{"id":40585,"date":"2020-02-02T10:38:22","date_gmt":"2020-02-02T07:38:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/uyazvimosti-setej-5g"},"modified":"2020-02-02T10:38:22","modified_gmt":"2020-02-02T07:38:22","slug":"uyazvimosti-setej-5g","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/uyazvimosti-setej-5g","title":{"rendered":"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/656548e68c974d920250349994b24721.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>Dok entuzijasti s nestrpljenjem \u010dekaju masovnu implementaciju mre\u017ea pete generacije, cyber-kriminalci trljaju ruke, i\u0161\u010dekuju\u0107i nove mogu\u0107nosti za profit. Bez obzira na sve napore razvija\u010da, tehnologija 5G sadr\u017ei ranjivosti \u010dije otkrivanje ote\u017eava nedostatak iskustva u novim uvjetima. Istra\u017eili smo malu 5G mre\u017eu i identificirali tri vrste ranjivosti o kojima \u0107emo govoriti u ovom postu. <\/i><br \/>\n <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Objekt istra\u017eivanja<\/h3>\n<p>\nRazmotrit \u0107emo najjednostavniji primjer \u2014 modelnu ne-javnu 5G mre\u017eu studentskog kampusa (Non-Public Network, NPN), povezanu s vanjskim svijetom putem op\u0107inskih komunikacijskih kanala. Upravo \u0107e takve mre\u017ee u bliskoj budu\u0107nosti biti kori\u0161tene kao tipi\u010dne u svim zemljama koje su se uklju\u010dile u utrku za 5G. Potencijalno okru\u017eenje za implementaciju mre\u017ea ove konfiguracije su 'pametna' poduze\u0107a, 'pametni' gradovi, uredi velikih kompanija i druge sli\u010dne lokacije s visokim stupnjem kontrolabilnosti. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/266e447d122674db9fc694ff86b4bcdd.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <i>Infrastruktura NPN: zatvorena mre\u017ea poduze\u0107a povezana je s globalnom 5G mre\u017eom putem javnih kanala. Izvor: Trend Micro<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Za razliku od mre\u017ea \u010detvrte generacije, mre\u017ee 5G su usmjerene na obradu podataka u stvarnom vremenu, stoga njihova arhitektura podsje\u0107a na vi\u0161eslojni kola\u010d. Podjela na razine olak\u0161ava interakciju putem standardizacije API-ja za komunikaciju izme\u0111u slojeva.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/4a6c70ab37b8a15ef32c14bba947bd65.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Pore\u0111enje arhitektura 4G i 5G. Izvor: Trend Micro<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rezultat su pove\u0107ane mogu\u0107nosti za automatizaciju i skaliranje, \u0161to je kriti\u010dno va\u017eno za obradu ogromnih koli\u010dina informacija iz interneta stvari (IoT).<br \/>\nIzolacija razina ugra\u0111ena u standard 5G dovodi do pojave novog problema: sigurnosni sustavi koji rade unutar NPN mre\u017ee \u0161tite objekt i njegove privatne oblake, dok sigurnosni sustavi vanjskih mre\u017ea \u0161tite svoju unutarnju infrastrukturu. Me\u0111utim, promet izme\u0111u NPN-a i vanjskih mre\u017ea smatra se sigurnim jer dolazi iz za\u0161ti\u0107enih sustava, no zapravo ga nitko ne \u0161titi. <\/p>\n<p>U na\u0161oj recentnoj studiji <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/documents.trendmicro.com\/assets\/white_papers\/wp-securing-5g-through-cyber-telecom-identity-federation.pdf\">Sigurnost 5G kroz cyber-telekom identitetnu federaciju<\/a><\/noindex> navodimo nekoliko scena cyber napada na 5G mre\u017ee koji iskori\u0161tavaju:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ranjivosti SIM kartica,<\/li>\n<li>ranjivosti mre\u017ee,<\/li>\n<li>ranjivosti sustava identifikacije.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPogledajmo svaku ranjivost detaljnije. <\/p>\n<h3>Ranjivosti SIM kartica<\/h3>\n<p>\nSIM kartica je slo\u017een ure\u0111aj koji \u010dak ima cijeli set ugra\u0111enih aplikacija \u2014 SIM Toolkit, STK. Jedan od tih programa \u2014 S@T Browser \u2014 teoretski se mo\u017ee koristiti za pregled unutarnjih stranica operatera, no u praksi je odavno zaboravljen i nije a\u017euriran od 2009. godine, jer te funkcije sada obavljaju drugi programi. <\/p>\n<p>Problem je u tome \u0161to je S@T Browser postao ranjiv: posebno pripremljena servisna SMS poruka hakira SIM karticu i prisiljava je da izvr\u0161i potrebne komande hakera, pri \u010demu korisnik telefona ili ure\u0111aja ne primje\u0107uje ni\u0161ta neobi\u010dno. Napad je dobio naziv <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/simjacker.com\/downloads\/technicalpapers\/AdaptiveMobile_Security_Simjacker_Technical_Paper_v1.01.pdf\">Simjaker<\/a><\/noindex> i pru\u017ea mnoge mogu\u0107nosti napada\u010dima. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/d23b7f7a77838d76a881a40d721eabb7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Napad Simjacking u mre\u017ei 5G. Izvor: Trend Micro<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Specifi\u010dno, omogu\u0107ava prenos podataka o lokaciji pretplatnika, identifikator njegovog ure\u0111aja (IMEI) i mobilne bazne stanice (Cell ID), a tako\u0111er prisiljava telefon da pozove broj, po\u0161alje SMS, otvori link u pregledniku, pa \u010dak i isklju\u010di SIM karticu. <\/p>\n<p>U uvjetima 5G mre\u017ea ranjivost SIM kartica postaje ozbiljan problem, s obzirom na broj povezanih ure\u0111aja. Iako <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/venturebeat.com\/2018\/12\/14\/simalliance-a-new-5g-sim-card-is-necessary-to-beef-up-network-security\/\">SIMAlliance je razvio nove standarde SIM kartica za 5G s pobolj\u0161anom sigurno\u0161\u0107u<\/a><\/noindex>, u mre\u017eama pete generacije i dalje <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ericsson.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/1\/5g-security-sim-card\">postoji mogu\u0107nost kori\u0161tenja \"starih\" SIM kartica<\/a><\/noindex>. A s obzirom na to da sve funkcionira, ne treba o\u010dekivati brzu zamjenu postoje\u0107ih SIM kartica. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/208833a443e53b03c07f415476144a4b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Maliciozno kori\u0161tenje roaminga. Izvor: Trend Micro<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Kori\u0161tenje Simjackinga omogu\u0107ava prisilno prebacivanje SIM kartice u roaming re\u017eim i povezivanje s mobilnom baznom stanicom koju kontrolira napada\u010d. Tom prilikom, napada\u010d \u0107e mo\u0107i modificirati postavke SIM kartice kako bi prislu\u0161kivao telefonske razgovore, implementirao maliciozni softver i provodio razne vrste napada koriste\u0107i ure\u0111aj s hakiranom SIM karticom. To mu omogu\u0107ava \u010dinjenica da interakcija s ure\u0111ajima u roamingu prolazi mimo sigurnosnih procedura koje su usvojene za ure\u0111aje u \"doma\u0107oj\" mre\u017ei. <\/p>\n<h3>Ranjivosti mre\u017ee <\/h3>\n<p>\nNapada\u010di mogu mijenjati postavke kompromitirane SIM kartice kako bi ostvarili svoje ciljeve. Relativna jednostavnost i skrivenost Simjaking napada omogu\u0107uju njegovo provo\u0111enje na stalnoj bazi, preuzimaju\u0107i kontrolu nad sve novim ure\u0111ajima, polako i strpljivo (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cloudflare.com\/learning\/ddos\/ddos-low-and-slow-attack\/\">low and slow attack<\/a><\/noindex>) odsecaju\u0107i komade mre\u017ee poput salame (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ajmaurya.wordpress.com\/2014\/03\/27\/what-is-a-salami-attack\/\">salami attack<\/a><\/noindex>). Pra\u0107enje takvih aktivnosti ekstremno je te\u0161ko, a u uvjetima slo\u017eene distribuirane mre\u017ee 5G \u2014 gotovo nemogu\u0107e. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/36e5f0da189c645567d97eeefa3643de.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Postepeno uvo\u0111enje u 5G mre\u017eu kori\u0161tenjem Low and Slow + Salami napada. Izvor: Trend Micro<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Budu\u0107i da 5G mre\u017ee nemaju ugra\u0111ene mehanizme kontrole sigurnosti SIM kartica, napada\u010di \u0107e postepeno ste\u0107i mogu\u0107nost uspostavljanja vlastitih pravila unutar komunikacijske domene 5G, koriste\u0107i ukradene SIM kartice za kra\u0111u sredstava, autorizaciju na mre\u017enoj razini, instalaciju zlonamjernog softvera i druge ilegalne aktivnosti. <\/p>\n<p>Posebnu zabrinutost izaziva pojava alata na hakerskim forumima koji automatiziraju preuzimanje SIM kartica pomo\u0107u Simjakinga, jer primjena takvih sredstava za mre\u017ee pete generacije pru\u017ea napada\u010dima gotovo neograni\u010dene mogu\u0107nosti za skaliranje napada i modifikaciju povjerljivog prometa. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<h3>Ranljivosti identifikacije<\/h3>\n<p><\/b><br \/>\nSIM kartica se koristi za identifikaciju ure\u0111aja unutar mre\u017ee. Ako je SIM kartica aktivna i ima pozitivan saldo, ure\u0111aj se automatski smatra legitimnim i ne izaziva sumnju na razini sustava za otkrivanje. Ipak, ranjivost same SIM kartice \u010dini ranjivim cijeli sustav identifikacije. IT sigurnosni sustavi jednostavno ne mogu pratiti nezakonito spojeni ure\u0111aj ako se registrira u mre\u017ei pomo\u0107u ukradenih identifikacijskih podataka preko Simjakinga. <\/p>\n<p>Dakle, haker koji se pove\u017ee na mre\u017eu putem hakirane SIM kartice dobiva pristup na razini pravog vlasnika, jer IT sustavi vi\u0161e ne provjeravaju ure\u0111aje koji su se identificirali na mre\u017enoj razini. <\/p>\n<p>Jamstvo identifikacije izme\u0111u softverskog i mre\u017enog nivoa dodaje jo\u0161 jedan problem: zlo\u010dinci mogu namerno stvarati \"\u0161um\" za sisteme za otkrivanje upada, konstantno izvr\u0161avaju\u0107i razne sumnjive akcije u ime uhva\u0107enih legitimnih ure\u0111aja. Budu\u0107i da rad automatskih sistema otkrivanja se oslanja na analizu statistike, pragovi za alarm \u0107e postepeno rasti, obezbe\u0111uju\u0107i izostanak reakcije na stvarne napade. Dugotrajno delovanje takvog tipa mo\u017ee potpuno promeniti funkcionisanje cele mre\u017ee i stvoriti statisti\u010dke \"slijepe ta\u010dke\" za sisteme otkrivanja. Zlo\u010dinci koji kontroli\u0161u takve ta\u010dke mogu izvoditi napade na podatke unutar mre\u017ee i na fizi\u010dke ure\u0111aje, organizovati usluge nedostupnosti i naneti drugu \u0161tetu. <\/p>\n<p><b><\/p>\n<h3>Re\u0161enje: jedinstvena provera identiteta<\/h3>\n<p><\/b><br \/>\nRanljivosti istra\u017eene NPN mre\u017ee 5G - posledica su razjedinjenosti procedura bezbednosti na komunikacionom nivou, nivou SIM kartica i ure\u0111aja, kao i na nivou roaming interakcije mre\u017ea. Da bi se re\u0161io ovaj problem, potrebno je u skladu sa principom nultog poverenja (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paloaltonetworks.com\/cyberpedia\/what-is-a-zero-trust-architecture\">Zero-Trust Architecture, ZTA<\/a><\/noindex>) obezbediti autentifikaciju ure\u0111aja koji se priklju\u010duju mre\u017ei na svakoj etapi, implementiraju\u0107i federativni model identifikacije i upravljanja pristupom (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.securityforum.org\/uploads\/2015\/03\/isf_fiam_es.pdf\">Federated Identity and Access Management, FIdAM<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n<p>Princip ZTA se sastoji u odr\u017eavanju bezbednosti \u010dak i kada ure\u0111aj nije pod kontrolom, pomera se ili se nalazi van perimetra mre\u017ee. Federativni model identifikacije je pristup bezbednosti 5G koji obezbe\u0111uje jedinstvenu koherentnu arhitekturu za autentifikaciju, prava pristupa, integritet podataka i druge komponente i tehnologije u 5G mre\u017eama.<\/p>\n<p>Ovaj pristup elimini\u0161e mogu\u0107nost uvo\u0111enja \"roaming\" bazne stanice u mre\u017eu i preusmeravanje na nju uhva\u0107enih SIM kartica. IT sistemi \u0107e mo\u0107i u potpunosti da identifikuju priklju\u010denje stranih ure\u0111aja i blokiraju parazitski saobra\u0107aj koji stvara statisti\u010dki \u0161um. <\/p>\n<p>Za za\u0161titu SIM kartice od modifikacija potrebno je implementirati dodatna sredstva za provjeru integriteta, koja bi mogla biti realizirana u obliku SIM aplikacije temeljene na blockchainu. Aplikacija se mo\u017ee koristiti za autentifikaciju ure\u0111aja i korisnika, kao i za provjeru integriteta firmwarea i konfiguracija SIM kartice, kako u roamingu, tako i kada se radi u doma\u0107oj mre\u017ei. <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ranljivosti 5G mre\u017ea\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/47b5019c69ea78b1db54e0971681b6f4.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\n<b><\/p>\n<h3>Rekapitulirajmo<\/h3>\n<p><\/b><br \/>\n Rje\u0161enja za otkrivene sigurnosne probleme 5G mogu se predstaviti kao kombinacija tri pristupa: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>implementacija federativnog modela identifikacije i upravljanja pristupom, koji \u0107e osigurati integritet podataka u mre\u017ei;<\/li>\n<li>osiguranje potpune vidljivosti prijetnji kroz implementaciju distribuiranog registra za provjeru legitimnosti i integriteta SIM kartica;<\/li>\n<li>formiranje distribuiranog sustava sigurnosti bez granica, koji rje\u0161ava pitanja interakcije s ure\u0111ajima u roamingu. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPrakti\u010dna implementacija ovih mjera zahtijeva vrijeme i zna\u010dajna ulaganja, me\u0111utim, implementacija 5G mre\u017ea odvija se svuda, stoga je potrebno po\u010deti raditi na otklanjanju ranjivosti odmah.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/trendmicro\/blog\/486262\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 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