{"id":95405,"date":"2020-09-28T19:43:20","date_gmt":"2020-09-28T17:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine"},"modified":"2020-09-28T19:43:20","modified_gmt":"2020-09-28T17:43:20","slug":"elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/elbrus-vs-intel-sravnivaem-proizvoditelnost-sistem-hraneniya-aerodisk-vostok-i-engine","title":{"rendered":"Elbrus VS Intel. Usporedba performansi sustava pohrane AERODISK VOSTOK i Engine.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Usporedba performansi sustava pohrane AERODISK VOSTOK i Engine.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/f83947517e7ab2cbd2fe5547f522f979.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pozdrav svima. Nastavljamo vas upoznavati sa sustavom pohrane podataka Aerodisk VOSTOK, temeljenom na ruskom procesoru Elbrus 8C. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U ovom \u010dlanku \u0107emo (kao \u0161to smo obe\u0107ali) detaljno obraditi jednu od najpopularnijih i najzanimljivijih tema vezanih uz Elbruse, a to je \u2013 performanse. O performansama Elbrusa postoji dosta spekulacija, i to potpuno polarnih. Pesimisti ka\u017eu da je performansa Elbrusa trenutno \"nikakva\", i da \u0107e pro\u0107i desetlje\u0107a da bi dostigli \"najbolje\" proizvo\u0111a\u010de (tj. u uvjetima sada\u0161nje stvarnosti \u2014 nikada). S druge strane, optimisti tvrde da ve\u0107 sada Elbrus 8C pokazuje dobre rezultate, a u narednih par godina s izlaskom novih verzija procesora (Elbrus 16C i 32C) mo\u0107i \u0107emo \"dohvatiti i presti\u0107i\" vode\u0107e svjetske proizvo\u0111a\u010de procesora. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mi u Aerodisku smo prakti\u010dni ljudi, stoga smo krenuli najjednostavnijim i najjasnijim putem (za nas): testirati, zabilje\u017eiti rezultate i tek onda donositi zaklju\u010dke. Na kraju smo proveli prili\u010dno veliki broj testova i otkrili nekoliko zna\u010dajki rada Elbrusa 8C arhitekture e2k (uklju\u010duju\u0107i i ugodne) i, naravno, usporedili to s sli\u010dnim sustavima pohrane temeljenim na Intel Xeon procesorima arhitekture amd64.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Usput, detaljnije o testovima, rezultatima i budu\u0107em razvoju SHTD na Elbrusima govorimo na na\u0161em narednom vebinaru \"OkoloIT\" 15.10.2020. u 15:00. Registrujte se putem donje veze.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aerodisk.promo\/webinarmcst\/?utm_source=habr&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=webinarmcst&amp;utm_content=article\">Registracija za webinar<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"testovyy-stend\">Testni sto<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Stvorili smo dva postava. Oba postava se sastoje od servera s Linuxom, povezanog putem 16G FC preklopnika s dva kontrolerima sustava pohrane, u kojem je instalirano 12 SAS SSD diskova od 960 GB (11,5 TB \"sirove kapacitete\" ili 5,7 TB \"korisne\" kapacitete, kada koristimo RAID-10). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Shema postava izgleda ovako.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Usporedba performansi sustava pohrane AERODISK VOSTOK i Engine.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d31d0b7311505154015ff28db55e96ef.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"stend-1-e2k-elbrus\">Postav \u21161 e2k (Elbrus)<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Konfiguracija opreme je sljede\u0107a:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Linux server (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 64 GB DDR4, 2xFC adapter 16G 2 porta) \u2013 1 kom.<\/li>\n<li>FC preklopnik 16 G \u2013 2 kom.<\/li>\n<li>Sustav pohrane Aerodisk Vostok 2-E12 (2xElbrus 8C (8 cores, 1,20Ghz), 32 GB DDR3, 2xFE FC adapter 16G 2 porta, 12xSAS SSD 960 GB) \u2014 1 kom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"stend-2-amd64-intel\">Postav \u21162 amd64 (Intel)<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za usporedbu s analognom konfiguracijom na e2k kori\u0161tena je sli\u010dna konfiguracija sustava pohrane s sli\u010dnim procesorom po karakteristikama na amd64: <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Linux server (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 64 GB DDR4, 2xFC adapter 16G 2 porta) \u2013 1 kom.<\/li>\n<li>FC preklopnik 16 G \u2013 2 kom.<\/li>\n<li>Sustav pohrane Aerodisk Engine N2 (2xIntel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (6 cores, 1,70Ghz), 32 GB DDR4, 2xFE FC adapter 16G 2 porta, 12xSAS SSD 960 GB) \u2014 1 kom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Va\u017ena napomena: kori\u0161teni procesori Elbrus 8C u testu podr\u017eavaju samo DDR3 radnu memoriju, \u0161to je, naravno, \u201elo\u0161e, ali ne dugo\u201c. Elbrus 8CV (zasad ga nemamo na skladi\u0161tu, ali uskoro \u0107e biti) podr\u017eava DDR4. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"metodika-testirovaniya\">Metodologija testiranja<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Za generiranje optere\u0107enja koristili smo popularni i vremenski provjeren program Flexible IO (FIO).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Obje SAN-ove su konfigurirane prema na\u0161im vlastitim preporukama za pode\u0161avanje, temeljenim na zahtjevima za visokom performansom na blokovnom pristupu, stoga koristimo diskovne skupine DDP (Dynamic Disk Pool). Da ne bismo iskrivili rezultate testiranja, na obje SAN-ove isklju\u010dujemo kompresiju, deduplifikaciju i RAM-cache. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Stvoreno je 8 D-LUN-ova u RAID-10 po 500 GB svaki, ukupni korisni volumen iznosi 4 TB (tj. pribli\u017eno 70% od mogu\u0107eg korisnog kapaciteta ove konfiguracije). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Izvodit \u0107e se osnovni i popularni scenariji kori\u0161tenja SAN-ova, posebno:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>prva dva testa emuliraju rad transakcijske DBMS. U ovoj grupi testova zanimaju nas IOPS-i i latencija.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>1) Nasumi\u010dno \u010ditanje malim blokovima 4k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 4k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 100%\/0%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Potpuno nasumi\u010dno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>2) Nasumi\u010dno pisanje malim blokovima 4k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 4k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Potpuno nasumi\u010dno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>druga dva testa emuliraju rad analiti\u010dkog dijela DBMS. U ovoj grupi testova tako\u0111er nas zanimaju IOPS-i i latencija.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>3) Sekvencijalno \u010ditanje malim blokovima 4k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 4k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 100%\/0%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Sekvencijalno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>4) Sekvencijalno pisanje malim blokovima 4k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 4k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Sekvencijalno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>tre\u0107a grupa testova emulira rad streaming \u010ditanja (primjer \u2013 online prijenosi, obnova sigurnosnih kopija) i streaming pisanja (primjer \u2013 videonadzor, snimanje sigurnosnih kopija). U ovoj grupi testova zanimaju nas ne IOPS-i, ve\u0107 MB\/s i tako\u0111er latencija.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>5) Sekvencijalno \u010ditanje velikim blokovima 128k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 128k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Sekvencijalno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>6) Sekvencijalno pisanje velikim blokovima 128k<br \/>\na. Veli\u010dina bloka = 128k<br \/>\nb. \u010citanje\/upis = 0%\/100%<br \/>\nc. Broj radnji = 8<br \/>\nd. Dubina reda = 32<br \/>\ne. Karakter optere\u0107enja = Sekvencijalno<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Svaki test \u0107e trajati jedan sat bez uklju\u010divanja vremena pripreme niza od 7 minuta.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"rezultaty-testov\">Rezultati testova<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezultati testova sa\u017eeti su u dvije tablice.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Elbrus 8C (SAN Aerodisk Istok 2-E12)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Usporedba performansi sustava pohrane AERODISK VOSTOK i Engine.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/d0a0e82e3829ffc778373a76fad1a16e.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Intel Xeon E5-2603 v4 (SAN Aerodisk Engine N2)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Elbrus VS Intel. Usporedba performansi sustava pohrane AERODISK VOSTOK i Engine.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/321a52cf06452b73fb9c280df667ba63.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rezultati su vrlo zanimljivi. U oba slu\u010daja dobro smo iskoristili procesorske resurse SAN-ova (70-90% iskori\u0161tenosti), a u tom smislu o\u010dito se isti\u010du prednosti i nedostaci oba procesora.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U obje tablice testovi gdje procesori \"dobro funkcioniraju\" ozna\u010deni su zelenom bojom, dok su situacije koje procesori \"ne vole\" ozna\u010dene naran\u010dastom bojom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako govorimo o nasumi\u010dnom optere\u0107enju malim blokovima, onda:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>s obzirom na nasumi\u010dno \u010ditanje, Intel je bez sumnje ispred Elbrusa, s razlikom od 2 puta;<\/li>\n<li>s obzirom na nasumi\u010dno pisanje, definitivno je izjedna\u010deno, oba procesora su pokazala otprilike jednake i dostojne rezultate. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U sekvencijalnom optere\u0107enju malim blokovima slika je druga\u010dija:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>i pri \u010ditanju i pri pisanju Intel znatno (2 puta) nadma\u0161uje Elbrus. Dok je IOPS kod Elbrusa ispod onog kod Intela, ali izgleda dostojno (200-300 tisu\u0107a), s latencijama doista postoji problem (one su tri puta ve\u0107e nego kod Intela). Zaklju\u010dak je da trenutna verzija Elbrusa 8S ne voli sekvencijalna optere\u0107enja malim blokovima. O\u010digledno je da ima prostora za pobolj\u0161anje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, u sekvencijalnom optere\u0107enju velikim blokovima slika je potpuno suprotna:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>oba procesora su pokazala otprilike jednake rezultate u MB\/s, ali postoji jedno ALI.... Pokazatelji ka\u0161njenja kod Elbrusa su 10 (deset, Karl!!!) puta bolji (tj. ni\u017ei) nego kod sli\u010dnog procesora od Intela (0,4\/0,5 ms naspram 5,1\/6,5 ms). U po\u010detku smo pomislili da je to gre\u0161ka, pa smo ponovo provjerili rezultate, napravili ponovni test, ali ponovni test je pokazao istu sliku. To je ozbiljna prednost Elbrusa (i e2k arhitekture op\u0107enito) u odnosu na Intel (i, sukladno tome, amd64 arhitekturu). Nadamo se da \u0107e ovaj uspjeh dobiti daljnji razvoj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Postoji jo\u0161 jedna zanimljiva karakteristika Elbrusa koju bi pa\u017eljivi \u010ditatelj mogao primijetiti gledaju\u0107i tablicu. Ako pogledate razliku u pokazateljima \u010ditanja i pisanja kod Intela, vidjet \u0107ete da u svim testovima \u010ditanje nadma\u0161uje pisanje u prosjeku za otprilike 50%+. To je norma na koju su se svi (uklju\u010duju\u0107i i nas) navikli. Kada pogledate Elbrus, pokazatelji pisanja su znatno bli\u017ei pokazateljima \u010ditanja, \u010ditanje obi\u010dno nadma\u0161uje pisanje za 10 \u2013 30%, ne vi\u0161e. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0160to to zna\u010di? To zna\u010di da Elbrus \"zna\u010dajno voli\" zapisivanje, a to, opet, ukazuje na to da \u0107e ovaj procesor biti vrlo koristan u zadacima gdje zapisivanje prevladava nad \u010ditanjem (tko je rekao Yarovoi zakon?), \u0161to je tako\u0111er nesporno prednost arhitekture e2k, i tu prednost treba razvijati.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"vyvody-i-blizhayshee-buduschee\">Zaklju\u010dci i bli\u017ea budu\u0107nost<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Usporedni testovi procesora srednje klase Elbrus i Intel za zadatke pohrane podataka pokazali su pribli\u017eno jednake i podjednako dostojne rezultate, pri \u010demu je svaki procesor pokazao svoje zanimljive karakteristike. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Intel je znatno nadma\u0161io Elbrus u slu\u010dajnom \u010ditanju malih blokova, kao i u sekvencijalnom \u010ditanju i pisanju malih blokova. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>U slu\u010daju slu\u010dajnog pisanja malih blokova oba procesora pokazuju jednake rezultate.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na temelju pokazatelja ka\u0161njenja, Elbrus izgleda zna\u010dajno bolje od Intela pod optere\u0107enjem, tj. u sekvencijalnom \u010ditanju i pisanju velikih blokova.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Osim toga, za razliku od Intela, Elbrus jednako dobro podnosi optere\u0107enja \u010ditanja i pisanja, dok Intel uvijek znatno bolje \u010dita nego \u0161to pi\u0161e.<br \/>\nNa temelju dobivenih rezultata mo\u017ee se donijeti zaklju\u010dak o primjenjivosti sustava za pohranu podataka Aerodisk Vostok na procesoru Elbrus 8C u sljede\u0107im zadacima:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>informacijski sustavi s prevlastima operacija zapisivanja;<\/li>\n<li>datote\u010dni pristup;<\/li>\n<li>online prijenosi;<\/li>\n<li>videonadzor;<\/li>\n<li>rezervno kopiranje;<\/li>\n<li>medijski sadr\u017eaj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Tim MCS-a ima jo\u0161 posla, ali rezultati njihovog rada ve\u0107 su vidljivi, \u0161to, naravno, ne mo\u017ee a da ne raduje. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ovi testovi su provedeni na Linux jezgru za e2k verziju 4.19, a trenutno su u beta testiranju (u MCST-u, u Bazalt SPU, kao i kod nas u Aerodisku) Linux jezgro 5.4-e2k, u kojem je, izme\u0111u ostalog, zna\u010dajno revidiran scheduler i optimizacije za brze \u010dvrste diskove. Tako\u0111er, posebno za jezgre grane 5.x.x, A\u041e \u201eMCST\u201c izdaje novi LCC kompajler verzije 1.25. Preliminarni rezultati pokazuju da \u0107e na istom procesoru Elbrus 8S, novo jezgro sastavljeno novim kompajlerom, okru\u017eenje jezgra, sistemske alate i biblioteke, kao i Aerodisk VOSTOK softver omogu\u0107iti jo\u0161 zna\u010dajniji porast performansi. I to bez promjene opreme \u2014 na istom procesoru i s istim frekvencijama. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>O\u010dekujemo izlazak verzije Aerodisk VOSTOK zasnovane na jezgru 5.4 bli\u017ee kraju godine, i \u010dim rad na novoj verziji bude zavr\u0161en, a\u017eurirat \u0107emo rezultate testiranja i objaviti ih ovdje. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ako se sada vratimo na po\u010detak \u010dlanka i odgovorimo na pitanje ko je u pravu: pesimisti koji tvrde da je Elbrus \u201enikakav\u201c i nikada ne\u0107e susti\u0107i vode\u0107e proizvo\u0111a\u010de procesora, ili optimisti koji ka\u017eu da su \u201eve\u0107 skoro sustigli i uskoro \u0107e prete\u0107i\u201c? Ako se oslonimo na stvarne testove umjesto na stereotipe i religiozne predrasude, optimisti su bez sumnje u pravu. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Elbrus ve\u0107 sada pokazuje dobre rezultate kada ga uporedimo sa srednje sna\u017enim amd64 procesorima. Do vrhunskih modela serverskih procesora Intel ili AMD 8-serije, Elbrusu je, naravno, daleko, ali to mu nije ni cilj; za to \u0107e biti izdani procesori 16S i 32S. Onda \u0107emo razgovarati. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Razumijemo da \u0107e nakon ovog \u010dlanka biti jo\u0161 vi\u0161e pitanja o Elbrusu, stoga smo odlu\u010dili organizirati jo\u0161 jedan online webinar \u201eOkoIT\u201c, kako bismo u\u017eivo odgovorili na ta pitanja. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ovog puta u na\u0161em gostu bit \u0107e zamjenik generalnog direktora kompanije MCST, Konstantin Trushkin. Prijavite se na webinar putem donje veze.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u2192 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/aerodisk.promo\/webinarmcst\/?utm_source=habr&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_campaign=webinarmcst&amp;utm_content=article\">Registracija za webinar<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Hvala svima, kao i obi\u010dno, o\u010dekujemo konstruktivnu kritiku i zanimljiva pitanja.<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/aerodisk\/blog\/520888\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442. \u041c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0410\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0412\u041e\u0421\u0422\u041e\u041a, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441 8C. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438) \u0434\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u042d\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445. \u041f\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":95406,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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