{"id":94097,"date":"2020-09-12T19:42:31","date_gmt":"2020-09-12T17:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya"},"modified":"2020-09-12T19:42:31","modified_gmt":"2020-09-12T17:42:31","slug":"obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-proczedury-anonimizaczii-sistemy-distanczionnogo-elektronnogo-golosovaniya","title":{"rendered":"Pregled procedure anonimnosti sustava daljinskog elektroni\u010dkog glasovanja","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

U prethodnim objavama<\/a><\/noindex> stanovili smo da se u razmatranom sustavu daljinskog elektroni\u010dkog glasovanja za osiguranje tajnosti glasovanja i anonimnosti bira\u010da koristi kriptografski algoritam 'slijepa elektroni\u010dka potpis'. U ovom \u010dlanku \u0107emo ga detaljnije pregledati.<\/p>\n

Prvo \u0107emo se osvrnuti na poznati i dobro poznat algoritam elektroni\u010dkog potpisa, koji se \u0161iroko primjenjuje u informacijskim sustavima raznih namjena. Temelj elektroni\u010dkog potpisa le\u017ei u kriptografskim algoritmima asimetri\u010dne enkripcije. Asimetri\u010dna enkripcija je enkripcija pomo\u0107u dva klju\u010da: jedan se koristi za enkripciju, a drugi za dekripciju. Oni se nazivaju otvorenim (javnim) i zatvorenim klju\u010dem. Otvoreni klju\u010d je poznat svima, dok je zatvoren samo vlasniku elektroni\u010dkog potpisa i \u010duva se na mjestu koje nije dostupno drugima.<\/p>\n

Prilikom potpisivanja doga\u0111a se sljede\u0107e: najprije se elektroni\u010dki dokument, pomo\u0107u matemati\u010dkih transformacija, dovodi do sekvence simbola odre\u0111ene veli\u010dine \u2013 to se naziva hash funkcijom. <\/p>\n

Dobivena sekvenca simbola (hash dokumenta) \u0161ifrira po\u0161iljatelj dokumenta pomo\u0107u zatvorenog klju\u010da i zajedno s otvorenim klju\u010dem \u0161alje primatelju. Primatelj de\u0161ifrira pomo\u0107u otvorenog klju\u010da sekvencu simbola, primjenjuje istu hash funkciju na dokument i uspore\u0111uje rezultat transformacije s rezultatom de\u0161ifriranja. Ako se sve poklapa, tada na dokumentu nije bilo promjena nakon \u0161to ga je potpisao po\u0161iljatelj.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nOpisane radnje omogu\u0107uju da se uvjerimo da dokument nije mijenjan, ali ne omogu\u0107uju da se uvjerimo da je po\u0161iljatelj doista onaj za koga se predstavlja. Stoga nam je potrebna tre\u0107a strana kojoj vjeruju i po\u0161iljatelj i primatelj. U tu svrhu, prije slanja dokumenta, po\u0161iljatelj se obra\u0107a tre\u0107oj strani i tra\u017ei od nje da svojim elektroni\u010dkim potpisom potpi\u0161e njegov otvoreni klju\u010d. Sada po\u0161iljatelj \u0161alje primatelju dokument, svoj otvoreni klju\u010d i potpis tre\u0107e strane svog klju\u010da. Primatelj provjerava potpis tre\u0107e strane otvorenog klju\u010da i vjeruje dobivenom potpisu dokumenta.<\/p>\n

Sada \u0107emo pre\u0107i na to \u0161to je \u201eslijepa potpis\u201c i kako nam mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i u anonimnosti.<\/p>\n

Zamislite da je u navedenom primjeru po\u0161iljatelj \u2013 bira\u010d, dokument \u2013 listi\u0107, a primatelj \u2013 bira\u010dka komisija, ili kako smo rekli \u201ekomponenta za pra\u0107enje i brojanje glasova\u201c. Kao tre\u0107a strana (validant) imat \u0107emo komponentu \u201ePopis bira\u010da\u201c. U tom slu\u010daju proces mo\u017ee izgledati ovako.<\/p>\n

\"Pregled
\n
\nBira\u010d na svom ure\u0111aju generira par klju\u010deva \u2013 privatni i javni. Budu\u0107i da se ti klju\u010devi stvaraju na njegovom osobnom ure\u0111aju u pregledniku, oni su poznati samo njemu. <\/p>\n

Pomo\u0107u tih klju\u010deva potpisat \u0107e listi\u0107 radi provjere njegove cjelovitosti. Potpisani listi\u0107 i javni klju\u010d \u0161alje bira\u010dkoj komisiji. Da bi listi\u0107 bio prihva\u0107en od strane komponente \u201eDistribuirano pohranjivanje i brojanje glasova\u201c, mora provjeriti da je javni klju\u010d potpisan od strane validanta.<\/p>\n

Validant (komponenta \u201ePopis bira\u010da\u201c) potpisat \u0107e javni klju\u010d tek nakon \u0161to se uvjeri da je bira\u010d prisutan na popisu bira\u010da.<\/p>\n

Za rje\u0161avanje zadatka o\u010duvanja tajnosti glasovanja, javni klju\u010d bira\u010da, generiran na njegovom ure\u0111aju, ne smije biti poznat nikome. Tako valjdant mora potpisati ono \u0161to mu nije poznato. \u010cini se da je zadatak nemogu\u0107, ali ovdje dolaze u pomo\u0107 kriptografski algoritmi \u2013 u ovom slu\u010daju algoritam \u201eslijepog potpisa\u201c.<\/p>\n

Prvo, na ure\u0111aju bira\u010da javni klju\u010d mora biti prikriven. Prikrivanje je izvr\u0161avanje pojedinih matemati\u010dkih radnji na korisni\u010dkom ure\u0111aju. Zamislite da ste zamislili neko nasumi\u010dno broj od 1 do 100, zatim drugo nasumi\u010dno od 1 do 10 i tre\u0107e, od 10 do 50, pri \u010demu ste zamislili broj povisili na drugi broj i podijelili bez ostatka s tre\u0107im. Dobiveni rezultat ste rekli drugima. Ne\u0107ete imati problema s vra\u0107anjem prvobitnog broja, jer znate redoslijed radnji i zamislili ste brojeve. No drugi to ne\u0107e mo\u0107i u\u010diniti.<\/p>\n

Maskiranje (osljepljenje) javnog klju\u010da vr\u0161i se prema posebnom kriptografskom algoritmu. Kao rezultat, validator potpisuje zamaskirani javni klju\u010d, pri \u010demu mu izvorni klju\u010d nije poznat. No, posebnost algoritma je u tome \u0161to korisnik (biratelj), primiv\u0161i potpis na zamaskirani klju\u010d, mo\u017ee napraviti obrnute promjene i dobiti potpis koji vrijedi i za izvorni, nezamaskirani klju\u010d. <\/p>\n

Opisani algoritam se \u0161iroko koristi u protokolima tajnog glasovanja. U sustavu daljinskog elektroni\u010dkog glasovanja trenutno se za slijepu potpisivanje koristi RSA algoritam s du\u017einom klju\u010da od 4096 bita.<\/p>\n

U op\u0107em obliku, procedura anonimnosti izgleda ovako.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Prilikom kreiranja glasovanja stvara se zaseban klju\u010dni par \"validatora\", a javni klju\u010d se zapisuje u blockchain. Za svako glasovanje stvara se jedinstveni klju\u010dni par.<\/li>\n
  2. Korisnik se identificira u sustavu identifikacije (u ovom slu\u010daju, u EGD-u) i daje dopu\u0161tenje za prijenos svojih identifikacijskih podataka iz sustava identifikacije u PTK D\u00c9G.<\/li>\n
  3. Komponenta \"Popis bira\u010da\" PTK D\u00c9G provjerava ima li korisnik pravo glasa.<\/li>\n
  4. Na korisni\u010dkom ure\u0111aju stvaraju se njegovi osobni klju\u010devi \u2013 privatni i javni, poznati samo njemu.<\/li>\n
  5. Na korisni\u010dkom ure\u0111aju javni klju\u010d se maskira.<\/li>\n
  6. Zajedno s identifikacijskim podacima i zamaskiranim javnim klju\u010dem, korisnik se obra\u0107a komponenti \"Popis bira\u010da\". <\/li>\n
  7. Komponenta jo\u0161 jednom provjerava ima li korisnik pravo glasa i \u010dinjenicu da ranije nije primio potpis.<\/li>\n
  8. Ako su svi pregledi uspje\u0161ni, dolazi do potpisivanja klju\u010da.<\/li>\n
  9. \u010cinjenica potpisivanja klju\u010da se bilje\u017ei u blockchain.<\/li>\n
  10. Korisnik na svom ure\u0111aju skida masku s javnog klju\u010da i dobiva privatni klju\u010d, javni klju\u010d i potpis na javni klju\u010d, pri \u010demu su svi klju\u010devi samo njemu poznati.<\/li>\n
  11. Nakon toga korisnik se prebacuje u anonimnu zonu \u2013 na zasebnu stranicu edg2020.gov.ru, gdje ga nije mogu\u0107e identificirati (na primjer, prije prijelaza mo\u017ee spojiti VPN<\/a> ili promijeniti internetskog davatelja, potpuno mijenjaju\u0107i IP adresu).<\/li>\n
  12. Prihvat listi\u0107a ovisit \u0107e samo o tome ho\u0107e li pro\u0107i provjeru potpis \"validatora\" i nije li takav klju\u010d ranije kori\u0161ten.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nSljede\u0107e \u0107emo opisati algoritam s gledi\u0161ta kriptografije.
    \nParametri potpisa i oznake:<\/p>\n

    \"Pregled
    \n\"Pregled
    \n
    \nM <\/i>\u2013 u formatu padding FDN za potpis.
    \n
    Izvor:     habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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