{"id":53879,"date":"2019-12-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-11T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:49","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:49","slug":"problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory","title":{"rendered":"Problem privatnosti podataka u Active Directoryju","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Problem
\n
\nBavio sam se testiranjem na provale koriste\u0107i PowerView<\/a><\/noindex> i koristio sam ga za izvla\u010denje informacija o korisnicima iz Active Directory (dalje \u2013 AD). U to vrijeme fokusirao sam se na prikupljanje informacija o \u010dlanstvu u sigurnosnim grupama, a zatim sam te informacije koristio za kretanje mre\u017eom. U svakom slu\u010daju, AD sadr\u017ei povjerljive podatke o zaposlenicima, a neki od njih zaista ne bi trebali biti dostupni svima u organizaciji. U stvari, u Windows datote\u010dnim sustavima postoji ekvivalentna problemu 'Everyone'<\/a><\/noindex>, koji tako\u0111er mogu koristiti kako unutarnji tako i vanjski napada\u010di.<\/p>\n

No, prije nego \u0161to govorimo o problemima privatnosti i na\u010dinima njihova rje\u0161avanja, pogledajmo podatke pohranjene u AD-u.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Active Directory je korporativni Facebook <\/h2>\n

\nNo, u ovom slu\u010daju ste ve\u0107 prijatelji sa svima! Mo\u017eda ne\u0107ete znati o omiljenim filmovima, knjigama i restoranima svojih kolega, ali AD sadr\u017ei osjetljive kontaktne
\ninformacije i druga polja koja mogu koristiti hakere pa \u010dak i insajderi bez posebnih tehni\u010dkih vje\u0161tina.<\/p>\n

Sustavni administratori, naravno, poznaju snimku ispod. To je su\u010delje Active Directory Users and Computers (ADUC), gdje postavljaju i ure\u0111uju informacije o korisnicima i dodjeljuju korisnike odgovaraju\u0107im grupama.<\/p>\n

\"Problem
\n
\nAD sadr\u017ei polja s imenom zaposlenika, adresom i brojem telefona, pa je sli\u010dan telefonskom imeniku. Ali tu je mnogo vi\u0161e! Na drugim karticama tako\u0111er postoje adresa e-po\u0161te i web adresa, neposredni nadrednik i bilje\u0161ke.<\/p>\n

Trebaju li svi u organizaciji vidjeti ove informacije, posebno u eri OSINT<\/a><\/noindex>, kada svaka nova pojedinost olak\u0161ava pretra\u017eivanje dodatnih informacija?<\/p>\n

Naravno, ne! Problem se pogor\u0161ava kada su podaci najvi\u0161eg rukovodstva tvrtke dostupni svim zaposlenicima.<\/p>\n

PowerView za sve<\/h2>\n

\nOvdje dolazi PowerView. On pru\u017ea vrlo prijateljsko PowerShell su\u010delje za slo\u017eene (i zamr\u0161ene) funkcije Win32 koje se obra\u0107aju AD-u. Ukratko:
\nto \u010dini dobivanje AD polja jednako jednostavnim kao unos vrlo kratkog cmdleta.<\/p>\n

Uzmimo za primjer prikupljanja informacija o zaposlenici Cruella Deville, koja je jedan od voditelja tvrtke. Za to \u0107emo koristiti PowerView cmdlet get-NetUser:<\/p>\n

\"Problem
\n
\nInstalacija PowerView nije ozbiljan problem \u2013 uvjerite se sami na stranici github<\/a><\/noindex>. I \u0161to je jo\u0161 va\u017enije, ne trebate povi\u0161ene privilegije za izvr\u0161avanje mnogih PowerView naredbi, poput get-NetUser. Tako mo\u017ee motivirani, ali ne ba\u0161 tehni\u010dki potkovan zaposlenik po\u010deti kopati po AD-u bez posebnih napora.<\/p>\n

Sa gornjeg snimka zaslona mo\u017ee se brzo saznati mnogo novog o Cruelli. Jeste li tako\u0111er primijetili da se u polju \"info\" otkrivaju informacije o osobnim navikama i lozinci korisnika?<\/p>\n

To nije teoretska vjerojatnost. Iz razgovora s drugim pentesterima<\/a><\/noindex> saznao sam da skeniraju AD u potrazi za lozinkama u ne\u0161ifriranom obliku, a \u010desto su te poku\u0161aje, na\u017ealost, uspje\u0161ni. Znaju da tvrtke nepa\u017eljivo tretiraju informacije u AD-u i obi\u010dno nisu svjesni sljede\u0107e teme \u2013 dozvola u AD-u.<\/p>\n

U Active Directory postoje vlastiti ACL-ovi<\/h2>\n

\nAD Users and Computers su\u010delje omogu\u0107ava postavljanje dozvola za AD objekte. U AD-u postoje ACL-ovi, a administratori mogu dodijeliti ili zabraniti pristup putem njih. Morat \u0107ete kliknuti \"Advanced\" u ADUC View izborniku, a zatim, kada otvorite korisnika, vidjet \u0107ete karticu \"Security\" na kojoj postavljate ACL. <\/p>\n

U svom scenariju s Cruellom nisam \u017eelio da svi provjereni korisnici (Authenticated Users) mogu vidjeti njezine osobne informacije, pa sam im zabranio pristup za \u010ditanje:<\/p>\n

\"Problem
\n
\nI now ordinary user will see this if they try Get-NetUser in PowerView:<\/p>\n

\"Problem
\n
\nUspio sam sakriti korisne informacije od ne\u017eeljenih o\u010diju. Da bih sa\u010duvao pristup relevantnim korisnicima, stvorio sam drugi ACL koji omogu\u0107ava \u010dlanovima VIP grupe (Cruella i drugim njezinim visokopozicioniranim kolegama) pristup tim povjerljivim podacima. Drugim rije\u010dima, implementirao sam AD dozvole temeljene na modelu uloga, \u0161to je osiguralo da osjetljivi podaci ostanu nedostupni ve\u0107ini zaposlenika, uklju\u010duju\u0107i insidere.<\/p>\n

Ipak, mo\u017eete u\u010diniti \u010dlanstvo grupe nevidljivim za korisnike tako da ispravno postavite ACL za objekt grupe u AD-u. To \u0107e pomo\u0107i u smislu privatnosti i sigurnosti.<\/p>\n

U svojoj serije epskih pentestova<\/a><\/noindex> P showed how to navigate the system by exploring group memberships using PowerViews Get-NetGroupMember. In my scenario, I restricted read access to membership in a specific group. You can see the command execution results before and after changes:<\/p>\n

\"Problem
\n
\nUspio sam sakriti \u010dlanstvo Cruelle i Monty Burnsa u VIP grupi, \u0161to je ote\u017ealo hakerima i insajderima istra\u017eivanje infrastrukture.<\/p>\n

Ova objava je bila namijenjena da vas motivira da pa\u017eljivije prou\u010dite polja
\nAD i povezana prava. AD je odli\u010dan resurs, ali razmislite kako biste
\n\u017eeljeli dijeliti povjerljive informacije i osobne podatke, posebno
\nkada se radi o najvi\u0161im osobama va\u0161e organizacije. \u00a0
\n
Izvor: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Problem privatnosti podataka u Active Directory | ProHoster","description":"Bavio sam se testiranjima na.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/problema-konfidentsialnosti-dannyh-v-active-directory","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"hr_HR","og:site_name":"ProHoster | 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