{"id":53753,"date":"2019-12-09T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-08T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:41","slug":"nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastupaet-epoha-arm-serverov","title":{"rendered":"Dolazi li doba ARM poslu\u017eitelja?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dolazi<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSynQuacer E-Series mati\u010dna plo\u010da za 24-jezgreni ARM poslu\u017eitelj na ARM Cortex A53 procesoru s 32 GB radne memorije, prosinac 2018.<\/a><\/noindex><\/i> <\/p>\n

Ve\u0107 dugi niz godina ARM procesori s skra\u0107enim skupom instrukcija (RISC) dominiraju tr\u017ei\u0161tem mobilnih ure\u0111aja. Me\u0111utim, nisu uspjeli prodrijeti u podatkovne centre, gdje i dalje vladaju Intel i AMD s x86 skupom instrukcija. Povremeno se pojavljuju pojedina\u010dna egzoti\u010dna rje\u0161enja, poput 24-jezgrenog ARM poslu\u017eitelja na Banana Pi platformi,<\/a><\/noindex>, ali ozbiljnih ponuda jo\u0161 nema. Odnosno, nije ih bilo do ovog tjedna.<\/p>\n

Ovaj tjedan AWS je pokrenuo vlastite 64-jezgrene ARM procesore u oblaku, Graviton2,<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0to je sistem na \u010dipu s ARM Neoverse N1 jezgrama. Tvrtka tvrdi da je Graviton2 znatno br\u017ei od prethodne generacije ARM procesora u EC2 A1 instancama, a evo i prvih neovisnih testova.<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nInfrastrukturni biznis temelji se na usporedbi brojeva. U su\u0161tini, klijentima podatkovnog centra ili usluge u oblaku nije bitno koja arhitektura imaju procesori. Va\u017eno im je omjer cijene i performansi. Ako je rad na ARM-u jeftiniji nego na x86, tada \u0107e se odlu\u010diti za njega. <\/p>\n

Do nedavna nije se moglo jednozna\u010dno re\u0107i da \u0107e izra\u010duni na ARM-u biti isplativiji nego na x86. Na primjer, server s 24 jezgre ARM Cortex A53 je model SocioNext SC2A11,<\/a><\/noindex> \u010dija je cijena oko 1000 USD, koji je mogao pokrenuti web poslu\u017eitelj na Ubuntu, ali je po performansama zna\u010dajno zaostajao za x86 procesorima.<\/p>\n

Me\u0111utim, iznimna energetska u\u010dinkovitost ARM procesora ponovo ih dovodi u fokus. Na primjer, SocioNext SC2A11 tro\u0161i samo 5 W. Pribli\u017eno 20% tro\u0161kova podatkovnog centra \u010dini potro\u0161nja elektri\u010dne energije. Ako ovi \u010dipovi poka\u017eu pristojne performanse, x86 \u0107e imati problema.<\/p>\n

Prvo dolazak ARM: EC2 A1 instance,<\/h2>\n

\nKrajem 2018. godine AWS je predstavio EC2 A1 instance,<\/a><\/noindex> na vlastitim ARM procesorima. Definitivno, to je bio signal industriji o mogu\u0107im promjenama na tr\u017ei\u0161tu, ali rezultati benchmark testova bili su obeshrabruju\u0107i.<\/p>\n

U donjoj tablici prikazani su rezultati stresnog testiranja<\/a><\/noindex> EC2 A1 (ARM) i EC2 M5d.metal (x86) instanci. Za testiranje kori\u0161ten je alat, stress-ng.<\/code>:<\/p>\n

stress-ng --metrics-brief --cache 16 --icache 16 --matrix 16 --cpu 16 --memcpy 16 --qsort 16 --dentry 16 --timer 16 -t 1m<\/code><\/p>\n

Kao \u0161to vidimo, A1 se pokazao lo\u0161ijim u svim testovima osim u ke\u0161iranju. U ve\u0107ini drugih pokazatelja, ARM je jako zaostajao. Ova razlika u performansama ve\u0107a je od razlike u cijeni od 46% izme\u0111u A1 i M5. Drugim rije\u010dima, instance na x86 procesorima su i dalje bile isplativije po omjeru cijena\/performance:<\/p>\n

Test
\nEC2 A1
\nEC2 M5d.metal
\nRazlika<\/p>\n

cache
\n1280
\n311
\n311,58%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n18209
\n34368
\n-47,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n77932
\n252190
\n-69,10%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n9336
\n24077
\n-61,22%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n21085
\n111877
\n-81,15%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n522
\n728
\n-28,30%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n1389634
\n2770985
\n-49.85%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n4970125
\n15367075
\n-67,66%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nNaravno, mikrobencmark testovi ne pokazuju uvijek objektivnu sliku. Bitna je razlika u stvarnoj performansi aplikacije. No ni ovdje slika nije bila bolja. Kolege iz Scylle su usporedile instance a1.metal i m5.4xlarge s istim brojem procesora. U standardnom testu \u010ditanja baze podataka NoSQL u konfiguraciji s jednim \u010dvorom, prva je pokazala 102 000 operacija \u010ditanja u sekundi, dok je druga 610 000. U oba slu\u010daja svi dostupni procesori koriste se 100%. To odgovara smanjenju performansi otprilike \u0161est puta, \u0161to nije kompenzirano ni\u017eom cijenom.<\/p>\n

Osim toga, instance A1 rade samo na EBS bez podr\u0161ke za brze NVMe ure\u0111aje, kao u drugim instancama.<\/p>\n

Uglavnom, A1 je bio korak u novom smjeru, ali nije ispunio o\u010dekivanja za ARM.<\/p>\n

Drugo uskrsnu\u0107e ARM-a: instance EC2 M6<\/h2>\n

\n\"Dolazi<\/p>\n

Sve se promijenilo ovog tjedna kada je AWS predstavio novu klasu ARM servera, kao i niz instanci na novim procesorima Graviton2,<\/a><\/noindex>, uklju\u010duju\u0107i M6g i M6gd<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Usporedba ovih instanci pokazuje potpuno druga\u010diju sliku. U nekim testovima ARM se pokazuje bolje, a ponekad i znatno bolje od x86.<\/p>\n

Evo rezultata izvo\u0111enja iste stresne test naredbe:<\/p>\n

Test<\/strong>
\nEC2 M6g<\/strong>
\nEC2 M5d.metal<\/strong>
\nRazlika<\/strong><\/p>\n

cache
\n218
\n311
\n-29,90%<\/strong><\/p>\n

icache
\n45887
\n34368
\n33,52%<\/strong><\/p>\n

matrix
\n453982
\n252190
\n80,02%<\/strong><\/p>\n

cpu
\n14694
\n24077
\n-38,97%<\/strong><\/p>\n

memcpy
\n134711
\n111877
\n20,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

qsort
\n943
\n728
\n29,53%<\/strong><\/p>\n

dentry
\n3088242
\n2770985
\n11,45%<\/strong><\/p>\n

timer
\n55515663
\n15367075
\n261,26%<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nTo je potpuno druga stvar: M6g je pet puta br\u017ei od A1 prilikom izvo\u0111enja operacija \u010ditanja iz baze podataka Scylla NoSQL, a u novim instancama M6gd rade brzi NVMe pohrane.<\/p>\n

Napredovanje ARM-a na svim frontovima<\/h2>\n

\nProcesor AWS Graviton2 je samo jedan primjer kori\u0161tenja ARM-a u data centrima. No signali dolaze s raznih strana. Na primjer, 15. novembra 2019. godine ameri\u010dki startup Nuvia privukao je 53 milijuna dolara rizni\u010dkog kapitala<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Startup su osnovala tri vode\u0107a in\u017eenjera koja su radila na izradi procesora u Appleu i Googleu. Obe\u0107avaju razviti procesore za data centre koji \u0107e konkurirati Intel-u i AMD-u.<\/p>\n

Po raspolo\u017eive informacije<\/a><\/noindex>, Nuvia je od temelja projektirala procesorsku jezgru koja se mo\u017ee izgraditi \"iznad\" ARM arhitekture, ali bez dobivanja ARM licence.<\/p>\n

Sve to ukazuje na to da su ARM procesori spremni osvojiti tr\u017ei\u0161te poslu\u017eitelja. Na kraju krajeva, \u017eivimo u post-PC eri. Godi\u0161nje isporuke x86 su pale gotovo 10% od vrhunca 2011. godine, dok su RISC \u010dipovi dosegli 20 milijardi. Danas 99% 32- i 64-bitnih procesora u svijetu su RISC.<\/p>\n

Dobitnici Turingove nagrade John Hennessy i David Patterson objavili su \u010dlanak u velja\u010di 2019. \"Novo zlatno doba za ra\u010dunalnu arhitekturu\"<\/a><\/noindex>. Evo \u0161to pi\u0161u: <\/p>\n

Tr\u017ei\u0161te je rije\u0161ilo sukob izme\u0111u RISC i CISC. Iako je CISC pobijedio u kasnijim fazama PC ere, RISC pobje\u0111uje sada kada je post-PC era zapo\u010dela. Novi ISA za CISC nisu stvoreni desetlje\u0107ima. Na na\u0161e iznena\u0111enje, op\u0107e mi\u0161ljenje o najboljim principima ISA za procesore op\u0107e namjene danas se jo\u0161 uvijek naginje prema RISC-u, 35 godina nakon njegovog izuma... U ekosustavima s otvorenim kodom, ma\u0161tovito dizajnirani \u010dipovi uvjerljivo \u0107e demonstrirati postignu\u0107a i tako ubrzati komercijalnu implementaciju. Filozofija procesora op\u0107e namjene u tim \u010dipovima vjerojatno \u0107e biti RISC, koji je izdr\u017eao test vremena. O\u010dekujte sli\u010dne brze inovacije kao i tijekom pro\u0161log zlatnog doba, ali ovaj put u smislu tro\u0161kova, energije i sigurnosti, a ne samo performansi.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\"U sljede\u0107em desetlje\u0107u dogodit \u0107e se kambrijski eksplozija novih ra\u010dunalnih arhitektura, \u0161to ozna\u010dava uzbudljiva vremena za ra\u010dunalne arhitekte u akademskim krugovima i industriji,\" zaklju\u010duju oni na kraju \u010dlanka.
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043dc\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 SynQuacer E-Series \u0434\u043b\u044f 24-\u044f\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e ARM-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0435 ARM Cortex A53 \u0441 32 \u0413\u0411 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044c 2018 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b ARM \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434 (RISC) \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041d\u043e \u0438\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430-\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 Intel \u0438 AMD \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 x86. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Dolazi doba ARM poslu\u017eitelja? 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