{"id":36535,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kak-ispolzovat-pam-moduli-dlya-lokalnoj-autentifikatsii-v-linux-po-klyucham-gost-2012-na-rutokene\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:11","slug":"kak-ispolzovat-pam-moduli-dlya-lokalnoj-autentifikatsii-v-linux-po-klyucham-gost-2012-na-rutokene","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ispolzovat-pam-moduli-dlya-lokalnoj-autentifikatsii-v-linux-po-klyucham-gost-2012-na-rutokene","title":{"rendered":"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/e6656d4db027ab2705550726d5ab1908.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJednostavne lozinke ne pru\u017eaju za\u0161titu, a slo\u017eene je te\u0161ko zapamtiti. Stoga se \u010desto nalaze na podlo\u0161ku ispod tipkovnice ili na ekranu. Kako bi lozinke ostale u glavama \"zaboravnih\" korisnika i pouzdanost za\u0161tite ostala netaknuta \u2013 tu je dvostruka provjera identiteta (2FA).<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Zahvaljuju\u0107i kombinaciji \u010dimbenika posjedovanja ure\u0111aja i poznavanja njegovog PIN-a, sam PIN mo\u017ee biti jednostavniji i lak\u0161i za zapamtiti. Nedostaci u du\u017eini ili nasumi\u010dnosti PIN-a nadokna\u0111uju se zahtjevom za fizi\u010dkim posjedovanjem i ograni\u010denjima na poku\u0161aje unosa PIN-a. <\/p>\n<p>Osim toga, u dr\u017eavnim institucijama postoji potreba da sve funkcionira u skladu s hrvatskim standardima. O tome \u0107e biti rije\u010d u ovom primjeru 2FA za prijavu na Linux. Po\u010det \u0107u odmaknuto.<\/p>\n<h1>PAM-moduli<\/h1>\n<p>\nPovezivi moduli za provjeru autenti\u010dnosti (Pluggable Authentication Modules, PAM) su moduli sa standardnim API-jem i implementacijama razli\u010ditih mehanizama provjere autenti\u010dnosti u aplikacijama. <br \/>\nSve utilite i aplikacije koje mogu raditi s PAM-om preuzimaju ih i mogu koristiti za autentifikaciju korisnika.<br \/>\nU praksi to otprilike funkcionira ovako: ekipa za prijavu poziva PAM, koji provodi sve potrebne provjere pomo\u0107u modula navedenih u konfiguracijskoj datoteci i vra\u0107a rezultat natrag timu za prijavu.<\/p>\n<h2>librtpam<\/h2>\n<p>\nModul razvijen od strane tvrtke 'Aktiv' dodaje dvostruku provjeru identiteta korisnika putem pametnih kartica ili USB tokena koriste\u0107i asimetri\u010dne klju\u010deve prema najnovijim standardima doma\u0107e kriptografije. <\/p>\n<p>Razmotrite princip rada:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>na tokenu je pohranjen korisni\u010dki certifikat i njegov privatni klju\u010d;<\/li>\n<li>certifikat je pohranjen u korisni\u010dkom home direktoriju kao pouzdan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Proces provjere autenti\u010dnosti odvija se na sljede\u0107i na\u010din:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Na Rutokenu izvodi se pretra\u017eivanje osobnog certifikata korisnika.<\/li>\n<li>Zahtijeva se PIN kod tokena.<\/li>\n<li>Potpisuju se nasumi\u010dni podaci privatnim klju\u010dem izravno u \u010dipu Rutokena.<\/li>\n<li>Dobiveni potpis provjerava se pomo\u0107u javnog klju\u010da iz korisni\u010dkog certifikata.<\/li>\n<li>Modul vra\u0107a ulozi pozivatelju rezultat provjere potpisa.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Mo\u017ee se provesti autentifikacija prema kljucevima GOST R 34.10-2012 (du\u017eine 256 ili 512 bitova) ili zastarjelom GOST R 34.10-2001. <\/p>\n<p>Za sigurnost klju\u010deva ne morate brinuti \u2013 oni se generiraju izravno u Rutokenu i nikada ne napu\u0161taju njegovu memoriju tijekom kriptografskih operacija.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/61047962c9aee308d69553201e05203d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRutoken ECP 2.0 certificiran je od strane FSB-a i FSTEK-a prema NDV 4, stoga se mo\u017ee koristiti u informacijskim sustavima koji obra\u0111uju povjerljive informacije. <\/p>\n<h2>Prakti\u010dna primjena<\/h2>\n<p>\nPrakti\u010dki svaka moderna verzija Linuxa odgovara, a kao primjer koristit \u0107emo xUbuntu 18.10.<\/p>\n<h3>1) Instalirajte potrebne pakete<\/h3>\n<p>\n<code>sudo apt-get install libccid pcscd opensc<\/code><br \/>\nAko \u017eelite dodati blokiranje radne povr\u0161ine s screensaverom \u2013 dodatno instalirajte paket <code>libpam-pkcs11<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h3>2) Dodajte PAM modul koji podr\u017eava GOST-ove<\/h3>\n<p>\nU\u010ditajte biblioteku s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/download.rutoken.ru\/Rutoken\/PAM\/\">https:\/\/download.rutoken.ru\/Rutoken\/PAM\/<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nKopirajte sadr\u017eaj mape PAM librtpam.so.1.0.0 u sustavnu mapu<br \/>\n<code>\/usr\/lib\/<\/code> ili <code>\/usr\/lib\/x86_64-linux-gnu\/<\/code>ili <code>\/usr\/lib64<\/code><\/p>\n<h3>3) Instalirajte paket s librtpkcs11ecp.so<\/h3>\n<p>\nPreuzmite i instalirajte DEB ili RPM paket putem veze: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rutoken.ru\/support\/download\/pkcs\/\">https:\/\/www.rutoken.ru\/support\/download\/pkcs\/<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>4) Provjerite radi li Rutoken ECP 2.0 u sustavu<\/h3>\n<p>\nU terminalu izvr\u0161ite<br \/>\n<code>$ pkcs11-tool --module \/usr\/lib\/librtpkcs11ecp.so -T<\/code><br \/>\nAko vidite redak <code>Rutoken ECP<\/code> \u2013 to zna\u010di da je sve u redu.<\/p>\n<h3>5) Pro\u010ditajte certifikat<\/h3>\n<p>\nProvjerite ima li ure\u0111aj certifikat<br \/>\n<code>$ pkcs11-tool --module \/usr\/lib\/librtpkcs11ecp.so -O<\/code><br \/>\nAko nakon retka:<br \/>\n<code>Using slot 0 with a present token (0x0)<\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>prikazuje se informacija<\/b> o klju\u010devima i certifikatima, potrebno je pro\u010ditati certifikat i pohraniti ga na disk. Za to izvr\u0161ite sljede\u0107u naredbu, gdje umjesto {id} trebate unijeti ID certifikata koji ste vidjeli u prethodnom ispisu:<br \/>\n<code>$ pkcs11-tool --module \/usr\/lib\/librtpkcs11ecp.so -r -y cert --id {id} --output-file cert.crt<\/code><br \/>\n Ako je datoteka cert.crt stvorena, prelazimo na to\u010dku 6).<\/li>\n<li><b>nema ni\u0161ta<\/b>, to zna\u010di da je ure\u0111aj prazan. Obratite se administratoru ili stvorite klju\u010deve i certifikat sami, slijede\u0107i sljede\u0107u to\u010dku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>5.1) Kreirajte testni certifikat<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Pa\u017enja! Opisani na\u010dini stvaranja klju\u010deva i certifikata prikladni su za testiranje i nisu namijenjeni za kori\u0161tenje u stvarnim situacijama. Za to se trebaju koristiti klju\u010devi i certifikati koje izdaje povjereni certifikacijski centar va\u0161e organizacije ili akreditirani autorizirani centar.<br \/>\nPAM modul je stvoren za za\u0161titu lokalnih ra\u010dunala i podrazumijeva rad u manjim organizacijama. S obzirom na to da je broj korisnika mali, administrator mo\u017ee sam pratiti povla\u010denje certifikata i ru\u010dno blokirati ra\u010dune, kao i pratiti rok valjanosti certifikata. PAM modul za sada ne mo\u017ee provjeravati certifikate prema CRL-u i graditi lance povjerenja.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h4>Jednostavan put (kroz preglednik)<\/h4>\n<p>\nZa dobivanje testnog certifikata koristite <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ra.rutoken.ru\/\">web servis \"Centar registracije Rutoken\"<\/a><\/noindex>. Proces ne\u0107e trajati du\u017ee od 5 minuta.<\/p>\n<h4>Geek put (kroz konzolu i, mo\u017eda, kompajler)<\/h4>\n<p>\n<b>Provjerite verziju OpenSC <\/b><br \/>\n<code>$ opensc-tool --version<\/code><br \/>\nAko je verzija manja od 0.20, nadogradite ili izradite <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/AktivCo\/OpenSC\/tree\/gostr3410-2012\/\">granu pkcs11-tool s podr\u0161kom za GOST-2012<\/a><\/noindex> s na\u0161eg GitHub-a (u trenutku objavljivanja ovog \u010dlanka, verzija 0.20 jo\u0161 nije objavljena) ili iz grane master glavnog projekta OpenSC najkasnije <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/OpenSC\/OpenSC\/tree\/8cf1e6f769b36bdcadc3958574305b90e88c816d\">commit-a 8cf1e6f<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Generiramo par klju\u010deva s parametrima:<br \/>\n<code>--key-type: GOSTR3410-2012-512:A (GOST-2012 512 bit s parametrom A), GOSTR3410-2012-256:A (GOST-2012 256 bit s parametrima A)<\/code><\/p>\n<p><code>--id: <\/code> identifikator objekta (CKA_ID) u obliku dvoznamenkaste hex vrijednosti iz ASCII tablice. Koristite samo ASCII kodove tiskovnih znakova, jer \u0107e se id morati proslijediti OpenSSL-u kao string. Na primjer, ASCII kodovima \"3132\" odgovara string \"12\". <b> Za udobnost, mo\u017eete iskoristiti <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rapidtables.com\/convert\/number\/ascii-to-hex.html\">online servis za konverziju stringa u ASCII kodove<\/a><\/noindex><\/b>.<\/p>\n<p><code>$ .\\\/pkcs11-tool --module \\\/usr\\\/lib\\\/librtpkcs11ecp.so --keypairgen --key-type GOSTR3410-2012-512:A -l --id 3132<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Nakon toga \u0107emo izraditi certifikat. Ovdje \u0107e biti opisane dvije metode: prva kroz CA (koristit \u0107emo testne CA-e), druga \u2013 samopotpisana. Za to prvo treba instalirati i postaviti OpenSSL verzije 1.1 ili novije za rad s Rutokenom putem specijalnog modula rtengine koriste\u0107i upute <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.rutoken.ru\/display\/PUB\/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0+OpenSSL\">Instalacija i postavljanje OpenSSL-a<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\nNa primjer: za \u2018-<code>-id 3132<\/code>\u2019 u OpenSSL treba navesti \u00ab<code>pkcs11:id=12<\/code>&#171;. <\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017eete iskoristiti usluge testnog CA, kojih ima mnogo, na primjer, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cryptopro.ru\/solutions\/test-ca\">evo<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/testcert.infotecs.ru\/\">evo <\/a><\/noindex>i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/soft.lissi.ru\/services\/test_ca\/\">evo<\/a><\/noindex>, za to \u0107emo kreirati zahtjev za certifikat<\/p>\n<p>Druga opcija \u2013 mo\u017eete se prepustiti lijenosti i stvoriti samopotpisani<br \/>\n<code>$ openssl req -utf8 <b>-new<\/b> -keyform engine -key \"pkcs11:id=12\" -engine rtengine -out req.csr<\/code><\/p>\n<p>U\u010ditavamo certifikat na ure\u0111aj<br \/>\n<code>$ openssl req -utf8 <b>-x509<\/b> -keyform motor -key \"pkcs11:id=12\" -motor rtengine -out cert.cer<\/code><\/p>\n<h3>6) Registrirajte certifikat u sustavu<\/h3>\n<p>\nProvjerite da va\u0161 certifikat izgleda kao base64 datoteka:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/83a7e25541041d02365141e682bd4635.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAko va\u0161 certifikat izgleda ovako:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/f385e4e288a49acfb2c54be4c24749e7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nonda treba konvertirati certifikat iz DER formata u PEM format (base64)<\/p>\n<p><code>$ openssl x509 -in cert.crt -out cert.pem -inform DER -outform PEM<\/code><br \/>\nPonovno provjeravamo da li je sada sve u redu.<\/p>\n<p>Dodavanje certifikata na listu pouzdanih certifikata<br \/>\n<code>$ mkdir ~\/\\.eid<br \/>\n$ chmod 0755 ~\/\\.eid<br \/>\n$ cat cert.pem &gt;&gt; ~\/\\.eid\/authorized_certificates<br \/>\n$ chmod 0644 ~\/\\.eid\/authorized_certificates<\/code><br \/>\nPosljednji redak \u0161titi listu pouzdanih certifikata od slu\u010dajne ili namjerne promjene od strane drugih korisnika. To isklju\u010duje situaciju u kojoj netko mo\u017ee dodati svoj certifikat i mo\u0107i \u0107e se prijaviti u va\u0161e ime.<\/p>\n<h3>7) Postavljamo autentifikaciju <\/h3>\n<p>\nPostavka na\u0161eg PAM modula je potpuno standardna i radi se na isti na\u010din kao i postavke drugih modula. Kreiramo u datoteku <code>\/usr\/share\/pam-configs\/rutoken-gost-pam<\/code> koja sadr\u017ei puno ime modula, je li omogu\u0107en prema zadanim postavkama, prioritet modula i parametre autentifikacije.<br \/>\nU parametrima autentifikacije postoje zahtjevi za uspje\u0161nost operacije:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>required (obavezno): takvi moduli moraju vratiti pozitivnu odgovor. Ako rezultat poziva modula sadr\u017ei negativan odgovor, to \u0107e dovesti do pogre\u0161ke prilikom autentifikacije. Zahtjev \u0107e biti otkazan, ali \u0107e se ostali moduli pozvati.<\/li>\n<li>requisite (neophodno): sli\u010dno je required, ali odmah dovodi do pogre\u0161ke autentifikacije i zanemaruje ostale module.<\/li>\n<li>sufficient (dovoljno): ako nijedan od modula required ili sufficient nisu vratili negativan rezultat, modul \u0107e vratiti pozitivnu odgovor. Preostali moduli \u0107e biti ignorirani.<\/li>\n<li>optional (dodatno): ako u stogu nema modula required i nijedan od modula sufficient nije vratio pozitivan rezultat, barem jedan od modula optional mora vratiti pozitivan odgovor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nCjeloviti sadr\u017eaj datoteke <code>\/usr\/share\/pam-configs\/rutoken-gost-pam<\/code>:<br \/>\n<code>Naziv: Rutoken PAM GOST<br \/>\nZadano: da<br \/>\nPrioritet: 800<br \/>\nVrsta autentifikacije: Primarna<br \/>\nAutentifikacija: dovoljna \/usr\/lib\/librtpam.so.1.0.0 \/usr\/lib\/librtpkcs11ecp.so<\/code><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/804bd960918413e2134617b2ce31f0af.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nspremamo datoteku, nakon toga izvr\u0161avamo<br \/>\n<code>$ sudo pam-auth-update<\/code><br \/>\nu prozoru koji se pojavi stavite zvjezdicu pored <b>Rutoken PAM GOST<\/b> i pritisnemo <b>OK<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/2fb2e020c943ef3a22f09985a939a1c9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>8) Provjeravamo pode\u0161avanje <\/h3>\n<p>\nKako bismo bili sigurni da je sve ispravno postavljeno, ali ne gube\u0107i mogu\u0107nost prijave u sustav, unesite naredbu<br \/>\n<code>$ sudo login<\/code><br \/>\nUnesite korisni\u010dko ime. Sve je ispravno postavljeno ako sustav zahtijeva PIN kod ure\u0111aja.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/2501ca77a0c881ebb9fe588031a2c8ef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>9) Postavljamo zaklju\u010davanje ra\u010dunala prilikom va\u0111enja tokena<\/h3>\n<p>\nU paketu <code>libpam-pkcs11<\/code> dolazi alat <code>pkcs11_eventmgr,<\/code> koji omogu\u0107uje izvo\u0111enje razli\u010ditih radnji kada se dogode PKCS#11 doga\u0111aji.<br \/>\nZa postavljanje <code>pkcs11_eventmgr<\/code> koristi se konfiguracijska datoteka: <code>\/etc\/pam_pkcs11\/pkcs11_eventmgr.conf<\/code><br \/>\n<i>Za razli\u010dite Linux distribucije, naredba koja poziva zaklju\u010davanje ra\u010duna prilikom va\u0111enja pametnih kartica ili tokena \u0107e se razlikovati. Poglede. <code>event card_remove<\/code>.<\/i><br \/>\nPrimjer konfiguracijske datoteke prikazan je u nastavku:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"xml\">pkcs11_eventmgr\n{\n    # Pokretanje u pozadini\n    daemon = true;\n     \n    # Postavke dijagnosti\u010dkih poruka\n    debug = false;\n \n    # Vrijeme ispitivanja u sekundama\n    polling_time = 1;\n \n    # Postavljanje tajmauta za uklanjanje kartice\n    # Zadano 0\n    expire_time = 0;\n \n    # Odabir pkcs11 biblioteke za rad s R\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\n    pkcs11_module = usr\/lib\/librtpkcs11ecp.so;\n \n    # Radnje s karticom\n    # Kartica umetnuta:\n    event card_insert {\n        # Ostavite zadane vrijednosti (ni\u0161ta se ne doga\u0111a)\n        on_error = ignore ;\n \n        action = \"\/bin\/false\";\n    }\n \n    # Kartica uklonjena\n    event card_remove {\n        on_error = ignore;\n         \n        # Pozivamo funkciju zaklju\u010davanja ekrana\n        \n        # Za GNOME \n        action = \"dbus-send --type=method_call --dest=org.gnome.ScreenSaver \/org\/gnome\/ScreenSaver org.gnome.ScreenSaver.Lock\";\n        \n        # Za XFCE\n        # action = \"xflock4\";\n        \n        # Za Astra Linux (FLY)\n        # action = \"fly-wmfunc FLYWM_LOCK\";\n    }\n \n    # Kartica je dugo vremena bila uklonjena\n    event expire_time {\n        # Ostavite zadane vrijednosti (ni\u0161ta se ne doga\u0111a)\n        on_error = ignore;\n \n        action = \"\/bin\/false\";\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Nakon toga dodajte aplikaciju <code>pkcs11_eventmgr<\/code> u pokretanje. Za to uredite datoteku .bash_profile:<br \/>\n<code>$ nano \/home\/\/.bash_profile<\/code><br \/>\nDodajte na kraj datoteke redak pkcs11_eventmgr i ponovo pokrenite.<\/p>\n<p><b>Opi\u0161ani koraci za postavljanje operativnog sustava mogu se koristiti kao upute u bilo kojem modernom Linux distribuciji, uklju\u010duju\u0107i doma\u0107e. <\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kako koristiti PAM module za lokalnu autentifikaciju u Linuxu prema klju\u010devima GOST-2012 na Rutokenu\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/ec235d0d0d50e23fbf09d4849d1fdd11.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Zaklju\u010dak <\/h2>\n<p>\nRa\u010dunalnici s Linuxom u ruskim dr\u017eavnim strukturama postaju sve popularniji, a postaviti pouzdanu dvofaktorsku autentifikaciju u ovom OS-u nije uvijek jednostavno. Ovim vodi\u010dem \u0107emo pomo\u0107i da se rije\u0161i problem s \"lozinkama\" i pouzdano za\u0161titi pristup ra\u010dunalniku, a da pritom ne utro\u0161ite mnogo vremena.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/aktiv-company\/blog\/461199\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0430 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u201c\u0437\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445\u201d \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0451\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u2013 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (2\u0424\u0410). \u0411\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e PIN-\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0430\u043c PIN-\u043a\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27347,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36535","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\".\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/kak-ispolzovat-pam-moduli-dlya-lokalnoj-autentifikatsii-v-linux-po-klyucham-gost-2012-na-rutokene\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" 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