{"id":34006,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:54","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:54","slug":"printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/printsip-raboty-protokola-vrrp","title":{"rendered":"Princip rada protokola VRRP","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

FHRP (Protokol redundancije prvog skoka)<\/b> \u2014 skup protokola namijenjenih stvaranju redundancije za zadana gatewaye. Zajedni\u010dka ideja za ove protokole je ujedinjenje nekoliko usmjeriva\u010da u jedan virtualni usmjeriva\u010d s zajedni\u010dkom IP adresom. Ova IP adresa \u0107e se dodijeliti hostovima kao zadana adresa gatewaya. Slobodna implementacija ove ideje je protokol VRRP (Protokol redundancije virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da). U ovom \u010dlanku razmotrit \u0107emo osnove protokola VRRP.<\/p>\n

\"Princip<\/a><\/noindex>
\nVRRP usmjeriva\u010di se ujedinjuju u jedan virtualni usmjeriva\u010d. Svi usmjeriva\u010di u grupi imaju zajedni\u010dku virtualnu IP (VIP) adresu i zajedni\u010dki broj grupe ili VRID (Identifikator virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da). Jedan usmjeriva\u010d mo\u017ee pripadati vi\u0161e grupa, od kojih svaka mora imati svoj jedinstveni par VIP\/VRID.<\/p>\n

U slu\u010daju Cisco-a, virtualni usmjeriva\u010d postavlja se na interesantnom su\u010delju pomo\u0107u naredbe:<\/p>\n

R1(config-if)# vrrp  ip<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nSvi usmjeriva\u010di dijele se na dva tipa: VRRP Master i VRRP Backup. <\/p>\n
VRRP Master<\/b> \u2014 usmjeriva\u010d koji preusmjerava pakete za ovu virtualnu grupu. <\/p>\n
VRRP Backup<\/b> \u2014 usmjeriva\u010d koji \u010deka pakete od Master-a. Ako paketi od Master-a prestanu dolaziti, Backup poku\u0161ava pre\u0107i u stanje Master-a. <\/p>\n
Usmjeriva\u010d postaje Master ako ima najvi\u0161i prioritet. Master neprekidno \u0161alje poruke na \u0161irok multicast adresu 224.0.0.18 kako bi obavijestio Backup usmjeriva\u010de da je aktivan. Master \u0161alje poruke prema Adver Timer-u, koji je prema zadanim postavkama 1 sekunda. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nU ovom slu\u010daju kao MAC adresa po\u0161iljatelja koristi se adresa grupe 00:00:5E:00:01:xx, gdje je xx \u2014 VRID u heksadecimalnom formatu. U ovom primjeru koristi se prva grupa. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nAko Backup usmjeriva\u010di ne primaju poruke tijekom tri Adver Timer-a (Master Down Timer), novi Master postaje usmjeriva\u010d s najve\u0107im prioritetom, ili usmjeriva\u010d s najve\u0107im IP-om. Pri tome, Backup usmjeriva\u010d s vi\u0161im prioritetom \u0107e preuzeti ulogu Master-a s ni\u017eim prioritetom. Me\u0111utim, kada je Backup u modu bez preuzimanja (preempt), Backup ne\u0107e preuzeti ulogu od Master-a. <\/p>\n
R1(config-if)# no vrrp  preempt<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nAko je VRRP usmjeriva\u010d vlasnik VIP adrese, onda uvijek preuzima ulogu Master. <\/p>\n
VRRP prioritet postavlja se u vrijednostima od 1 do 254. Vrijednost 0 je rezervirana za slu\u010dajeve kada Master treba ukloniti<\/i> preuzima odgovornost za usmjeravanje. Vrijednost 255 postavlja se na vlasni\u010dki usmjeriva\u010d VIP. Zadani prioritet je 100, ali se mo\u017ee postaviti administrativno:<\/p>\n
R1(config-if)#vrrp  priority<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nOvdje mo\u017eemo vidjeti prioritet usmjeriva\u010da kada je postavljen administrativno:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nA ovdje je prikazan slu\u010daj kada usmjeriva\u010d posjeduje VIP:<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nVRRP usmjeriva\u010d mo\u017ee imati tri stanja: Initialize, Backup, Master. Ova stanja usmjeriva\u010d postupno mijenja. <\/p>\n
U stanju Initialize usmjeriva\u010d \u010deka na po\u010detak rada. Ako je ovaj usmjeriva\u010d vlasnik VIP adrese (prioritet je 255), usmjeriva\u010d \u0161alje poruke da postaje Master. Tako\u0111er \u0161alje gratuitous ARP zahtjev<\/a><\/noindex>, u kojem je MAC adresa izvora jednaka adresi virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da. Zatim prelazi u stanje Master. Ako usmjeriva\u010d nije vlasnik VIP-a, prelazi u stanje Backup. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nU stanju Backup usmjeriva\u010d \u010deka pakete od Mastera. Usmeriva\u010d u ovom stanju ne odgovara na ARP zahtjeve s VIP adrese. Tako\u0111er ne prihva\u0107a pakete koji imaju MAC adresu virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da kao adresu odredi\u0161ta. <\/p>\n
Ako Backup ne primi poruke od Mastera tijekom Master Down Timera, \u0161alje VRRP poruku da \u0107e postati Master. Zatim \u0161alje multicast VRRP poruku, u kojoj je MAC adresa izvora jednaka adresi ovog virtualnog usmjeriva\u010da. U toj poruci usmjeriva\u010d navodi svoj prioritet.<\/p>\n
U stanju Master usmjeriva\u010d obra\u0111uje pakete upu\u0107ene virtualnom usmjeriva\u010du. Tako\u0111er odgovara na ARP zahtjeve prema VIP-u. Master \u0161alje VRRP poruke svaki Adver Timer, kako bi potvrdio da radi. <\/p>\n
*May 13 19:52:18.531: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Init -> Backup\n*May 13 19:52:21.751: %VRRP-6-STATECHANGE: Et1\/0 Grp 1 state Backup -> Master<\/code><\/pre>\n
\nVRRP tako\u0111er omogu\u0107uje raspodjelu optere\u0107enja izme\u0111u vi\u0161e usmjeriva\u010da. Za to se na jednom su\u010delju stvaraju dvije VRRP grupe. Jednoj grupi se dodjeljuje vi\u0161i prioritet od druge. U tom slu\u010daju na drugom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet se postavlja na suprotan na\u010din. Odnosno, ako je na jednom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet prve grupe 100, a druge grupe 200, onda \u0107e na drugom usmjeriva\u010du prioritet prve grupe biti 200, a druge 100. <\/p>\n
Kao \u0161to je ranije re\u010deno, svaka grupa treba imati svoj jedinstveni VIP. Na kraju, dobivamo dvije IP adrese, koje opslu\u017euju dva usmjeriva\u010da, od kojih svaki mo\u017ee slu\u017eiti kao zadani prolaz. <\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nPolovini ra\u010dunala se dodjeljuje jedna adresa zadnjeg prolaza, a drugoj polovini druga. Tako \u0107e polovina prometa i\u0107i kroz jedan usmjeriva\u010d, a polovina kroz drugi. U slu\u010daju kvara jednog od usmjeriva\u010da, drugi preuzima rad oba VIP-a.<\/p>\n
\"Princip
\nNa taj na\u010din, VRRP omogu\u0107uje organizaciju otpornosti zadnjeg prolaza, pove\u0107avaju\u0107i pouzdanost mre\u017ee. A u slu\u010daju kori\u0161tenja vi\u0161e virtualnih usmjeriva\u010da, mo\u017ee se i uravnote\u017eiti optere\u0107enje me\u0111u stvarnim usmjeriva\u010dima. Vrijeme reakcije na kvar mo\u017ee se smanjiti smanjenjem tajmera.
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
FHRP (First Hop Redundancy Protocol) \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043c IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 IP \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol). […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25663,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Na\u010din rada protokola VRRP | ProHoster","description":"FHRP (Protokol redundantnosti prvog skoka) - skupina protokola dizajniranih za stvaranje redundancije zadnjeg 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