{"id":71069,"date":"2020-02-23T22:07:58","date_gmt":"2020-02-23T19:07:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti"},"modified":"2020-03-03T16:14:34","modified_gmt":"2020-03-03T13:14:34","slug":"chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti","title":{"rendered":"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/d10d96c9523f873599b9e858dfb50ce7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n5. velja\u010de ove godine usvojen je novi standard za 10-megabitski Ethernet. Da, dobro ste pro\u010ditali: deset megabita u sekundi.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0161to je u 21. stolje\u0107u potrebna takva \"mala\" brzina? Kako bi se zamijenila sva ta rje\u0161enja koja se kriju pod opse\u017enim nazivom \"poljska sabirnica\" \u2014 Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART itd. Previ\u0161e ih je, me\u0111usobno nisu kompatibilni i relativno su slo\u017eeni za postavljanje. A \u017eelimo samo priklju\u010diti kabel u prekida\u010d i to je to. Kao kod obi\u010dnog Ethereeta.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nI uskoro \u0107e to postati mogu\u0107e! Upoznajte: \"802.3cg-2019 \u2014 IEEE Standard for Ethernet \u2014 Amendment 5: Specifikacije fizi\u010dkog sloja i upravlja\u010dki parametri za rad od 10 Mb\/s i povezano napajanje preko jednog uravnote\u017eenog para vodi\u010da\". <\/p>\n<p>\u0160to je zanimljivo u ovom novom Ethernetu? Prije svega \u2014 radi na jednom uparenju, a ne na \u010detiri. Stoga ima manje priklju\u010daka i tanje kabele. I mo\u017ee se koristiti ve\u0107 postavljeno upareno o\u017ei\u010denje koje ide do senzora i aktuatora.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017eete prigovoriti da Ethernet radi do 100 metara, a senzori su smje\u0161teni puno dalje. To je uistinu bila problematika. No, 802.3cg radi na udaljenosti do 1 km! Na jednom paru! Nije lo\u0161e? <\/p>\n<p>U stvari, jo\u0161 bolje: istim parom mo\u017ee se napajati i elektri\u010dni izvor. S tim \u0107emo i po\u010deti.<\/p>\n<h3>IEEE 802.3bu Napajanje preko podataka (PoDL)<\/h3>\n<p>\nMislim da su mnogi od vas \u010duli za PoE (Napajanje preko Ethereeta) i znaju da za prenos napajanja trebaju 2 para \u017eica. Ulaz\/izlaz napajanja je napravljen na srednjim to\u010dkama transformatora svake para. Koriste\u0107i jedan par to nije mogu\u0107e. Zato je trebalo napraviti druga\u010dije. Kako to\u010deno je prikazano na donjoj slici. Za primjer je dodan i klasi\u010dni PoE.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/bb89378da53efb0a9bbf0a9edf583155.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOvdje:<br \/>\nPSE \u2013 oprema za napajanje (izvor napajanja)<br \/>\nPD \u2013 napajano ure\u0111aj (ure\u0111aj na kraju koji tro\u0161i struju)<\/p>\n<p>Izvorno, 802.3bu je imao 10 klasa napajanja:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/5d089748498a37f5ae75cc0b8629dc42.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nBoje ozna\u010davaju tri uvjetne gradacije napona izvora: 12, 24 i 48V.<\/p>\n<p>Ozna\u010denja:<br \/>\nVpse \u2014 napon izvora napajanja, V<br \/>\nVpd min \u2014 minimalni napon na PD, V<br \/>\nI max \u2014 maksimalna struja u liniji, A<br \/>\nPpd max \u2014 maksimalna potro\u0161a\u010dka snaga PD, W<\/p>\n<p>S pojavom protokola 802.3cg dodano je jo\u0161 6 klasa:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/cb2677254d132ad27c4daf06489795ea.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNaravno, s obzirom na tu raznolikost, PSE i PD moraju uskladiti klasu napajanja prije nego \u0161to se primijeni pun napon. To se posti\u017ee putem SCCP (Serial Communications Classification Protocol). To je nisk brzi protokol (333 bita\/s), temeljen na 1-Wire. Funkcionira samo kada napajanje nije primijenjeno na liniju (uklju\u010duju\u0107i stanje mirovanja).<\/p>\n<p>Na blok shemi prikazano je kako se provodi napajanje:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>daje se struja od 10mA i provjerava prisutnost stabilizatora na 4V na drugom kraju<\/li>\n<li>provodi se uskla\u0111ivanje klase napajanja<\/li>\n<li>primjenjuje se glavno napajanje<\/li>\n<li>ako potro\u0161nja padne ispod 10mA \u2013 aktivira se stanje mirovanja (provo\u0111enje pripravnog napajanja od 3.3V)<\/li>\n<li>ako potro\u0161nja prema\u0161i 1mA \u2013 dolazi do izlaska iz stanja mirovanja<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ac282970ea69804211da01c9c6a384b8.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nUskla\u0111ivanje klase napajanja nije potrebno ako je ona unaprijed poznata. Ova opcija zove se Fast Startup Mode. Primjenjuje se, na primjer, u automobilima, jer nije potrebno mijenjati konfiguraciju priklju\u010denih ure\u0111aja.<\/p>\n<p>Prelazak u stanje mirovanja mo\u017ee inicirati i PSE i PD.<\/p>\n<p>Sada \u0107emo pre\u0107i na opis prijenosa podataka. Tamo je tako\u0111er zanimljivo: u standardu su definirana dva na\u010dina rada \u2013 dugometra\u017eni i za kratke udaljenosti. <\/p>\n<h3>10BASE-T1L<\/h3>\n<p>\nOvo je opcija za veliku udaljenost (long reach). Osnovne karakteristike su sljede\u0107e:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>doseg \u2013 do 1 km<\/li>\n<li>\u017eice 18AWG (0.8mm2)<\/li>\n<li>do 10 me\u0111uspremnika (i dva zavr\u0161na)<\/li>\n<li>na\u010din rada to\u010dka-to\u010dka<\/li>\n<li>puni duplex<\/li>\n<li>simbolna brzina 7.5Mb\/s<\/li>\n<li>modulacija PAM-3, kodiranje 4B3T<\/li>\n<li>signal s amplitudom 1V (1Vpp) ili 2.4V<\/li>\n<li>podr\u0161ka za Energy Efficient Ethernet (\u201cquiet\/refresh\u201d EEE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nO\u010digledno je da je ova opcija namijenjena industrijskim primjenama, sustavima kontrole pristupa, automatizaciji zgrada, liftovima. Za upravljanje ure\u0111ajima na krovovima, kao \u0161to su chillere, klima ure\u0111aji, ventilatori. Ili u tehni\u010dkim prostorijama s grijalicama i pumpama. Drugim rije\u010dima, bezbroj raznih primjena osim industrije. Ne spominju\u0107i internet stvari (IoT).<\/p>\n<p>Vrijedi spomenuti da je 10BASE-T1 samo jedan od standarda Single Pair Ethernet (SPE). Tu su jo\u0161 i 100BASE-T1 (802.3bw) i 1000BASE-T1 (802.3bp). Istina, razvijeni su za automobilske primjene, stoga im doseg iznosi samo 15 (UTP) ili 40 metara (STP). Me\u0111utim, ve\u0107 postoje planovi za dugometra\u017eni 100BASE-T1L. Tako da \u0107e u budu\u0107nosti dodati automatsko uskla\u0111ivanje brzine. <\/p>\n<p>Dok je odobravanje jo\u0161 uvijek neaktivno \u2013 najavljen je \u2018brzi start\u2019 su\u010delja: manje od 100 ms od uklju\u010divanja napajanja do po\u010detka razmjene podataka.<\/p>\n<p>Jo\u0161 jedna opcija (neobavezna) \u2013 pove\u0107anje amplitude prijenosa s 1 na 2.4V za pobolj\u0161anje omjera signal\/\u0161um, smanjenje broja pogre\u0161aka i suzbijanje industrijskih smetnji.<\/p>\n<p>Naravno, tu je i EEE. To je na\u010din \u0161tednje elektri\u010dne energije isklju\u010divanjem oda\u0161ilja\u010da kada trenutno nema podataka za prijenos. Na dijagramu je prikazano kako to izgleda:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/888029d8582e22cb5c5bb39d5f485aa9.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNema podataka \u2013 \u0161aljemo poruku 'idem na spavanje' i isklju\u010dujemo se. Povremeno se budimo i \u0161aljemo poruku 'jo\u0161 sam ovdje'. Kada se pojave podaci, suprotnoj strani se \u0161alje upozorenje 'bude se' i po\u010dinje prijenos. Drugim rije\u010dima, samo prijemnici rade stalno.<\/p>\n<p>Sada pogledajmo \u0161to su smislili za drugu opciju standarda.<\/p>\n<h3>10BASE-T1S<\/h3>\n<p>\nVe\u0107 iz zadnjeg slova jasno je da je to protokol za kratke udaljenosti (short reach). No za\u0161to bi bio potreban ako T1L radi na kratkim udaljenostima? \u010citamo specifikacije:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>domet do 15m u point-to-point modu<\/li>\n<li>dupleks ili poludupleks<\/li>\n<li>voditelji 24-26AWG (0.2-0.13 mm\u00b2)<\/li>\n<li>simbolna brzina 12.5 Mbaud<\/li>\n<li>DME, kodiranje 4B5B<\/li>\n<li>signal s amplitudom 1V (1Vpp)<\/li>\n<li>do 4 me\u0111usobno priklju\u010daka (i dva terminala)<\/li>\n<li>nema podr\u0161ke za EEE<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIzgleda da nije ni\u0161ta posebno. Pa za\u0161to je onda potreban? A za ovo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>domet do 25m u multipoint modu (do 8 \u010dvorova)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nI ovo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mod rada s izbjegavanjem sudara PLCA RS (PHY-Level Collision Avoidance Reconciliation Sublayer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nI ovo je ve\u0107 puno zanimljivije, zar ne? Budu\u0107i da poma\u017ee zna\u010dajno smanjiti broj \u017eica u upravlja\u010dkim ormarima, strojevima, robotima i automobilima. Ve\u0107 postoje prijedlozi za kori\u0161tenje umjesto I2C u <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/server\/dts-gdansk\/\"   title=\"poslu\u017eiteljima\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4502\">poslu\u017eiteljima<\/a>, sklopkama i drugoj elektronici.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/98614d57cc671efc36bee4d3251f8e60.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAli multipoint na\u010din ima nedostatke. Glavni od njih \u2013 zajedni\u010dka sredina prijenosa podataka. Naravno, sudari se rje\u0161avaju pomo\u0107u CSMA\/CD. No ne zna se kakva \u0107e i\u0107i latencija. A za neke primjene to je kriti\u010dno. Zato je novi standard dopunjen multipoint na\u010dinom specijalnim na\u010dinom PLCA RS (vidi sljede\u0107i odjeljak).<\/p>\n<p>Drugi nedostatak \u2013 u multipoint modu ne radi PoDL. Dakle, napajanje \u0107e se morati isporu\u010diti putem zasebnog kabela ili nabaviti negdje na licu mjesta. <\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, u point-to-point re\u017eimu PoDL tako\u0111er radi i na T1S.<\/p>\n<h3>PLCA RS<\/h3>\n<p>\nOvaj re\u017eim djeluje na sljede\u0107i na\u010din:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u010dvorovi me\u0111usobno raspore\u0111uju identifikatore, \u010dvor s ID=0 postaje koordinator<\/li>\n<li>koordinator \u0161alje BEACON signal u mre\u017eu, \u0161to ozna\u010dava po\u010detak novog ciklusa prijenosa i proslje\u0111uje svoj paket podataka<\/li>\n<li>nakon prijenosa paketa podataka, red za prijenos prelazi na sljede\u0107i \u010dvor<\/li>\n<li>ako unutar vremena potrebnog za prijenos 20 bita \u010dvor nije zapo\u010deo prijenos, red prelazi na sljede\u0107i \u010dvor<\/li>\n<li>kada svi \u010dvorovi prenesu podatke (ili propuste svoju priliku), koordinator zapo\u010dinje novi ciklus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nU cjelini, ovo podsje\u0107a na TDMA. No s tom posebnom zna\u010dajkom da \u010dvor ne koristi svoj vremenski okvir ako nema \u0161to prenositi. A veli\u010dina okvira nije strogo odre\u0111ena, jer ovisi o veli\u010dini paketa podataka koji \u010dvor prenosi. I sve ovo funkcionira preko standardnih Ethernet 802.3 okvira (PLCA RS nije obavezan, stoga mora biti kompatibilnost).<\/p>\n<p>Rezultat kori\u0161tenja PLCA prikazan je dolje na grafikama. Prvi \u2013 latencija ovisno o optere\u0107enju, drugi \u2013 propusnost u odnosu na broj prijenosnih \u010dvorova. Dobro se vidi da je latencija postala mnogo predvidljivija. I u najgorem slu\u010daju je 2 puta manja nego u najgorem slu\u010daju CSMA\/CD:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/62bd8e271e7d882095281b37f63d8426.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nI propusnost kanala u slu\u010daju PLCA je vi\u0161a, jer se ne tro\u0161i na rje\u0161avanje kolizija:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/b66a9bb8836a6d8d9aa0b21d1136f186.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<h3>Spojnice<\/h3>\n<p>\nU po\u010detku smo birali izme\u0111u 6 mogu\u0107ih spojnih opcija koje su ponudile razli\u010dite tvrtke. Na kraju smo se odlu\u010dili za ova dva izbora: <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/0edb52b01e5d082069a10d46a57cd540.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZa obi\u010dne uvjete rada odabran je LC priklju\u010dak IEC 63171-1 tvrtke CommScope. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/a4b8c60e1ffbb0008973a0c5fe1d8dca.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nZa te\u0161ke uvjete rada odabrana je serija priklju\u010daka IEC 63171-6 (biv\u0161i 61076-3-125) tvrtke HARTING. Ovi priklju\u010dci su izra\u0111eni za za\u0161titne stupnjeve od IP20 do IP67.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u010cetvrtina Ethernet-a: stara brzina, nove mogu\u0107nosti\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/88150dd0f844444ab76d6c3f394658f0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNaravno, priklju\u010dci i kabele mogu biti bilo UTP ili STP. <\/p>\n<h3>Ostalo<\/h3>\n<p>\nMo\u017ee se koristiti obi\u010dni \u010detveroparni Ethernet kabel, koriste\u0107i svaki par za zasebni kanal SPE. Kako ne bismo morali dovoditi \u010detiri zasebna kabela na veliku udaljenost. Ili koristiti jednomparni kabel i na udaljenom kraju postaviti preklopnik jednomparnog Etherecta. <\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017ee li se ovaj prekida\u010d izravno spojiti na lokalnu mre\u017eu poduze\u0107a, ako je mre\u017ea ve\u0107 produ\u017eena opti\u010dkim vlaknima do udaljenih lokacija? Ubaciti senzore u njega i prikazivati o\u010ditavanja ovdje. Direktno preko mre\u017ee. Bez konvertera su\u010delja i gateway-a. <\/p>\n<p>I to ne moraju nu\u017eno biti senzori. Mogu biti kamere, interfoni ili \u201epametne\u201c \u017earulje. Pogoni nekih ventila ili turniketi na ulazima.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, otvaraju se zanimljive perspektive. Te\u0161ko da \u0107e SPE zamijeniti sve poljske sabirnice. No, sigurno \u0107e uzeti zna\u010dajan dio. Ve\u0107 u automobilima sigurno.<\/p>\n<p><i>PS Nisam prona\u0161ao tekst standarda u otvorenom pristupu. Gornje informacije prikupljene su iz raznih prezentacija i dostupnih materijala na internetu. Tako da mogu postojati neto\u010dnosti.<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/489314\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430 10-\u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 Ethernet. \u0414\u0430, \u0432\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438: \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0443. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 21-\u043c \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u00ab\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c? \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u043e\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0451\u043c\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u2014 Profibus, Modbus, CC-Link, CAN, FlexRay, HART \u0438 \u0442.\u0434. \u0418\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":71070,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71069","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"5 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chetvertushka-ethernet-a-staraya-skorost-novye-vozmozhnosti\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO 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