{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"Najsjajniji Unix programi","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>Autor \u010dlanka Douglas McIlroy je ameri\u010dki matemati\u010dar, in\u017eenjer i programer. Najpoznatiji je po razvoju cjevovoda u operativnom sistemu Unix, principima komponentno orijentiranog programiranja i nekoliko originalnih alata: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>Ponekad nai\u0111ete na zaista nevjerojatne programe. Pretra\u017euju\u0107i sje\u0107anja, sastavio sam popis pravih dragulja Unixa kroz godine. Uglavnom, to su prili\u010dno rijetki i ne toliko nu\u017eni programi. No ono \u0161to ih izdvaja je njihova originalnost. Ne mogu niti zamisliti da bih sam do\u0161ao na ideju za neki od njih.<\/p>\n<p>Podijelite, koji su vas programi tako\u0111er toliko zapanili?<\/p>\n<h1>PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n<p>\nZa po\u010detak, sam sistem PDP-7 Unix. Njegova jednostavnost i mo\u0107 natjerale su me da pre\u0111em s mo\u0107nog mainframe na si\u0107u\u0161ni stroj. Ovdje je su\u0161tina hijerarhijskog datote\u010dnog sistema, odvojena ljuska i upravljanje procesima na razini korisnika, \u0161to Multics na mainframe-ima nije mogao ostvariti nakon stotina \u010dovjeko-godina razvoja. Nedostaci Unixa (na primjer, struktura zapisa u datote\u010dnom sistemu) bili su jednako pou\u010dni i osloba\u0111aju\u0107i kao i njegova inovacije (na primjer, preusmjeravanje unosa-izlaza u ljusci).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>dc<\/h1>\n<p>\nMatemati\u010dka biblioteka za stolni kalkulator s varijabilnom precizno\u0161\u0107u Roberta Morrisa koristila je inverznu analizu gre\u0161aka za odre\u0111ivanje preciznosti potrebne na svakom koraku kako bi se postigla korisnikom zadata preciznost rezultata. Na NATO konferenciji o softverskom in\u017eenjerstvu 1968. godine, u svom izlaganju o softverskim komponentama, predlo\u017eio sam referentne procedure koje mogu dati rezultat bilo koje \u017eeljene preciznosti, ali nisam znao kako ih implementirati u praksi. dc i dalje ostaje jedini poznati program koji je sposoban za to.<\/p>\n<h1>typo<\/h1>\n<p>\nTypo organizira rije\u010di u tekstu prema njihovoj sli\u010dnosti s ostatkom teksta. Tipfeleri poput &#8216;hte&#8217; imaju tendenciju da se pojavljuju na kraju popisa. Robert Morris je ponosno izjavio da \u0107e program jednako dobro raditi za svaki jezik. Iako typo ne poma\u017ee u pronala\u017eenju fonetskih gre\u0161aka, postala je istinsko otkri\u0107e za sve koji unose tekst i donijela je mnogo koristi prije nego \u0161to je do\u0161la znatno manje zanimljiva, ali preciznija provjera pravopisa po rje\u010dniku.<\/p>\n<p>Typo je unutarnje strukturirano jednako iznena\u0111uju\u0107e kao i izvana. Algoritam za mjerenje sli\u010dnosti temelji se na u\u010destalosti pojavljivanja trigramova, koji se broje u nizu 26\u00d726\u00d726. U sitnoj memoriji jedva je bilo dovoljno prostora za jednosmjerne brojila, pa je implementirana shema kompresije velikih brojeva u mala brojila. Da bi se izbjeglo preoptere\u0107enje, brojila su se a\u017eurirala na osnovi vjerojatnosti, odr\u017eavaju\u0107i procjenu logaritma vrijednosti brojila.<\/p>\n<h1>eqn<\/h1>\n<p>\nS pojavom fotona seta bilo je mogu\u0107e, ali izuzetno naporno prikazivati klasi\u010dnu matemati\u010dku notaciju. Lorinda Cherry odlu\u010dila je razviti jezik vi\u0161eg nivoa opisa, a ubrzo joj se pridru\u017eio Brian Kernighan. Njihov sjajan potez bio je izraziti usmenu tradiciju u pisanoj formi, pa je eqn postao iznena\u0111uju\u0107e jednostavan za u\u010denje. Prvi svoj vrste preprocesor jezika matemati\u010dkih izraza, eqn od tada gotovo nije pobolj\u0161an.<\/p>\n<h1>struct<\/h1>\n<p>\nBrenda Baker zapo\u010dela je razvoj svog konvertera Fortan-to-Ratfor unato\u010d savjetu svog \u0161efa \u2014 mene. Pomislio sam da bi to moglo dovesti do posebnog preure\u0111enja izvorni tekst. Bit \u0107e slobodan od brojeva operatora, ali ina\u010de ne vi\u0161e \u010ditljiv nego pravilno strukturirani kod Fortran. Brenda je dokazala da sam pogrije\u0161io. Otkrila je da svaka Fortran program ima kanoni\u010dki strukturiranu formu. Programeri su preferirali kanoni\u010dki oblik, a ne ono \u0161to su prvotno napisali.<\/p>\n<h1>pascal<\/h1>\n<p>\nSintakti\u010dka dijagnostika u kompajleru koji je izradila grupa Sue Graham na Berkeleyju bila je najkorisnija koju sam ikada vidio \u2014 i provedena je automatski. Kada do\u0111e do sintakti\u010dke gre\u0161ke, kompajler predla\u017ee umetanje lekseme kako bi se nastavio sintakti\u010dki analiz. Nema poku\u0161aja obja\u0161njenja \u0161to nije u redu. S ovim kompajlerom nau\u010dio sam Pascal za jedan ve\u010der, bez imalo vodi\u010da.<\/p>\n<h1>dio<\/h1>\n<p>\nSkriven unutar paketa WWB (Writer's Workbench) modul <code>dio<\/code> Lorinda Cherry definira dijelove govora za rije\u010di u engleskom tekstu na temelju samo malog rje\u010dnika, pravila o pravopisu i gramatici. Na temelju ove anotacije, program WWB generira stilometrijske indikatore teksta, kao \u0161to su prevlast pridjeva, zavisne re\u010denice i slo\u017eene re\u010denice. Kada je Lorinda dala intervju u televizijskoj emisiji Today na NBC-u i govorila o inovativnoj provjeri gramatike u tekstovima WWB, to je bilo prvo spominjanje Unixa na televiziji.<\/p>\n<h1>egrep<\/h1>\n<p>\nAl Aho je o\u010dekivao da \u0107e njegov deterministi\u010dki prepoznava\u010d regularnih izraza nadma\u0161iti klasi\u010dni nedeterministi\u010dki prepoznava\u010d Kena. Na\u017ealost, potonji je ve\u0107 zavr\u0161avao prolaz kroz slo\u017eene regularne izraze dok <code>egrep<\/code> je gradio svoju deterministi\u010dku automatiku. Kako bi ipak pobijedio u ovoj utrci, Al Aho je zaobi\u0161ao prokletstvo eksponencijalnog rasta tablice stanja automata, izumiv\u0161i na\u010din izrade u hodu samo onih unosa tablice koji se zapravo posje\u0107uju tijekom prepoznavanja.<\/p>\n<h1>rakovi<\/h1>\n<p>\nZanosni meta-program Luke Cardellija za prozorski sustav Blit ispu\u0161tao je virtualne rakove koji su lutali praznim prostorom ekrana, sve vi\u0161e i vi\u0161e odgrizaju\u0107i rubove aktivnih prozora.<\/p>\n<h1>Neke op\u0107e misli<\/h1>\n<p>\nIako se ne vidi izvana, teorija i algoritmi odigrali su presudnu ulogu u stvaranju ve\u0107ine ovih programa: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. Uistinu najvi\u0161e iznena\u0111uje neobi\u010dna primjena teorije.<\/p>\n<p>Originalni autori gotovo polovice popisa \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 bile su \u017eene, \u0161to znatno prema\u0161uje demografski udio \u017eena u podru\u010dju ra\u010dunalnih znanosti.<\/p>\n<p><i>Douglas McIlroy<br \/>\nO\u017eujak, 2020<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/495550\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" 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