{"id":94388,"date":"2020-09-16T07:43:39","date_gmt":"2020-09-16T05:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes"},"modified":"2020-09-16T07:43:39","modified_gmt":"2020-09-16T05:43:39","slug":"hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/hranenie-dannyh-v-klastere-kubernetes","title":{"rendered":"Skladi\u0161tenje podataka u Kubernetes klasteru","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Postavljanje pohrane podataka aplikacija pokrenutih u Kubernetes klasteru mo\u017ee se izvr\u0161iti na nekoliko na\u010dina. Neki od njih su ve\u0107 zastarjeli, dok su drugi nedavno uvedeni. U ovom \u010dlanku razmotrit \u0107emo koncept tri opcije povezivanja sustava za pohranu podataka, uklju\u010duju\u0107i najnoviju \u2014 povezanost putem Container Storage Interface-a.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Skladi\u0161tenje podataka u Kubernetes klasteru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/c045dc02cc4db1a0693730574a02eb4a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-1-ukazanie-pv-v-manifeste-poda\">Na\u010din 1. Naveo PV u manifestu poda<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tipi\u010dni manifest koji opisuje pod u Kubernetes klasteru: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Skladi\u0161tenje podataka u Kubernetes klasteru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/1df1b236df758f4a4a18905d31413617.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dijelovi manifesta ozna\u010deni bojom pokazuju koji volumen se povezuje i gdje.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U odjeljku <strong>volumeMounts<\/strong> navode to\u010dke montiranja (mountPath) \u2014 u kojem katalogu unutar kontejnera \u0107e se postaviti trajni volumen, kao i naziv volumena.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U odjeljku <strong>x<\/strong> navode sve volumene koji se koriste u podu. Navode naziv svakog volumena, kao i tip (u na\u0161em slu\u010daju: awsElasticBlockStore) i parametre povezivanja. Koji to\u010dno parametri se navode u manifestu, ovisi o tipu volumena.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Isti volumen mo\u017ee biti montiran istovremeno u nekoliko kontejnera poda. Tako razli\u010diti procesi aplikacije mogu imati pristup istim podacima. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ova metoda povezivanja smi\u0161ljena je na samom po\u010detku, kada se Kubernetes tek po\u010deo razvijati, i danas je zastarjela.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kori\u0161tenje ove metode donosi nekoliko problema: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>svi se volumeni moraju ru\u010dno stvarati, Kubernetes ne\u0107e mo\u0107i stvoriti ni\u0161ta umjesto nas;<\/li>\n<li>parametri pristupa svakom od volumena su jedinstveni i moraju se navesti u manifestima svih podova koji koriste volumen;<\/li>\n<li>da bi se promijenila sustav pohrane (na primjer, pre\u0161la iz AWS-a u Google Cloud), potrebno je promijeniti postavke i tip povezanih volumena u svim manifestima.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sve ovo je vrlo neudobno, stoga se u stvarnosti ovom metodom koriste samo za povezivanje nekih posebnih tipova volumena: configMap, secret, emptyDir, hostPath:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>configMap i secret \u2014 pomo\u0107ni volumeni, omogu\u0107uju stvaranje volumena s datotekama iz Kubernetes manifesta unutar kontejnera.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>emptyDir \u2014 privremeni volumen, stvara se samo za vrijeme trajanja poda. Prikladno je koristiti za testiranje ili \u010duvanje privremenih podataka. Kada se pod ukloni, emptyDir tip volumena se tako\u0111er uklanja i svi podaci nestaju.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>hostPath \u2014 omogu\u0107ava monta\u017eu bilo kojeg direktorija s lokalnog diska poslu\u017eitelja koji pokre\u0107e aplikaciju unutar kontejnera aplikacije, uklju\u010duju\u0107i \/etc\/kubernetes. Ovo je nesigurna mogu\u0107nost, pa obi\u010dno sigurnosne politike zabranjuju kori\u0161tenje volumena ovog tipa. Ina\u010de, zlonamjerna aplikacija mo\u017ee montirati direktorij HTC Kubernetes unutar svog kontejnera i ukrasti sve klju\u010deve klastera. Obi\u010dno, hostPath volumeni dopu\u0161taju kori\u0161tenje samo sistemskim aplikacijama koje se pokre\u0107u u namespace kube-system.<\/p>\n<p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/storage\/volumes\/#types-of-volumes\">Sustavi pohrane podataka s kojima Kubernetes radi iz kutije<\/a><\/noindex> navedeni su u dokumentaciji.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-2-podklyuchenie-k-podam-scpvcpv\">Na\u010din 2. Povezivanje s podovima SC\/PVC\/PV<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Alternativni na\u010din povezivanja \u2014 koncept Storage class, PersistentVolumeClaim, PersistentVolume.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><u>Storage class<\/u> \u010duva parametre za povezivanje sa sustavom pohrane podataka.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><u>PersistentVolumeClaim<\/u> opisuje zahtjeve za volumem koji je potreban aplikaciji.<br \/>\n<u>PersistentVolume<\/u> \u010duva parametre pristupa i status volumena.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Bit ideje: u manifestu poda navode volume tipa PersistentVolumeClaim i naziv te entitete u parametru claimName.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Skladi\u0161tenje podataka u Kubernetes klasteru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/08b0460be887d39801d1acb9ee1bbd2a.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U manifestu PersistentVolumeClaim opisuju se zahtjevi za volumom podataka koji su potrebni aplikaciji. Izme\u0111u ostalog:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>veli\u010dina diska; <\/li>\n<li>na\u010din pristupa: ReadWriteOnce ili ReadWriteMany;<\/li>\n<li>link na Storage class \u2014 u kojem sustavu pohrane podataka \u017eelimo kreirati volumen.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U manifestima Storage class \u010duvaju se tip i parametri za povezivanje sa sustavom pohrane podataka. Oni su potrebni kubeletu da montira volumen na \u010dvor. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U manifestima PersistentVolume navode se Storage class i parametri pristupa odre\u0111enom volumenu (ID volumena, put, itd.).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kada se kreira PVC, Kubernetes gleda koju veli\u010dinu i iz kojega Storage classa je potreban volumen, i bira slobodan PersistentVolume.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako takvi PV ne postoje, Kubernetes mo\u017ee pokrenuti posebnu aplikaciju \u2014 Provisioner (njezino ime navodi se u Storage class). Ova aplikacija povezuje se s sustavom pohrane podataka, stvara volumen potrebne veli\u010dine, dobija identifikator i kreira u klasteru Kubernetes manifest PersistentVolume koji se povezuje s PersistentVolumeClaim.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sav taj niz apstrakcija omogu\u0107uje uklanjanje informacije o sustavu pohrane s kojim aplikacija radi s razine manifestacije aplikacija na razinu administracije. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sve konfiguracijske informacije za vezu s sustavom za pohranu podataka nalaze se u klasi pohrane, za koju su odgovorni administratori klastera. Sve \u0161to trebate u\u010diniti prilikom prelaska s AWS-a na Google Cloud je promijeniti naziv klase pohrane u PVC manifestima aplikacije. Postojaju\u0107i volumen za pohranu podataka \u0107e se automatski stvoriti u klasteru pomo\u0107u Provisioner programa.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"sposob-3-container-storage-interface\">Metoda 3. Su\u010delje za pohranu kontejnera<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sav kod koji komunicira s razli\u010ditim sustavima za pohranu podataka dio je jezgre Kubernetes-a. Izdavanje zakrpa ili novih funkcionalnosti vezano je uz nove verzije, a kod se mora mijenjati za sve podr\u017eane verzije Kubernetes-a. Sve to je te\u0161ko odr\u017eavati i dodavati nove funkcije.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kako bi rije\u0161ili problem, developeri iz Cloud Foundry, Kubernetes, Mesos i Docker-a stvorili su Su\u010delje za pohranu kontejnera (CSI) \u2014 jednostavno jedinstveno su\u010delje koje opisuje interakciju sustava upravljanja kontejnerima i specifi\u010dnog drajvera (CSI Driver) koji radi s odre\u0111enim sustavom za pohranu podataka. Sav kod za interakciju s sustavima za pohranu podataka je premje\u0161ten iz jezgre Kubernetes-a u zasebni sustav.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/blog\/2019\/01\/15\/container-storage-interface-ga\/\">Dokumentacija za Su\u010delje za pohranu kontejnera<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>CSI Driver obi\u010dno se sastoji od dva komponente: Node Plugin i Controller Plugin.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Node Plugin se pokre\u0107e na svakom \u010dvoru i odgovoran je za montiranje volumena i operacije na njima. Controller Plugin komunicira sa sustavom za pohranu podataka: stvara ili uklanja volumene, dodjeljuje prava pristupa itd.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dok u jezgri Kubernetes-a ostaju stari drajveri, njihova upotreba se vi\u0161e ne preporu\u010duje, a svima se savjetuje da instaliraju CSI Driver posebno za sustav s kojim \u0107e raditi.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nova promjena mo\u017ee upla\u0161iti one koji su se ve\u0107 navikli konfigurirati pohranu podataka putem klase pohrane, ali zapravo se nije dogodilo ni\u0161ta stra\u0161no. Programeri se ne\u0107e suo\u010diti s promjenom \u2014 i dalje \u0107e raditi samo s imenom klase pohrane. Za administratore, dodana je instalacija helm chart-a i promijenila se struktura postavki. Ako su se ranije postavke unosile izravno u klasu pohrane, sada ih prvo treba definirati u helm chart-u, a zatim u klasi pohrane. Ako se pogleda, nije se dogodilo ni\u0161ta stra\u0161no.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pogledajmo na primjeru koje prednosti mo\u017eemo dobiti prelaskom na povezivanje s pohranom podataka Ceph putem CSI drajvera.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Prilikom rada s Ceph, CSI plugin nudi vi\u0161e mogu\u0107nosti za rad s pohranom podataka od ugra\u0111enih drajvera.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Dinami\u010dko stvaranje diskova.<\/strong> Obi\u010dno se RBD diskovi koriste samo u RWO re\u017eimu, dok CSI za Ceph omogu\u0107uje njihovu upotrebu u RWX re\u017eimu. Nekoliko podova na razli\u010ditim \u010dvorovima mo\u017ee montirati isti RBD disk na svoje \u010dvorove i raditi s njima paralelno. Da budemo pravedni, nije sve tako ru\u017ei\u010dasto \u2014 ovaj disk se mo\u017ee povezati samo kao blok ure\u0111aj, \u0161to zna\u010di da \u0107e biti potrebno prilagoditi aplikaciju za rad s njim u re\u017eimu vi\u0161estrukog pristupa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Izrada snimaka.<\/strong> U Kubernetes klasteru mo\u017ee se izraditi manifest s zahtjevom za izradu snimka. CSI plugin \u0107e ga primijetiti i napraviti snimak s diska. Na temelju toga bit \u0107e mogu\u0107e napraviti ili backup ili kopiju PersistentVolume. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Pove\u0107anje veli\u010dine diska<\/strong> na SAN-u i PersistentVolume u Kubernetes klasteru.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kvota.<\/strong> Ugra\u0111eni Kubernetes CephFS driveri ne podr\u017eavaju kvote, dok novi CSI pluginovi s novim Ceph Nautilusom mogu uklju\u010diti kvote na CephFS particijama.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Metrike.<\/strong> CSI plugin mo\u017ee slati brojne metrike u Prometheus o tome koji su volumeni povezani, koje interakcije se odvijaju itd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Svijest o topologiji.<\/strong> Omogu\u0107uje odre\u0111ivanje geografske raspodjele klastera u manifestima i izbjegavanje povezivanja s podovima koji su pokrenuti u Londonu na sustav za pohranu podataka koji se nalazi u Amsterdamu. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kako povezati Ceph s Kubernetes klasterom putem CSI, pogledajte <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/DteNn-1f-WI\">u prakti\u010dnom dijelu predavanja ve\u010dernje \u0161kole Sljurm<\/a><\/noindex>. Tako\u0111er se mo\u017eete prijaviti na <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/Ssx7pg\">video te\u010daj Ceph<\/a><\/noindex>, koji \u0107e krenuti 15. listopada. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>Autor \u010dlanka: Sergey Bondarev, prakti\u010dni arhitekt u Southbridgeu, Certified Kubernetes Administrator, jedan od developera kubespray.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>                        <b class=\"spoiler_title\">Malo Post Scriptum, ne za reklamu, ve\u0107 zbog korisnosti\u2026<\/b><\/p>\n<p>P.S. Sergey Bondarev vodi dva intenziva: a\u017eurirani <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/1WIJFg\">Kubernetes Osnovna<\/a><\/noindex> 28-30 rujna i napredni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/to.slurm.io\/Wbqz5g\">Kubernetes Mega<\/a><\/noindex> 14\u201316. listopada.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Skladi\u0161tenje podataka u Kubernetes klasteru\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/69752ee9f7c9caf887011564139baf16.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/southbridge\/blog\/519130\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 Kubernetes, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0425\u0414, \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 Container Storage Interface. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 1. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 PV \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0442, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435 Kubernetes: \u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":94389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-94388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - 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