{"id":55847,"date":"2020-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-29T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/acl-kommutatorov-v-detalyah"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:04:00","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:04:00","slug":"acl-kommutatorov-v-detalyah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/acl-kommutatorov-v-detalyah","title":{"rendered":"Detalji ACL preklopnika","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>ACL (Access Control List) na mre\u017enim ure\u0111ajima mogu biti implementirani kako hardverski, tako i softverski, ili jednostavnije re\u010deno hardver i softver. I ako je softverska ACL o\u010digledna \u2013 to su pravila koja se \u010duvaju i obra\u0111uju u radnoj memoriji (tj. na Control Plane), sa svim posljedicama koje to nosi, istra\u017ei\u0107emo kako su hardverske ACL implementirane i kako funkcioni\u0161u u na\u0161em \u010dlanku. Kao primer koristi\u0107emo preklopnike serije ExtremeSwitching kompanije Extreme Networks.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalji ACL preklopnika\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/1be325a0b6ed23e1e64f9a635dd77ce1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nBudu\u0107i da nas zanimaju isklju\u010divo hardverske ACL, od najve\u0107e je va\u017enosti unutra\u0161nja implementacija Data Plane-a, ili zapravo kori\u0161\u0107enih \u010dipseta (ASIC). Preklopnici svih serija kompanije Extreme Networks temelje se na ASIC \u010dipovima od Broadcom-a, pa \u0107e ve\u0107ina informacija u nastavku biti va\u017ee\u0107a i za druge preklopnike prisutne na tr\u017ei\u0161tu koji su tako\u0111e implementirani na sli\u010dnim ASIC-ima.<\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to se mo\u017ee videti sa gornjeg crte\u017ea, za rad ACL u \u010dipsetu odgovorni su \u201cContentAware Engine\u201d, posebno za \u201cingress\u201d i \u201cegress\u201d. Arhitektonski su identi\u010dni, ali je \u201cegress\u201d manje skalabilan i manje funkcionalan. Fizi\u010dki, oba \u201cContentAware Engine\u201d predstavljaju TCAM memoriju plus prate\u0107u logiku, a svako korisni\u010dko ili sistemsko pravilo ACL predstavlja jednostavan bitmask (bit-mask) upisan u ovu memoriju. Iz tog razloga, obrada saobra\u0107aja od strane \u010dipseta vr\u0161i se po paketu i bez degradacije performansi.<\/p>\n<p>Fizi\u010dki, ista Ingress\/Egress TCAM se logi\u010dki deli na nekoliko segmenata (u zavisnosti od koli\u010dine same memorije i platforme), \u0161to se naziva \u201cACL slices\u201d. Na primer, tako\u0111e kao \u0161to se doga\u0111a sa fizi\u010dki istim HDD na va\u0161em laptopu, kada kreirate nekoliko logi\u010dkih diskova na njemu \u2013 C:&gt;, D:&gt;. Svaki ACL-slice se sastoji od memorijskih \u0107elija, u obliku \u201credova\u201d gde se upisuju \u201crules\u201d (pravila\/bit-maske).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalji ACL preklopnika\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/9cb85f7f1ea86fa53142a9665f98651b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRaspodela TCAM-a na ACL-slices ima odre\u0111enu logiku. U svakom od odvojenih ACL-slice mogu se zapisivati samo me\u0111usobno kompatibilna \u201crules\u201d. Ako neki od \u201crules\u201d nije kompatibilan s prethodnim, bi\u0107e zabele\u017een u slede\u0107em ACL-slice-u, bez obzira na to koliko slobodnih redova za \u201crules\u201d ostaje u prethodnom. <\/p>\n<p>Odakle dolazi ta kompatibilnost ili nekompatibilnost ACL pravila? Stvar je u tome \u0161to jedna \u201elinija\u201c TCAM-a, u koju se upisuju \u201epravila\u201c, ima du\u017einu od 232 bita i deli se na nekoliko polja \u2013 Fixed, Field1, Field2, Field3. 232 bita ili 29 bajta TCAM memorije je sasvim dovoljno da upi\u0161e bit-masku odre\u0111enog MAC ili IP adrese, ali znatno manje od celog zaglavlja Ethernet paketa. U svakom pojedina\u010dnom ACL-slice-u ASIC vr\u0161i nezavisno pretra\u017eivanje prema postavljenim F1-F3 bit-maskama. U su\u0161tini, ovo pretra\u017eivanje mo\u017ee se vr\u0161iti prema prvih 128 bajtova Ethernet zaglavlja. Ba\u0161 zbog toga \u0161to se pretra\u017eivanje mo\u017ee vr\u0161iti prema 128 bajtova, a mo\u017ee se upisati samo 29 bajtova, za ispravno pretra\u017eivanje treba postaviti offset u odnosu na po\u010detak paketa. Offset za svaki ACL-slice postavlja se prilikom prvog upisa pravila, a ako se prilikom upisa narednog pravila otkrije potreba za drugim offsetom, to pravilo se smatra nekompatibilnim s prvim i upisuje se u slede\u0107i ACL-slice.<\/p>\n<p>U tabeli ispod prikazan je redosled kompatibilnosti uslova koji se upisuju u ACL. Svaki pojedina\u010dni red sadr\u017ei kompatibilne jedne s drugima, i nekompatibilne s drugim redovima formirane bit-maske.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalji ACL preklopnika\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/a8cff880d3f588d17e5f583b638ff03f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSvaki pojedina\u010dni paket koji obra\u0111uje ASIC pokre\u0107e paralelno pretra\u017eivanje u svakom ACL-slice-u. Proveravanje se vr\u0161i do prvog podudaranja u ACL-slice-u, ali se omogu\u0107ava vi\u0161estruko podudaranje za isti paket u razli\u010ditim ACL-slice-ima. Svako pojedina\u010dno \u201epravilo\u201c ima odgovaraju\u0107u akciju koja se mora izvr\u0161iti u slu\u010daju podudaranja uslova (bit-mask). Ako se podudaranje dogodi odmah u nekoliko ACL-slice-ova, u okviru \u201eAkcije re\u0161avanje sukoba\u201c na osnovu prioriteta ACL-slice-a donosi se odluka koju akciju izvr\u0161iti. Ako je u ACL-u navedena i \u201eakcija\u201c (dozvoli\/odbije) i \u201eakcija-modifikator\u201c (broj \/ QoS \/ dnevnik \/\u2026), tada \u0107e se pri vi\u0161estrukim podudaranjima izvr\u0161iti samo prioritetnija \u201eakcija\u201c, dok \u0107e se svi \u201eakcija-modifikatori\u201c izvr\u0161iti. Na primeru ispod prikazano je da \u0107e oba brojila biti pove\u0107ana i izvr\u0161ena prioritetnija \u201eodbij\u201c.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Detalji ACL preklopnika\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/c6556c6484e2850f7532462cf195e8c0.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/documentation.extremenetworks.com\/PDFs\/EXOS\/ACL_Solutions_Guide.pdf\">\u201eVodi\u010d za ACL re\u0161enja\u201c<\/a><\/noindex> s detaljnijim informacijama o radu ACL-a u otvorenom pristupu na sajtu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/extremenetworks.com\">extremenetworks.com<\/a><\/noindex>. Bilo kakva nastala ili preostala pitanja uvek mo\u017eete postaviti zaposlenima na\u0161eg kancelarije \u2013 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"mailto:cis@extremenetworks.com\">cis@extremenetworks.com<\/a><\/noindex>.<br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/extremenetworks\/blog\/486070\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ACL (Access Control List) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f hardware \u0438 software-based ACL. \u0418 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441 software-based ACL \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 (\u0442.\u0435. \u043d\u0430 Control Plane), \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55847","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"ACL (Access Control List) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e, 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softverski ACL.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/acl-kommutatorov-v-detalyah","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"hr_HR","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47ACL \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0445 | ProHoster","og:description":"ACL (Access Control List) \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c 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