{"id":32111,"date":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","slug":"nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","title":{"rendered":"Znanost logike u programiranju","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Znanost logike u programiranju\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3f4ea4ccd01e4dd17cb9348e35b80752.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ovaj \u010dlanak posve\u0107en je komparativnoj analizi logi\u010dkih entiteta iz djela njema\u010dkog filozofa Georga Wilhelma Friedricha Hegela \u201eZnanje logike\u201c s njihovim analogijama ili odsutno\u0161\u0107u u programiranju.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Entiteti iz \u201eZnanja logike\u201c istaknuti su kurzivom kako ne bi do\u0161lo do zabune s op\u0107eprihva\u0107enim definicijama tih rije\u010di.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"chistoe-bytie\">\u010cista egzistencija<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako otvorite definiciju <em>\u010diste egzistencije<\/em> u knjizi, primijetit \u0107ete zanimljivu re\u010denicu \u201ebez daljnjeg odre\u0111enja\u201c. No, za one koji nisu \u010ditali ili nisu razumjeli, ne \u017eurite s optu\u017ebama prema autoru za demenciju. <em>\u010cista egzistencija<\/em> \u2014 to je osnovni pojam u Hegelovoj logici koji ozna\u010dava da neki objekt postoji, molim vas, nemojte to brkati s postojanjem objekta; objekt mo\u017eda ne postoji u stvarnosti, ali ako smo ga nekako odredili u na\u0161oj logici, on postoji. Ako malo razmislite, doista je te\u0161ko definirati ne\u0161to poput <em>\u010diste egzistencije<\/em> i svaka takva poku\u0161aj svesti \u0107e se na to da \u0107ete jednostavno upu\u0107ivati na njegove sinonime ili antonime. <em>\u010cista egzistencija<\/em> toliko apstraktni pojam da se mo\u017ee primijeniti apsolutno na bilo \u0161to, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i samoga sebe. U nekim objektno-orijentiranim jezicima postoji mogu\u0107nost predstavljanja bilo \u010dega u obliku objekta, uklju\u010duju\u0107i operacije nad objektima, \u0161to nam u principu daje takvu razinu apstrakcije. Me\u0111utim, u programiranju ne postoji izravni analog <em>\u010diste egzistencije<\/em> Nema. Da bismo provjerili postojanje objekta, moramo provjeriti njegovo odsustvo.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">if(obj != null);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u010cudno je da takvog sintakti\u010dkog \u0161e\u0107era jo\u0161 nema, s obzirom da je ova provjera prili\u010dno popularna.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nichto\">Ni\u0161ta<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kako se moglo naslutiti, <em>ni\u0161ta<\/em> je odsustvo bilo \u010dega. Njegov analog mo\u017ee biti NULL. Vrijedi napomenuti da u znanstvenoj logici <em>ni\u0161ta<\/em> je postao <em>\u010dista egzistencija<\/em>, jer ona tako\u0111er postoji. Tu le\u017ei odre\u0111ena zamka; prema NULL-u ne mo\u017eemo pristupiti kao objektu u bilo kojem jeziku, iako je u su\u0161tini on tako\u0111er objekt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"stanovlenie-i-momenty\">Postanak i trenuci<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>Postanak<\/em> \u2014 to je prijelaz od <em>ni\u0161ta<\/em> u <em>bivanja<\/em> i od <em>bivanja<\/em> u <em>ni\u0161ta<\/em>. To nam daje dva <em>trenutka<\/em>, prvi se naziva <em>nastankom<\/em>, a drugi <em>prelazom<\/em>. <em>Prelaz je nazvan tako umjesto nestanka, jer logi\u010dki entitet u su\u0161tini ne mo\u017ee nestati osim ako ga ne zaboravimo.<\/em> Oduzimanjem <em>Prevazila\u017eenjem<\/em> kako se mo\u017ee nazvati postupak dodjele. U slu\u010daju kada se inicijalizira objekt, dolazi do <em>trenutka nastajanja<\/em>, a u slu\u010daju dodjeljivanja druge vrijednosti ili NULL <em>trenutka odlaska<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">obj = new object(); \/\/nastanak\nobj = null; \/\/odlazak<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nalichnoe-bytie\">Postojanje<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ukratko <em>postojanje<\/em> \u2014 to je objekt koji nema jasno definiranu definiciju, ali ima <em>odre\u0111enost<\/em>. \u0160to to zna\u010di. Kanoni\u010dni primjer je obi\u010dna stolica. Ako poku\u0161ate dati jasno odre\u0111enje, nai\u0107i \u0107ete na brojne pote\u0161ko\u0107e. Na primjer, re\u0107i \u0107ete: \u201eto je komad namje\u0161taja namijenjen sjedenju\u201c, ali i naslonja\u010d je stvoren za to itd. No, odsutnost jasnog odre\u0111enja ne ometa nas da ga istaknemo u prostoru i koristimo pri prijenosu informacija o njemu, to je zato \u0161to u na\u0161im glavama postoji <em>odre\u0111enost<\/em> stolice. Mogu\u0107e je da su neki ve\u0107 shvatili da su neuronske mre\u017ee stvorene za isticanje takvih objekata iz toka podataka. Neuronska mre\u017ea mo\u017ee se definirati kao funkcija koja odre\u0111uje ovu <em>odre\u0111enost<\/em>, ali nema vrsta objekata koji uklju\u010duju jasne i nejasne definicije, stoga se takvi objekti ne mogu koristiti na istoj razini apstrakcije.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"zakon-perehoda-kolichestvennyh-izmeneniy-v-kachestvennye\">Zakon prijelaza kvantitativnih promjena u kvalitativne<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ovaj zakon formulirao je Friedrich Engels kao rezultat interpretacije Hegelove logike. Me\u0111utim, mo\u017ee se lako uo\u010diti u prvom dijelu u poglavlju o <em>mjeri<\/em>. Su\u0161tina je u tome da <em>kvantitativne<\/em> promjene u objektu mogu utjecati na njegov <em>kvalitet<\/em>. Na primjer, imamo objekt led, pri akumulaciji temperature on \u0107e se pretvoriti u teku\u0107u vodu i promijeniti svoje <em>kvalitete<\/em>. Za implementaciju takvog pona\u0161anja u objektu postoji dizajnerski obrazac \u201eStanje\u201c. Pojava takvog rje\u0161enja uzrokovana je odsustvom u programiranju ne\u010dega poput <em>temelj<\/em> za <em>nastanka<\/em> objekta. <em>Temelj<\/em> odre\u0111uje uvjete pod kojima objekt mo\u017ee nastati, a u algoritmu sami odlu\u010dujemo kada trebamo inicijalizirati objekt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>PS:<\/strong> Ako \u0107e ove informacije biti zanimljive, provest \u0107u pregled drugih entiteta iz \u201eZnanja logike\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448948\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23951,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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