{"id":34775,"date":"2019-10-31T22:00:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:00:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:18","slug":"eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok","title":{"rendered":"Eksperiment: Kako prikriti kori\u0161tenje Tora za zaobila\u017eenje blokada","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/454002\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Eksperiment: Kako prikriti kori\u0161tenje Tora za zaobila\u017eenje blokada\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/35921a936c3b9237cb346e52899dfdc8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Cenzura na internetu postaje sve va\u017eniji problem diljem svijeta. To dovodi do ja\u010danja \"trke u naoru\u017eanju\" \u2013 dr\u017eavne agencije i privatne korporacije u razli\u010ditim zemljama nastoje blokirati raznolik sadr\u017eaj i bore se protiv sredstava za zaobila\u017eenje tih ograni\u010denja, dok programeri i istra\u017eiva\u010di nastoje stvoriti u\u010dinkovite alate za borbu protiv cenzure. <\/p>\n<p>Istra\u017eiva\u010di sa sveu\u010dili\u0161ta Carnegie Mellon, Stanford i SRI International proveli su <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frankwang.org\/files\/papers\/ccs2012.pdf\">eksperiment<\/a><\/noindex>, tijekom kojeg su razvili posebnu uslugu za maskiranje kori\u0161tenja Tora \u2013 jednog od najpopularnijih alata zaobilazenja blokada. Predstavljamo vam pri\u010du o radu istra\u017eiva\u010da.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Tor protiv blokada<\/h2>\n<p>\nTor osigurava anonimnost korisnika putem kori\u0161tenja posebnih relaja \u2013 \u0161to su posredni\u010dki poslu\u017eitelji izme\u0111u korisnika i web stranice koju tra\u017ee. Obi\u010dno se izme\u0111u korisnika i web stranice nalazi nekoliko relaja, od kojih svaki mo\u017ee de\u0161ifrirati samo mali dio podataka u proslije\u0111enom paketu \u2013 dovoljno da sazna sljede\u0107u to\u010dku u lancu i po\u0161alje ga tamo. Tako da \u010dak i ako se u lanac doda relaj koji kontroliraju zlonamjernici ili cenzori, oni ne mogu otkriti niti odredi\u0161te niti izvor prometa. <\/p>\n<p>Kao alat za borbu protiv cenzure, Tor funkcionira u\u010dinkovito, no cenzorima ostaje mogu\u0107nost da ga potpuno blokiraju. Iran i Kina su uspje\u0161no provodili kampanje za blokiranje. Uspjeli su identifikovati Tor promet putem skeniranja TLS handshakes i drugih karakteristi\u010dnih zna\u010dajki Tora. <\/p>\n<p>Kasnije su programerima uspjeli prilagoditi sustav za zaobila\u017eenje blokada. Cenzori su odgovorili blokiranjem HTTPS veza s mnogim web stranicama, uklju\u010duju\u0107i Tor. Programeri projekta su stvorili program obfsproxy, koji dodatno \u0161ifrira promet. Ova utrka se neprestano nastavlja.<\/p>\n<h2>Po\u010detni podaci eksperimenta<\/h2>\n<p>\nIstra\u017eiva\u010di su odlu\u010dili razviti alat koji bi omogu\u0107io maskiranje kori\u0161tenja Tora, kako bi njegova primjena bila mogu\u0107a \u010dak i u regijama gdje je sustav potpuno blokiran. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kao po\u010detne pretpostavke, znanstvenici su iznijeli sljede\u0107e:<\/li>\n<li>Cenzor kontrolira izolirani unutarnji segment mre\u017ee koji se povezuje s vanjskim necenzuriranim internetom.<\/li>\n<li>Tijela koja se bave blokiranjem kontroliraju cijelu mre\u017enu infrastrukturu unutar cenzuriranog segmenta mre\u017ee, ali ne softver na ra\u010dunalima krajnjih korisnika. <\/li>\n<li>Cenzor nastoji sprije\u010diti pristup korisnika materijalima za koje smatra da su nepo\u017eeljni, pretpostavlja se da su svi takvi materijali smje\u0161teni na poslu\u017eiteljima izvan kontroliranog segmenta mre\u017ee. <\/li>\n<li>Usmjeriva\u010di na perimetru ovog segmenta analiziraju ne\u0161ifrirane podatke svih paketa kako bi blokirali nepo\u017eeljni sadr\u017eaj i sprije\u010dili prodiranje odgovaraju\u0107ih paketa unutar perimetra.<\/li>\n<li>Sve Tor relejove smje\u0161teni su izvan perimetra. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Kako to funkcionira<\/h2>\n<p>\nKako bi prikrili kori\u0161tenje Tora, istra\u017eiva\u010di su stvorili alat StegoTorus. Njegova osnovna svrha je pobolj\u0161ati mogu\u0107nosti Tora u otporu na automatiziranu analizu protokola. Alat se nalazi izme\u0111u klijenta i prvog releja u lancu, koristi vlastiti protokol \u0161ifriranja i module steganografije kako bi ote\u017eao identifikaciju Tor prometa.<\/p>\n<p>U prvom koraku po\u010dinje rad modula nazvanog chopper \u2013 on pretvara promet u sekvencu blokova razli\u010ditih duljina koji se \u0161alju dalje neredoslijedom. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Eksperiment: Kako prikriti kori\u0161tenje Tora za zaobila\u017eenje blokada\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f229ce95f4ed0513d091a43d6d868850.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPodaci se \u0161ifriraju pomo\u0107u AES-a u GCM na\u010dinu. Naslov bloka sadr\u017ei 32-bitni broj sekvence, dva polja duljine (d i p) \u2013 ozna\u010davaju volumen podataka, posebno polje F i 56-bitno polje provjere, \u010dija vrijednost mora biti nula. Minimalna duljina bloka iznosi 32 bajta, a maksimalna 217 + 32 bajta. Duljina se kontrolira pomo\u0107u steganografskih modula. <\/p>\n<p>Pri uspostavljanju veze prvih nekoliko bajtova informacija \u010dini handshake poruku, s njom poslu\u017eitelj shva\u0107a ima li posla s ve\u0107 postoje\u0107om ili novom vezom. Ako veza pripada novoj vezi, tada poslu\u017eitelj odgovara putem handshake-a, a svaki sudionik razmjene iz njega izdvojiti sesijske klju\u010deve. Osim toga, u sustavu je implementiran mehanizam rekeyinga \u2013 sli\u010dan je izdavanju sesijskog klju\u010da, ali umjesto handshake poruka koriste se blokovi. Ovaj mehanizam mijenja broj sekvence, ali ne dira ID veze. <\/p>\n<p>Nakon \u0161to su oba sudionika razmjene podataka poslali i primili fin blok, veza se zatvara. Kako bi se za\u0161titili od replay napada ili ka\u0161njenja isporuke blokova, oba sudionika moraju pamtiti ID tijekom kojeg vremena nakon zatvaranja. <\/p>\n<p>Ugra\u0111eni modul steganografije skriva Tor promet unutar p2p protokola \u2013 sli\u010dno na\u010dinu na koji Skype funkcionira tijekom za\u0161ti\u0107enih VoIP komunikacija. Modul HTTP steganografije simulira ne\u0161ifrirani HTTP promet. Sustav se mimikrija kao stvarni korisnik s uobi\u010dajenim preglednikom. <\/p>\n<h2>Otpornost na napade<\/h2>\n<p>\nKako bi provjerili koliko predlo\u017eena metoda pove\u0107ava u\u010dinkovitost rada Tora, istra\u017eiva\u010di su razvili napade dviju vrsta. <\/p>\n<p>Prvi se sastoji u izdvajanju Tor tokova iz TCP tokova na temelju temeljnih karakteristika protokola Tor \u2013 upravo je ovu metodu koristila vlastita blokada sustava u Kini. Drugi napad se sastoji u prou\u010davanju ve\u0107 poznatih Tor tokova kako bi se izvukle informacije o tome koje su stranice posje\u0107ivale korisnici. <\/p>\n<p>Istra\u017eiva\u010di su potvrdili u\u010dinkovitost napada prve vrste protiv \"vanilije Tora\" \u2013 to su u\u010dinili skupljaju\u0107i tragove posjeta stranica iz top 10 Alexa.com dvadeset puta kroz obi\u010dan Tor, obfsproxy i StegoTorus s modulom HTTP steganografije. Kao referenca za usporedbu kori\u0161ten je skup podataka CAIDA s podacima o portu 80 \u2013 gotovo sigurno sve su to HTTP poveznice.<\/p>\n<p>Eksperiment je pokazao da je prili\u010dno lako izra\u010dunati obi\u010dan Tor. Protokol Tor je previ\u0161e specifi\u010dan i ima niz karakteristika koje se lako izra\u010dunavaju \u2013 na primjer, tijekom kori\u0161tenja, TCP veze traju 20-30 sekundi. Obfsproxy tako\u0111er gotovo da ne skriva te o\u010dite aspekte. StegoTorus, s druge strane, generira promet koji je bli\u017ei referenci CAIDA.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Eksperiment: Kako prikriti kori\u0161tenje Tora za zaobila\u017eenje blokada\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/bc75182d731dc854d96d8041d3a2d494.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nU slu\u010daju napada s izra\u010dunavanjem posje\u0107enih stranica, istra\u017eiva\u010di su usporedili vjerojatnost takvog otkrivanja podataka u \"vaniliji Tor\" i njihovom rje\u0161enju StegoTorus. Za ocjenu je kori\u0161tena ljestvica <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/fastml.com\/what-you-wanted-to-know-about-auc\/\">AUC<\/a><\/noindex> (Area Under Curve). Prema rezultatima analize, u slu\u010daju obi\u010dnog Tora bez dodatne za\u0161tite, vjerojatnost otkrivanja podataka o posje\u0107enim stranicama osjetno je ve\u0107a.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Eksperiment: Kako prikriti kori\u0161tenje Tora za zaobila\u017eenje blokada\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/74dc8cc047ef7a38d7ae6947e23e8aa9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Zaklju\u010dak<\/h2>\n<p>\nPovijest sukoba vlasti zemalja koje uvode cenzuru na internetu i razvijatelja sustava za zaobila\u017eenje blokada pokazuje da u\u010dinkovite mogu biti samo slo\u017eene mjere za\u0161tite. Kori\u0161tenje samo jednog alata ne mo\u017ee jam\u010diti pristup potrebnim podacima niti da informacija o zaobila\u017eenju blokade ne\u0107e postati poznata cenzorima. <\/p>\n<p>Stoga je pri kori\u0161tenju bilo kakvih alata za osiguranje privatnosti i pristupa sadr\u017eaju va\u017eno ne zaboraviti da ne postoje savr\u0161ena rje\u0161enja i, ako je mogu\u0107e, kombinirati razli\u010dite metode kako bi se postigla najve\u0107a u\u010dinkovitost.<\/p>\n<h2>Koristan sadr\u017eaj i materijali od <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/infatica.io\">Infatica<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/453168\/\">Istra\u017eivanje: razvoj otporne na blokade proxy usluge pomo\u0107u teorije igara<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452438\/\">Povijest borbe protiv cenzure: kako radi metoda flash proxy koju su razvili znanstvenici s MIT-a i Stanforda<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/451832\/\">Kako razumjeti kada proxy la\u017eu: verifikacija fizi\u010dkih lokacija mre\u017enih proxyja pomo\u0107u algoritma aktivne geolokacije<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/452334\/\">Kako se prikriti na internetu: usporedba serverskih i rezidentnih proxyja<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/infatica\/blog\/454002\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0426\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34775","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eksperiment-kak-zamaskirovat-ispolzovanie-tor-dlya-obhoda-blokirovok\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | 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