{"id":52137,"date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:48","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:48","slug":"nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2","title":{"rendered":"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Zadnji put smo razgovarali o zna\u010dajkama novog standarda NB-IoT s gledi\u0161ta arhitekture mre\u017ee radio pristupa. Danas \u0107emo raspraviti \u0161to se promijenilo u jezgru mre\u017ee (Core Network) s NB-IoT. Krenimo.<br \/>\n<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/ef0e9fab23936e8ba104f65a7440a487.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nU jezgru mre\u017ee do\u0161lo je do zna\u010dajnih promjena. Po\u010dnimo od toga da je uveden novi element, kao i niz mehanizama koji su definirani standardom kao 'CIoT EPS Optimization' ili optimizacija mati\u010dne mre\u017ee za mobilni Internet stvari. <\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to je poznato, u mobilnim mre\u017eama postoje dva osnovna komunikacijska kanala, koja se nazivaju Control Plane (CP) i User Plane (UP). Control Plane je namijenjen za razmjenu administrativnih poruka izme\u0111u razli\u010ditih elemenata mre\u017ee i slu\u017ei za osiguranje mobilnosti (Mobility management) ure\u0111aja (UE) i uspostavljanje\/odr\u017eavanje sesije prijenosa podataka (Session Management). User Plane je, zapravo, kanal za prijenos korisni\u010dkog prometa. U klasi\u010dnom LTE, raspodjela CP i UP kroz su\u010delja izgleda ovako:<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/b252f5ac8a9b744f82d3f81cd659de8f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nMehanizmi optimizacije CP i UP za NB-IoT ostvaruju se na \u010dvorovima MME, SGW i PGW, koji su uvjetno objedinjeni u jedan element nazvan C-SGN (Cellular IoT Serving Gateway Node). Tako\u0111er, standard predvi\u0111a pojavu novog elementa mre\u017ee \u2014 SCEF (Service Capability Exposure Function). Su\u010delje izme\u0111u MME i SCEF naziva se T6a i implementirano je na temelju protokola DIAMETER. Iako je DIAMETER signalni protokol, u NB-IoT je prilago\u0111en za prijenos malih koli\u010dina non-IP podataka.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/5f2b191d925485b5c841018bda52d9b5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNa temelju naziva, SCEF je \u010dvor za izlaganje uslu\u017enih mogu\u0107nosti. Drugim rije\u010dima, SCEF skriva slo\u017eenost mre\u017ee operatora i osloba\u0111a programere aplikacija od potrebe za identifikacijom i autentifikacijom mobilnih ure\u0111aja (UE), omogu\u0107uju\u0107i aplikacijskim poslu\u017eiteljima (Application Server, dalje AS) da dobivaju podatke i upravljaju ure\u0111ajima putem jedinstvenog API su\u010delja. <\/p>\n<p>Identifikator UE vi\u0161e nije telefonski broj (MSISDN) ili IP adresa, kao \u0161to je to bio slu\u010daj u klasi\u010dne mre\u017ee 2G\/3G\/LTE, nego takozvani 'external ID', koji je definiran standardom u formatu koji programeri aplikacija poznaju ' @'. To je velika tema koja zaslu\u017euje poseban materijal, pa o tome sada ne\u0107emo detaljno razgovarati. <\/p>\n<p>Sada \u0107emo se pozabaviti najzna\u010dajnijim novinama. \u00abCIoT EPS Optimizacija\u00bb je optimizacija mehanizama preno\u0161enja prometa i upravljanja sesijama pretplatnika. Evo glavnih od njih:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DoNAS <\/li>\n<li>NIDD <\/li>\n<li>Mehanizmi u\u0161tede energije PSM i eDRX<\/li>\n<li>HLCOM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b>DoNAS (Podaci preko NAS):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ovo je mehanizam razvijen za optimizaciju preno\u0161enja malih koli\u010dina podataka. <\/p>\n<p>U klasi\u010dnom LTE-u, pretplatni\u010dki ure\u0111aj prilikom registracije u mre\u017eu uspostavlja PDN vezu (dalje PDN) putem eNodeB ka MME-SGW-PGW. Veza UE-eNodeB-MME je takozvani \u201cSignaling Radio Bearer\u201d (SRB). Kada je potrebno preneti\/primiti podatke, UE uspostavlja jo\u0161 jednu vezu s eNodeB \u2014 \u201cData Radio Bearer\u201d (DRB), za prenos korisni\u010dkog prometa ka SGW i dalje prema PGW (interfejsi S1-U i S5 prema tome). Nakon zavr\u0161etka razmene i u odsustvu prometa tokom odre\u0111enog vremena (obi\u010dno 5-20 sekundi), te veze se prekidaju i ure\u0111aj prelazi u stanje \u010dekanja ili \u201cIdle Mode\u201d. Kada je potrebna razmena nove koli\u010dine podataka, SRB i DRB se ponovo uspostavljaju.<\/p>\n<p>U NB-IoT prenos korisni\u010dkog prometa mo\u017ee se vr\u0161iti kroz signalni kanal (SRB), u porukama NAS protokola (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/more\/96-nas\">http:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/more\/96-nas<\/a><\/noindex>). Uspostavljanje DRB vi\u0161e nije potrebno. To zna\u010dajno smanjuje signalno optere\u0107enje, \u0161tedi radio resurse mre\u017ee i, \u0161to je najva\u017enije, produ\u017eava \u017eivotni vek baterije ure\u0111aja. <\/p>\n<p>Na delu eNodeB \u2014 MME, korisni\u010dki podaci po\u010dinju da se prenose preko interfejsa S1-MME, \u0161to nije bilo mogu\u0107e u klasi\u010dnoj LTE tehnologiji, i za to se koristi NAS protokol, u kojem se pojavljuje \u201cUser data container\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/aa2ea680deac42cca298036d7e1fbb30.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZa realizaciju prenosa \u201cUser Plane\u201c od MME ka SGW pojavljuje novi interfejs S11-U, koji je namenjen prenosu malih koli\u010dina korisni\u010dkih podataka. U osnovi protokola S11-U le\u017ei GTP-U v1, koji se koristi za prenos User Plane i na drugim interfejsima 3GPP arhitekture.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/0a295d230c8f0c1858c7eaf278ea472a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b>NIDD (non-IP data delivery):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>U okviru daljnje optimizacije mehanizama preno\u0161enja malih koli\u010dina podataka, pored ve\u0107 postoje\u0107ih tipova PDN, kao \u0161to su IPv4, IPv6 i IPv4v6, pojavio se jo\u0161 jedan tip \u2014 non-IP. U ovom slu\u010daju, UE ne dobija IP adresu, a podaci se prenose bez kori\u0161\u0107enja IP protokola. Postoji nekoliko razloga za to:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>IoT ure\u0111aji, poput senzora, mogu prenositi vrlo male koli\u010dine podataka, 20 bajtova, pa \u010dak i manje. S obzirom da je minimalna veli\u010dina IP zaglavlja 20 bajtova, enkapsulacija u IP ponekad mo\u017ee biti prili\u010dno skupa.<\/li>\n<li>Nema potrebe za implementacijom IP stacka u \u010dipu, \u0161to dovodi do smanjenja tro\u0161kova (tema za raspravu u komentarima).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nU su\u0161tini, IP adresa je potrebna IoT ure\u0111ajima kako bi prenosili podatke putem interneta. U konceptu NB-IoT, SCEF djeluje kao jedinstvena to\u010dka povezivanja AS, a razmjena podataka izme\u0111u ure\u0111aja i aplikacijskih poslu\u017eitelja odvija se putem API-a. U nedostatku SCEF-a, non-IP podaci se mogu prenositi do AS-a putem Point-to-Point (PtP) tunela od PGW-a, a enkapsulacija u IP \u0107e se vr\u0161iti ve\u0107 na njemu.<\/p>\n<p>Svi ovi aspekti se uklapaju u paradigmu NB-IoT \u2014 maksimalno pojednostavljenje i smanjenje tro\u0161kova ure\u0111aja.<\/p>\n<p><b>Mehanizmi u\u0161tede energije PSM i eDRX:<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Jedna od klju\u010dnih prednosti LPWAN mre\u017ea je energetska u\u010dinkovitost. Navodi se da ure\u0111aj mo\u017ee raditi autonomno do 10 godina na jednoj bateriji. Prou\u010dimo kako se posti\u017eu takve vrijednosti. <\/p>\n<p>Kada ure\u0111aj tro\u0161i najmanje energije? Ta\u010dno, kada je isklju\u010den. I ako nije mogu\u0107e potpuno isklju\u010diti ure\u0111aj, hajde da isklju\u010dimo radio modul, dok on nije potreban. Samo je prethodno potrebno dogovoriti se s mre\u017eom.<\/p>\n<p> <b>PSM (Power saving mode):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Re\u017eim u\u0161tede energije PSM omogu\u0107ava ure\u0111aju da dugo isklju\u010duje radio modul, dok ostaje registriran u mre\u017ei i ne mora ponovno uspostavljati PDN svaki put kada je potrebno prenijeti podatke. <\/p>\n<p>Kako bi mre\u017ea znala da je ure\u0111aj i dalje dostupan, periodi\u010dno pokre\u0107e proceduru a\u017euriranja \u2014 Tracking Area Update (TAU). U\u010destalost ove procedure odre\u0111uje mre\u017ea pomo\u0107u tajmera T3412, \u010dija se vrijednost prenosi ure\u0111aju tokom procedure Attach ili sljede\u0107eg TAU-a. U klasi\u010dnom LTE-u, zadana vrijednost ovog tajmera iznosi 54 minuta, a maksimalna 186 minuta. Me\u0111utim, za postizanje visoke energetske u\u010dinkovitosti, potreba za izlaskom u radio prostor svake 186 minuta \u2014 to je preskupa aktivnost. Ovim problemom bavio se mehanizam PSM.<\/p>\n<p>Ure\u0111aj aktivira PSM re\u017eim \u0161alju\u0107i u porukama \"Attach Request\" ili \"Tracking Area Request\" vrijednosti dva tajmera T3324 i T3412-Extended. Prvi odre\u0111uje vrijeme koje \u0107e ure\u0111aj biti dostupan nakon prelaska u \"Idle Mode\". Drugi je vrijeme unutar kojeg treba izvr\u0161iti TAU, pri \u010demu njegova vrijednost sada mo\u017ee dose\u0107i 35712000 sekundi ili 413 dana. Ovisno o postavkama, MME mo\u017ee prihvatiti vrijednosti tajmera koje dobije od ure\u0111aja ili ih izmijeniti, \u0161alju\u0107i nove vrijednosti u porukama \"Attach Accept\" ili \"Tracking Area Update Accept\". Sada ure\u0111aj mo\u017ee ne uklju\u010divati radio modul 413 dana i ostati registriran u mre\u017ei. Kao rezultat toga, posti\u017ee se ogromna u\u0161teda resursa mre\u017ee i energetska u\u010dinkovitost ure\u0111aja!<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/2ac7fdc892c8b569b5b19a33472c6045.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nMe\u0111utim, u ovom re\u017eimu ure\u0111aj nije dostupan samo za dolazne komunikacije. Ako je potrebno poslati ne\u0161to prema serveru aplikacija, ure\u0111aj mo\u017ee u bilo kojem trenutku iza\u0107i iz PSM-a i poslati podatke, ostaju\u0107i nakon toga aktivan tijekom tajmera T3324 za primanje informativnih poruka od AS (ako takve postoje).<\/p>\n<p><b>eDRX (pro\u0161ireni prekidni prijem):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>eDRX, pro\u0161ireni re\u017eim prekidnog prijema. Da bi prenijela podatke na ure\u0111aj koji se nalazi u \"Idle mode\", mre\u017ea izvr\u0161ava proceduru obavje\u0161tavanja \u2014 \"Paging\". Kada primi paging, ure\u0111aj inicira uspostavljanje SRB-a za daljnju komunikaciju s mre\u017eom. No kako ne bi propustio njemu upu\u0107en Paging, ure\u0111aj mora stalno nadzirati radijski spektar, \u0161to je tako\u0111er prili\u010dno energetski zahtjevno. <\/p>\n<p>eDRX je re\u017eim u kojem ure\u0111aj ne prima poruke od mre\u017ee stalno, ve\u0107 povremeno. Tijekom procedura Attach ili TAU ure\u0111aj se dogovara s mre\u017eom o vremenskim intervalima unutar kojih \u0107e \"slu\u0161ati\" spektar. Prema tome, tijekom tih, sli\u010dnih vremenskih intervala \u0107e se izvoditi procedura Paging. U re\u017eimu eDRX rad ure\u0111aja je podijeljen u cikluse (eDRX ciklus). Na po\u010detku svakog ciklusa ide takozvano \"prozor paging-a\" (Paging Time Window, dalje PTW) \u2014 to je vrijeme u kojem ure\u0111aj slu\u0161a radijski kanal. Nakon PTW-a, ure\u0111aj isklju\u010duje radio modul do kraja ciklusa.<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"NB-IoT: kako to funkcionira? Dio 2\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/924110cbe84765d11efec28238de3dd1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b>HLCOM (visoka latencija komunikacija):<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ako je potrebno prenijeti podatke, ure\u0111aj mo\u017ee iza\u0107i iz jednog od ova dva re\u017eima u\u0161tede energije bez \u010dekanja na zavr\u0161etak PSM ili eDRX ciklusa. Me\u0111utim, podatke je mogu\u0107e prenijeti na ure\u0111aj samo kada je aktivan.<\/p>\n<p>Funkcionalnost HLCOM ili komunikacija s visokim ka\u0161njenjima zna\u010di privremeno pohranjivanje Downlink paketa na SGW dok je ure\u0111aj u re\u017eimu u\u0161tede energije i nedostupan za komunikaciju. Pohranjeni paketi bit \u0107e isporu\u010deni \u010dim ure\u0111aj iza\u0111e iz PSM-a, izvr\u0161i TAU ili prenese Uplink promet, ili kada nastupi PTW.<\/p>\n<p>Ovo svakako zahtijeva svijest od strane developera IoT proizvoda, budu\u0107i da komunikacija s ure\u0111ajem nije u stvarnom vremenu i zahtijeva posebni pristup za oblikovanje poslovne logike aplikacija.<\/p>\n<p>Na kraju bismo rekli: implementacija noviteta uvijek je uzbudljiva, a sada imamo posla sa standardom koji nije ni pribli\u017eno isproban od strane svjetskih 'giganta', poput Vodafona i Telefonice \u2013 stoga je ovo dvostruko uzbudljivo. Na\u0161a prezentacija materijala ne pretendira na apsolutnu potpunost, ali se nadamo da pru\u017ea dovoljno razumijevanja tehnologije. Bit \u0107emo zahvalni na povratnim informacijama.<\/p>\n<p><i>Autor: Stru\u010dnjak odjela konvergentnih rje\u0161enja i multimedijskih usluga Aleksej Lap\u0161in <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/users\/aslapsh\/\" class=\"user_link\">aslapsh<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/ru_mts\/blog\/431648\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NB-IoT \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 (Core Network) \u043f\u0440\u0438 NB-IoT. \u0418\u0442\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0412 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u201cCIoT EPS Optimization\u201d \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52137","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NB-IoT \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 (Core Network) \u043f\u0440\u0438 NB-IoT.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nb-iot-kak-on-rabotaet-chast-2\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47NB-IoT: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442? 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