teleskopska antena<\/h2>\n<p>\nPoku\u0161ajmo izra\u010dunati koliko treba produ\u017eiti teleskopsku antenu za opseg od 433 MHz. Formula za izra\u010dunavanje valne duljine: \u03bb = C\/f, gdje je C brzina svjetlosti, a f frekvencija.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">299.792.458 \/ 443.000.000 = 0.69719176279\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>Puna valna duljina<\/b> \u2014 69,24 cm<br \/>\n<b>Polovica valne duljine<\/b> \u2014 34,62 cm<br \/>\n<b>\u010cetvrtina valne duljine<\/b> \u2014 17,31 cm<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/928234231cbc70c38eda904650cb191f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nAntena izra\u010dunata na taj na\u010din bila je potpuno beskorisna. Na frekvenciji od 433 MHz vrijednost SWR-a je 11. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/828b8bc7eacb444902373ade0690e769.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nEksperimentalnim izla\u017eenjem antene, uspio sam posti\u0107i minimalni SWR od 2.8 pri du\u017eini antene od oko 50 cm. Tako\u0111er se pokazalo da debljina sekcija ima veliku va\u017enost. To jest, pri izvla\u010denju samo tankih krajnjih sekcija, rezultat je bio bolji nego pri izvla\u010denju na istu du\u017einu samo debljih sekcija. Ne znam koliko \u0107u se ubudu\u0107e oslanjati na ove izra\u010dune du\u017eine teleskopske antene, jer prakti\u010dno ne funkcioniraju. Mo\u017eda to druga\u010dije djeluje s drugim antenama ili frekvencijama, ne znam.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/834043959699179660d30b5653ba7ecd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Komad \u017eice na 433 MHz<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u010cesto u raznim ure\u0111ajima, poput be\u017ei\u010dnih prekida\u010da, mo\u017ee se vidjeti komad ravne \u017eice kao antena. Odrezao sam komad \u017eice jednak \u010detvrtini valne duljine 433 MHz (17,3 cm) i zalemio kraj tako da \u010dvrsto ulazi u SMA \u017eenski priklju\u010dak. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/32bc231d1a8cf9d54db19d3baace112c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRezultat je bio \u010dudan: ta \u017eica dobro funkcionira na 360 MHz, ali je beskorisna na 433 MHz.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/e28f05ef88e4306ebb4a8a77e7ae844c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPo\u010deo sam pomalo skra\u0107ivati \u017eicu s kraja i pratiti mjerenja. Pad na grafu po\u010deo je polako pomjerati se u desno, prema 433 MHz. Na kraju, pri du\u017eini \u017eice od oko 15,5 cm, uspio sam dobiti najmanju vrijednost SWR-a od 1.8 na frekvenciji od 438 MHz. Daljnje skra\u0107ivanje kabela dovelo je do pove\u0107anja SWR-a.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Na koji raspon radi ova antena? Mjerenje karakteristika antena\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/42496a059f333808e836b5a62c281a7b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Zaklju\u010dak<\/h2>\n<p>\nZbog ograni\u010denja razdjeljiva\u010da nije bilo mogu\u0107e mjeriti antene na opsezima iznad 1 GHz, na primjer, Wi-Fi antene. To bi bilo mogu\u0107e, da sam imao \u0161iri razdjeljiva\u010d.<\/p>\n<p>Razvodnik, spojni kabeli, ure\u0111aj i \u010dak prijenosno ra\u010dunalo \u2013 to su dijelovi nastale antene. Njihova geometrija, polo\u017eaj u prostoru i okolni objekti utje\u010du na rezultati mjerenja. Nakon postavljanja na stvarnu radio stanicu ili modem, frekvencija se mo\u017ee pomaknuti, jer ku\u0107i\u0161te radio stanice, modema i tijelo operatera postaju dio antene.<\/p>\n<p>OSA103 Mini \u2014 vrlo cool vi\u0161enamjenski ure\u0111aj. Izra\u017eavam zahvalnost njegovom dizajneru za konzultaciju tijekom mjerenja.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447092\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2014 \u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430? \u2014 \u041d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c. \u2014 \u041a\u0410\u0410\u0410\u041a?!?! \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0440\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438? \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u0443\u0436\u0435? \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d, \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23504,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u041d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u044d\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430? \u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/na-kakoj-diapazon-eta-antenna-izmeryaem-harakteristiki-antenn\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:41:58+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:41:58+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Koji je to raspon za ovu antenu? 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