{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Koncepti programiranja u Scratchu","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Mnogima je poznat Scratch \u2013 okru\u017eenje za programiranje za djecu, \u010dije se u\u010denje obi\u010dno svodi na stvaranje kreativnih projekata prema principu \u201eod jednostavnog do slo\u017eenog\u201c. Pri tome je \u201eklasi\u010dni pristup\u201c u\u010denju programiranja (varijable \u2192 grananja \u2192 petlje \u2192 funkcije \u2192 strukture \u2192 objekti \u2192 \u2026) u Scratchu ote\u017ean.<\/p>\n

Me\u0111utim, promjena redoslijeda u\u010denja pojmova (nazovimo ih konceptima) strukturnog, objektno- i doga\u0111ajno-orijentiranog programiranja, njihovo skrivanje iza \u0161arenih spritova i interaktivne animacije ne zna\u010di da na konceptima ne treba raditi. Pogotovo ako je cilj ne toliko razvoj kreativnih sposobnosti, koliko u\u010denje programiranja. <\/a><\/noindex>Tu ideju sam poku\u0161ala prikazati u svom te\u010daju<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Prvo s \u010dime se suo\u010dava po\u010detni Scratch korisnik su spritovi. Iako u Scratchu ne postoji objektno-orijentirano programiranje u pravom smislu te rije\u010di, spritove mo\u017eemo smatrati objektima. U ovoj fazi u\u010denik vidi da program mo\u017ee imati mnogo objekata, \u010dijim pona\u0161anjem upravljaju vanjski skripti. Spritovi primaju naredbe ili na zahtjev prenose informacije o svom stanju, \u0161to zna\u010di da se programiranje svodi na upravljanje objektima.<\/p>\n

Drugo \u0161to se u Scratchu odmah name\u0107e mladom programeru je pojam o vi\u0161ethreadingu. Svaki sprit mo\u017ee imati nekoliko skripti koje se izvr\u0161avaju istovremeno. Vi\u0161e spritova tako\u0111er mo\u017ee izvoditi svoje programe istovremeno jedni s drugima. Naime, te\u017ee je organizirati sekvencijalno izvr\u0161avanje.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Ve\u0107 na prvom satu ne mo\u017eemo izbje\u0107i upoznavanje s petljama. Ina\u010de ma\u010dka ne\u0107emo mo\u0107i dovoljno razgibati. U ovoj fazi upoznavanje ostavljamo intuitivnim i povr\u0161inskim. Ograni\u010davamo ga na petlje \u201eponavljaj uvijek\u201c i \u201eponovi \u2026 puta\u201c, koje su lak\u0161e za razumijevanje. Petlja s uvjetom prou\u010dava se u lekciji koja je posebno posve\u0107ena petljama. Ova lekcija pretpostavlja poznavanje logi\u010dkih izraza i varijabli.<\/p>\n

Budu\u0107i da je Scratch doga\u0111ajno-orijentirano okru\u017eenje, blokovi uvjetnog operatora lak\u0161e se prou\u010davaju prije varijabli. Uvjeti mogu biti razna doga\u0111anja.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Po mom mi\u0161ljenju, takav redoslijed je bolji jer tijekom svake lekcije uvodimo minimalni broj pojmova. Osim toga, ne radi se o apstraktnim pojmovima, ve\u0107 odmah vidimo njihovu prakti\u010dnu korist.<\/p>\n

Ako prvo u\u010dimo o varijablama, te\u0161ko je pokazati njihovu svrhu i korist, jer prije toga nismo prou\u010dili uvjetne operatore, unos podataka i generiranje slu\u010dajnih brojeva. <\/p>\n

U Scratchu, osim lista, programer se susre\u0107e s tri tipa podataka: brojevima, stringovima i boolean tipom. Pri tome je tip vezan uz vrijednost, a ne uz varijablu. Nije potrebno pretvarati stringove u brojeve i obratno. Stringovi se ne stavljaju u navodnike.<\/p>\n

Blok koji vra\u0107a logi\u010dku vrijednost i ima karakteristi\u010dan kutni oblik mo\u017ee se umetnuti u okrugle okvire. Suprotno nije istina: tamo gdje se o\u010dekuje logi\u010dki izraz, ne mo\u017ee se umetnuti obi\u010dna varijabla.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Scratch je implementiran tako da tijekom izvo\u0111enja ne nastaju kriti\u010dne pogre\u0161ke. Vjerojatno zato, ako poku\u0161ate koristiti string u aritmeti\u010dkoj operaciji, on se zamjenjuje nulom (vidi prvi screenshot).<\/p>\n

Programer mora znati da se mogu\u0107nosti programskih jezika pro\u0161iruju bibliotekama. Radom u Scratchu, u\u010denik mo\u017ee dodavati pro\u0161irenja koja uvode nove komande u okru\u017eenje.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Funkcije u Scratchu implementirane su u odjeljku 'Ostali blokovi', gdje s jedne strane kreirate vlastiti blok koji se mo\u017ee umetnuti u druge skripte. S druge strane, morate skupiti funkcionalnost tog bloka, odnosno ono \u0161to \u0107e on raditi.<\/p>\n

\"Koncepti<\/p>\n

Nema povratka vrijednosti iz Scratch funkcije.<\/p>\n

Dakle, u\u010denje koncepcija programiranja u okru\u017eenju orijentiranom na doga\u0111aje ostavlja svoj trag. U su\u0161tini, prvo prou\u010davamo slo\u017eenije i apstraktnije pojmove, a tek produbljuju\u0107i proces prelazimo na elemente strukturiranog programiranja. Je li to prednost ili nedostatak za prvo upoznavanje \u2013 pitanje je sporno.<\/p>\n

Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c Scratch \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u00ab\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443\u00bb. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u00bb \u043a \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2192 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u2192 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u044b \u2192 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2192 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2192 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u2192 \u2026) \u0432 Scratch \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438) \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Koncepcije programiranja u Scratchu | ProHoster","description":"Mnogima je poznat Scratch \u2013 dje\u010dje 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