{"id":36619,"date":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:12:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:12:43","slug":"post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/post-analiz-chto-izvestno-o-poslednej-atake-na-set-serverov-kriptoklyuchej-sks-keyserver","title":{"rendered":"Post-analiza: \u0161to se zna o posljednjem napadu na mre\u017eu poslu\u017eitelja za kriptoklju\u010d SKS Keyserver","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hakeri su iskoristili ranjivost protokola OpenPGP, za koju se zna vi\u0161e od deset godina. <\/p>\n<p>Obja\u0161njavamo u \u010demu se radi i za\u0161to je ne mogu zatvoriti.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-analiza: \u0161to se zna o posljednjem napadu na mre\u017eu poslu\u017eitelja za kriptoklju\u010d SKS Keyserver\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/d8fec24b72a147e758eb1174eecb7336.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/8fs1X0JFgFE\">Chunlea Ju<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Problemi u mre\u017ei<\/h2>\n<p>\nSredinom lipnja nepoznati <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">su izveli napad<\/a><\/noindex> na mre\u017eu poslu\u017eitelja kriptografskih klju\u010deva <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bitbucket.org\/skskeyserver\/sks-keyserver\/src\/default\/\">SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex>, izgra\u0111enu na bazi protokola OpenPGP. Ovo je standard IETF (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc4880\">RFC 4880<\/a><\/noindex>), koji se koristi za \u0161ifriranje e-po\u0161te i drugih poruka. Mre\u017eu SKS stvorili su prije trideset godina za distribuciju javnih certifikata. Priklju\u010duju se takvi alati kao \u0161to su <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GnuPG\">GnuPG<\/a><\/noindex> za \u0161ifriranje podataka i stvaranje elektroni\u010dkih digitalnih potpisa.<\/p>\n<p>Hakeri su kompromitovali certifikate dvaju glavnih odr\u017eavatelja projekta GnuPG \u2014 Roberta Hansena (Robert Hansen) i Daniela Gillmora (Daniel Gillmor). Preuzimanje o\u0161te\u0107enog certifikata sa servera dovodi do kvara u radu GnuPG \u2014 sustav jednostavno zamrzava. Postoje naznake da na tome zlonamjernici ne\u0107e stati i da \u0107e se broj kompromitovanih certifikata samo pove\u0107avati. Trenutno su razmjeri problema nepoznati.<\/p>\n<h2>Sr\u017e napada<\/h2>\n<p>\nHakeri su iskoristili ranjivost u protokolu OpenPGP. Ona je poznata zajednici ve\u0107 vi\u0161e od deset godina. \u010cak se i na GitHubu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/micahflee\/trollwot\">mo\u017ee na\u0107i<\/a><\/noindex> odgovaraju\u0107i eksploatacijski alat. No dosad nitko nije preuzeo odgovornost za zatvaranje 'rupa' (o uzrocima \u0107emo razgovarati detaljnije kasnije).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Par izbora iz na\u0161eg bloga na Habru:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446634\/\">SDN-digest \u2014 \u0161est emulatora s otvorenim izvorom<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/446058\/\">Kako izgraditi SDN \u2014 osam alata s otvorenim izvorom<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/433298\/\">Mre\u017eni digest: 17 stru\u010dnih materijala o Wi-Fi i 5G<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\nPrema specifikaciji OpenPGP, bilo tko mo\u017ee dodavati digitalne potpise certifikatima za potvrdu njihovog vlasnika. Pri tome, maksimalan broj potpisa nije reguliran. I ovdje se javlja problem \u2014 mre\u017ea SKS omogu\u0107ava postavljanje do 150 tisu\u0107a potpisa na jedan certifikat, ali GnuPG ne podr\u017eava toliki broj. Tako prilikom u\u010ditavanja certifikata GnuPG (kao, uostalom, i druge implementacije OpenPGP) se zamrzava.<\/p>\n<p>Jedan od korisnika <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/buttondown.email\/cryptography-dispatches\/archive\/cryptography-dispatches-hello-world-and-openpgp\/\">proveo je eksperiment<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 uvoz certifikata mu je trajao otprilike 10 minuta. Certifikat je imao vi\u0161e od 54 tisu\u0107e potpisa, a njegova veli\u010dina iznosila je 17 MB:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ gpg --homedir=$PWD --recv C4BC2DDB38CCE96485EBE9C2F20691179038E5C6\ngpg: klju\u010d F20691179038E5C6: 4 duplicirane potpise su uklonjene\ngpg: klju\u010d F20691179038E5C6: 54614 potpisa nije provjereno zbog nedostaju\u0107ih klju\u010deva\ngpg: klju\u010d F20691179038E5C6: 4 potpisa preure\u0111ena\ngpg: klju\u010d F20691179038E5C6: javni klju\u010d \"Daniel Kahn Gillmor \" je uvezen\ngpg: nema u potpunosti pouzdanih klju\u010deva\ngpg: Ukupno obra\u0111eno: 1\ngpg:               uvezeno: 1\n$ ls -lh pubring.gpg\n-rw-r--r--  1 filippo  staff    17M  2 Jul 16:30 pubring.gpg\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSituaciju dodatno pogor\u0161ava \u010dinjenica da OpenPGP serveri klju\u010deva ne uklanjaju informacije o certifikatima. To je u\u010dinjeno kako bi se mogla pratiti cijela povijest radnji sa certifikatima i isklju\u010diti njihova zamjena. Stoga ne mo\u017eemo ukloniti kompromitovane elemente.<\/p>\n<p>Naime, SKS mre\u017ea predstavlja veliki \"fajl server\" na koji svatko mo\u017ee pohraniti podatke. Kako bismo ilustrirali problem, pro\u0161le godine je rezident GitHub <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/yakamok\/keyserver-fs\">napravio fajl sistem<\/a><\/noindex>, koji \u010duva dokumente na mre\u017ei servera kriptografskih klju\u010deva.<\/p>\n<h2>Za\u0161to ranjivost nije zakrpljena<\/h2>\n<p>\nDa bi se ranjivost zatvorila, nije bilo osnova. Ranije se nije koristila za napade hakera. Iako IT zajednica <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=20315633\">ve\u0107 dugo tra\u017ei<\/a><\/noindex> od developera SKS i OpenPGP da obrate pa\u017enju na problem.<\/p>\n<p>Pravednosti radi, treba napomenuti da su u junu ipak <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news#2019-06-12-launch\">pokrenuli su<\/a><\/noindex> eksperimentisali s klju\u010dnim serverom <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/keys.openpgp.org\/about\/news\">keys.openpgp.org<\/a><\/noindex>. U njemu je implementirana za\u0161tita od takvih vrsta napada. Me\u0111utim, njegova baza podataka se puni iz po\u010detka, a sam server nije deo SKS-a. Stoga \u0107e pro\u0107i vreme pre nego \u0161to se njime mo\u017ee koristiti.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Post-analiza: \u0161to se zna o posljednjem napadu na mre\u017eu poslu\u017eitelja za kriptoklju\u010d SKS Keyserver\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/6ab10981f7c6215cede6e26c2fd3aa5c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/_DkmMhzrsYY\">Rub\u00e9n Bag\u00fc\u00e9s<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u0160to se ti\u010de gre\u0161ke u originalnom sistemu, njen popravak spre\u010dava slo\u017een mehanizam sinhronizacije. Mre\u017ea servera klju\u010deva prvotno je napisana kao proof of concept za za\u0161titu doktorata Yarona Minskog. Pritom je kori\u0161\u0107en prili\u010dno specifi\u010dan jezik OCaml. Prema <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/rjhansen\/67ab921ffb4084c865b3618d6955275f\">rije\u010dima<\/a><\/noindex> odr\u017eavaocu Robertu Hansenu, te\u0161ko je razumeti kod, pa se uvode samo mala ispravka. Da bi se modifikovala arhitektura SKS-a, potrebno je prepisati je iz temelja.<\/p>\n<p>U svakom slu\u010daju, u GnuPG-u ne veruju da \u0107e mre\u017ea ikada mo\u0107i da se ispravi. U postu na GitHubu, developeri \u010dak su napisali da ne preporu\u010duju rad s SKS serverom klju\u010deva. Zapravo, to je jedan od glavnih razloga zbog kojih su inicirali prelazak na novu uslugu keys.openpgp.org. Ostaje nam samo da pratimo dalji razvoj situacije.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Par materijala iz na\u0161eg korporativnog bloga:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/botnet-spamit-cherez-routery\/\">Botnet \u2018\u0161alje spam\u2019 preko rutera: \u0161to treba znati<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/ddos-i-5g-tolshhe-truba-bolshe-problem\/\">DDoS i 5G: \u0161to deblja \u00abcijev\u00bb \u2014 to vi\u0161e problema<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/firewall-ili-dpi-instrumenty-zashhity-raznogo-naznacheniya\/\">Firewall ili DPI \u2014 alati za\u0161tite razli\u010ditih namjena<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/internet-v-derevnyu-stroim-radiorelejnuyu-wi-fi-set\/\">Internet u selu \u2014 gradimo radiorelejnu Wi-Fi mre\u017eu<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0432 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Chunlea Ju \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0412 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 SKS Keyserver, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 IETF (RFC 4880), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27422,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 SKS Keyserver | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 OpenPGP, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" 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