{"id":76505,"date":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4"},"modified":"2020-04-02T19:42:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-02T17:42:00","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/news\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-0-9-4","title":{"rendered":"Objavljen je paketni filtar nftables 0.9.4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/marc.info\/?l=netfilter&#038;m=158575148505527&#038;w=2\">Objavljeno<\/a><\/noindex> izlazak paketskog filtera <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/netfilter.org\/projects\/nftables\/\">nftables 0.9.4<\/a><\/noindex>, koji se razvija kao zamjena za iptables, ip6tables, arptables i ebtables kroz unifikaciju su\u010delja filtriranja paketa za IPv4, IPv6, ARP i mre\u017ene mostove. U paket nftables uklju\u010deni su komponenti filtriranja paketa koji rade u korisni\u010dkom prostoru, dok na razini jezgre funkcionalnost osigurava podsustav nf_tables koji je dio Linux jezgre od verzije 3.13. Potrebne promjene za rad verzije nftables 0.9.4 uklju\u010dene su u budu\u0107u granu jezgre. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52632\">Linux 5.6<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Na razini jezgre pru\u017ea se samo op\u0107e su\u010delje, neovisno o konkretnom protokolu, koje nudi osnovne funkcije za ekstrakciju podataka iz paketa, izvo\u0111enje operacija s podacima i upravljanje protokom. Pravila filtriranja i specifi\u010dni procesori za protokole kompiliraju se u bajtkod u korisni\u010dkom prostoru, nakon \u010dega se taj bajtkod u\u010ditava u jezgru putem Netlink su\u010delja i izvr\u0161ava se u jezgru u posebnoj virtualnoj ma\u0161ini, sli\u010dnoj BPF-u (Berkeley Packet Filters). Ovaj pristup omogu\u0107ava zna\u010dajno smanjenje veli\u010dine koda filtriranja koji radi na razini jezgre i premje\u0161tanje svih funkcija analize pravila i logike rada s protokolima u korisni\u010dki prostor.<\/p>\n<p>Glavne novine:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Podr\u0161ka za raspon u spajanjima (concatenation, odre\u0111eni skupovi adresa i portova koji olak\u0161avaju pridru\u017eivanje). Na primjer, za skup &#171;whitelist&#187;, \u010diji su elementi spajanje, postavljanje oznake &#171;interval&#187; ozna\u010dava da skup mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati raspon u spajanju (za spajanje &#171;ipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service&#187; ranije su se mogla navoditi to\u010dna podudaranja tipa &#171;192.168.10.35 . 192.68.11.123 . 80&#187;, a sada se mogu navoditi grupe adresa &#171;192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80&#187;):\n<p>    table ip foo {<br \/>\n           set whitelist {<br \/>\n                   type ipv4_addr . ipv4_addr . inet_service<br \/>\n                   flags interval<br \/>\n                   elements = { 192.168.10.35-192.168.10.40 . 192.68.11.123-192.168.11.125 . 80 }<br \/>\n           }<\/p>\n<p>           chain bar {<br \/>\n                   type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                   ip saddr . ip daddr . tcp dport @whitelist accept<br \/>\n           }<br \/>\n    }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> U skupovima i map-listama omogu\u0107eno je kori\u0161tenje direktive &#171;typeof&#187;, koja definira format elementa prilikom pridru\u017eivanja.<br \/>\n Na primjer:<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            set whitelist {<br \/>\n                    typeof ip saddr<br \/>\n                    elements = { 192.168.10.35, 192.168.10.101, 192.168.10.135 }<br \/>\n            }<\/p>\n<p>            chain bar {<br \/>\n                    type filter hook prerouting priority filter; policy drop;<br \/>\n                    ip daddr @whitelist accept<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<p>     table ip foo {<br \/>\n            map addr2mark {<br \/>\n                typeof ip saddr : meta mark<br \/>\n                elements = { 192.168.10.35 : 0x00000001, 192.168.10.135 : 0x00000002 }<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana je mogu\u0107nost kori\u0161tenja povezivanja u NAT povezivanju, \u0161to omogu\u0107uje specificiranje adrese i porta prilikom definiranja NAT transformacija na osnovi map-lista ili imenovanih skupova:\n<p>      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr map { 1.1.1.1 : 2.2.2.2 . 30 }<\/p>\n<p>      nft add map ip nat destinations { type ipv4_addr . inet_service : ipv4_addr . inet_service &#092;&#092;; }<br \/>\n      nft add rule ip nat pre dnat ip addr . port to ip saddr . tcp dport map @destinations<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Podr\u0161ka za hardversko ubrzanje s prebacivanjem nekih operacija filtriranja na mre\u017enu karticu. Ubrzanje se aktivira putem alata ethtool (&#171;ethtool -K eth0 hw-tc-offload on&#187;), nakon \u010dega se aktivira u nftables za glavnu lanac pomo\u0107u oznake &#171;offload&#187;. Kada se koristi Linux kernel 5.6, podr\u017eano je hardversko ubrzanje za pridru\u017eivanje polja zaglavlja i provjeru ulaznog su\u010delja u kombinaciji s prihva\u0107anjem, odbacivanjem, dupliciranjem (dup) i preusmjeravanjem (fwd) paketa. U donjem primjeru operacije odbacivanja paketa koji dolaze s adrese 192.168.30.20 obavljaju se na razini mre\u017ene kartice, bez proslje\u0111ivanja paketa jezgru:\n<p>     # cat file.nft<br \/>\n     table netdev x {<br \/>\n            lanac y {<br \/>\n                tip filtra hook ulazni ure\u0111aj eth0 prioritet 10; oznake offload;<br \/>\n                ip saddr 192.168.30.20 odbaci<br \/>\n            }<br \/>\n     }<br \/>\n     # nft -f file.nft<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pobolj\u0161ano obavje\u0161tavanje o mjestu gre\u0161ke u pravilima.\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n     Gre\u0161ka: Nije mogu\u0107e obraditi pravilo: Nema takvog datoteka ili direktorija<br \/>\n     izbri\u0161i pravilo ip y z handle 7<br \/>\n                    ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete rule ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n     Gre\u0161ka: Nije mogu\u0107e obraditi pravilo: Nema takvog datoteka ili direktorija<br \/>\n     izbri\u0161i pravilo ip x x handle 7<br \/>\n                               ^<\/p>\n<p>     # nft delete table twst<br \/>\n     Error: Nema takve datoteke ili direktorija; jeste li mislili na tablicu &#226;&#8364;&#732;test&#8217; u obitelji ip?<br \/>\n     izbri\u0161i tablicu twst<br \/>\n                  ^^^^<\/p>\n<p>U prvom primjeru prikazano je da tablica &#171;y&#187; nedostaje u sustavu, u drugom, da nedostaje obrada &#171;7&#187;, a u tre\u0107em, da se prikazuje savjet o tipfeleru prilikom unosa imena tablice.<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana podr\u0161ka za provjeru slave-su\u010delja putem postavljanja &#171;meta sdif&#187; ili &#171;meta sdifname&#187;:\n<p>        &#8230; meta sdifname vrf1 &#8230;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Dodana podr\u0161ka za operaciju pomicanja ulijevo ili udesno. Na primjer, za pomicanje postoje\u0107e oznake paketa ulijevo za 1 bit i postavljanje manjeg bita na 1:\n<p>        &#8230; meta mark set meta mark lshift 1 or 0x1 &#8230;<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Uvedena je opcija &#171;-V&#187; za prikaz pro\u0161irenih informacija o verziji.\n<p>     # nft -V<br \/>\n       nftables v0.9.4 (Jive at Five)<br \/>\n          cli:          readline<br \/>\n          json:         da<br \/>\n          minigmp:      ne<br \/>\n          libxtables:   da<\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Opcije naredbenog retka sada se moraju obavezno postavljati prije naredbi. Na primjer, treba navesti &#171;nft -a list ruleset&#187;, dok \u0107e pokretanje &#171;nft list ruleset -a&#187; dovesti do prikazivanja pogre\u0161ke.\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=52656\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 0.9.4, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76505","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\" \/>\n\t<meta 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