{"id":96001,"date":"2020-10-06T13:42:04","date_gmt":"2020-10-06T11:42:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sdr-dvb-t2-receiver-na-c"},"modified":"2020-10-06T13:42:04","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T11:42:04","slug":"sdr-dvb-t2-receiver-na-c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sdr-dvb-t2-receiver-na-c","title":{"rendered":"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Softverski definirani radio (SDR) predstavlja metodu zamjene fizi\u010dkog rada metalom (\u0161to, u osnovi, povoljno utje\u010de na zdravlje) s glavoboljom programiranja. SDR-u predvi\u0111a sjajnu budu\u0107nost, a glavna prednost le\u017ei u uklanjanju ograni\u010denja u implementaciji radio protokola. Primjer je metoda modulacije OFDM (ortogonalna vi\u0161ekanalna modulacija), koja je postala mogu\u0107a samo metodom SDR. No, SDR nudi jo\u0161 jednu, \u010disto in\u017eenjersku mogu\u0107nost \u2014 kontrolu i vizualizaciju signala na bilo kojoj proizvoljnoj to\u010dki uz minimalan napor.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jedan od zanimljivih komunikacijskih standarda je zemaljska eterska televizija DVB-T2.<br \/>\nZa\u0161to? Naravno, mo\u017eete jednostavno le\u017ee\u0107i uklju\u010diti televizor, ali zapravo nema ni\u0161ta za gledati, a to nije samo moje mi\u0161ljenje, ve\u0107 i medicinska \u010dinjenica.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>A ozbiljno, DVB-T2 je razvijen s vrlo \u0161irokim mogu\u0107nostima, uklju\u010duju\u0107i:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>unutarnju primjenu<\/li>\n<li>modulaciju od QPSK do 256QAM<\/li>\n<li>propusnost od 1,7MHz do 8MHz <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Postoji iskustvo prijema digitalne televizije prema principu SDR. Standard DVB-T prisutan je u poznatom projektu GNURadio. Tu je i blok gr-dvbs2rx za standard DVB-T2 (sve za GNURadio), ali koji zahtijeva prethodnu sinkronizaciju signala i inspirira (odre\u0111eno hvala Ronu Economosu).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0160to imamo.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Postoji standard ETSI EN 302 755 koji detaljno opisuje prijenos, ali ne i prijem.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Signal u eteru je s uzorkovnom frekvencijom 9,14285714285714285714 MHz, moduliran COFDM s 32768 nositelja, u opsegu od 8 MHz.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Preporu\u010duje se prijem takvih signala s udvostru\u010denom uzorkovnom frekvencijom (da se ne izgubi ni\u0161ta) i na me\u0111ufrekvenciji koja je ve\u0107a od propusnosti (superheterodinski prijem), kako bi se rije\u0161ili problemi s pomakom istosmjernog napona (DC) i \u201eprikazivanjem\u201d lokalnog generatora (LO) na ulazu prijemnika. Ure\u0111aji koji zadovoljavaju ove uvjete su preskupi za jednostavnu radoznalost.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>SdrPlay s 10Msps 10bit ili AirSpy sa sli\u010dnim karakteristikama su znatno jeftiniji. Ovdje se ne radi o udvostru\u010denoj uzorkovnoj frekvenciji i prijem se mo\u017ee obavljati samo s izravnom konverzijom (Zero IF). Stoga (iz financijskih razloga) prelazimo na stranu pobornika \u201e\u010distog\u201d SDR-a s minimalnom hardverskom konverzijom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Bilo je potrebno rije\u0161iti dva zadatka:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sinkronizacija. Utvrditi to\u010dno odstupanje radiofrekvencije do faze i odstupanje uzorkovne frekvencije.<\/li>\n<li>Prepisati standard DVB-T2 unazad.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Drugi zadatak zahtijeva puno vi\u0161e koda, ali je rje\u0161iv strpljivo\u0161\u0107u i lako se mo\u017ee provjeriti testnim signalima. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Testni signali dostupni su na serveru BBC ftp:\/\/ftp.kw.bbc.co.uk\/t2refs\/ s detaljnim uputama.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Rje\u0161enje prvog zadatka uvelike ovisi o karakteristikama SDR ure\u0111aja i mogu\u0107nostima upravljanja. Kori\u0161tenje preporu\u010denih funkcija upravljanja frekvencijom, kako se ka\u017ee, nije bilo uspje\u0161no, ali je donijelo mnogo iskustva u \u010ditanju tehni\u010dke dokumentacije, programiranju, gledanju serija, rje\u0161avanju filozofskih pitanja\u2026 Ukratko, nije bilo mogu\u0107e odustati od projekta. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Vjera u \"pure SDR\" samo je oja\u010dala. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Primamo signal kakav jest, interpoliramo ga gotovo do analoga i uzimamo ve\u0107 diskretni, ali nalik pravom.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Blok dijagram sinkronizacije:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/b6362e201fb355fb63760fa901ecf73e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ovdje sve ide po ud\u017ebeniku. Dalje je malo slo\u017eenije. Potrebno je odrediti odstupanja. Ima puno literature i istra\u017eiva\u010dkih \u010dlanaka koji upore\u0111uju prednosti i nedostatke razli\u010ditih metoda. Od klasike, to je \u201eMichael Speth, Stefan Fechtel, Gunnar Fock, Heinrich Meyr, Optimum Receiver Design for OFDM-Based Broadband Transmission \u2013 Part I i II\u201c. Me\u0111utim, nisam sreo nijednog in\u017eenjera koji zna i \u017eeli ra\u010dunati, stoga je primijenjen in\u017eenjerski pristup. Istim metodom sinkronizacije uvedene su smetnje u testni signal. Usporedbom razli\u010ditih metrika s poznatim odstupanjima (sam sam ih unosio) odabrane su najbolje za izvedbu i jednostavnost implementacije. Odstupanje prijemne frekvencije ra\u010duna se usporedbom za\u0161titnog intervala i njegove ponavljaju\u0107e komponente. Faza prijemne frekvencije i frekvencija uzorkovanja procjenjuju se prema odstupanju faza pilot signala, a to se tako\u0111er koristi u jednostavnom, linearnom ekvalajzeru OFDM signala.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Karakteristika ekvalajzera:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d4a1bc8fc4d5e27cb7d376a810ea4485.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>I sve to dobro funkcionira ako znate kada po\u010dinje okvir DVB-T2. U tu svrhu se u signalu prenosi simbol preambule P1. Na\u010din otkrivanja i dekodiranja simbola P1 opisan je u Tehni\u010dkoj specifikaciji ETSI TS 102 831 (tamo su tako\u0111er mnoge korisne preporuke za prijem).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Autokorelacija signala P1 (najvi\u0161a to\u010dka po\u010detka okvira):<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/10e052a169a20b16d28d01b1462f4ff3.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Prva slika (ostalo je samo \u0161est mjeseci do pokretnog prikaza\u2026):<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/8c434965be9c2450afd3c82b3ebbb4f4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>I upravo ovdje saznajemo \u0161to je IQ imbalance, DC offset i curenje LO. Obi\u010dno je kompenzacija ovih specifi\u010dnih izobli\u010denja za direktnu konverziju implementirana u drajveru SDR ure\u0111aja. Zato je pro\u0161lo puno vremena da se shvati: izbacivanje zvjezdica iz skladnog sazvije\u017e\u0111a QAM64 \u2013 to je posao kompenzacijskih funkcija. Morali smo sve isklju\u010diti i napisati svoj vlastiti softver.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>I slika se po\u010dela pomjerati:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/0ddb224d2e0a3890ac9d335c96ba24f0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Modulacija QAM64 sa specifi\u010dnim okretanjem sazvije\u017e\u0111a prema DVB-T2 standardu:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/b06328fa648125249ef9b0b74522e831.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ukratko, to je rezultat ponovnog prolaska mljevenog mesa kroz mljevenje. Standard predvi\u0111a \u010detiri vrste mije\u0161anja:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>bit interleaving (bitovno mije\u0161anje sa uvijanjem stupaca)<\/li>\n<li>cell interleaving (mije\u0161anje \u0107elija u kodnom bloku)<\/li>\n<li>time interleaving (isto u grupi kodnih blokova)<\/li>\n<li>frequency interleaving (mije\u0161anje frekvencija u OFDM simbolu)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Na ulazu imamo ovakav signal:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"SDR DVB-T2 prijemnik na C++\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/cb60687702c5f225840df30124a9ef68.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sve to je borba za otpornost na smetnje kodiranog signala.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4 id=\"itog\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sada mo\u017eemo vidjeti ne samo sam signal i njegov oblik, ve\u0107 i pomo\u0107ne informacije.<br \/>\nU eteru su dva multiplexa. U svakom su dva fizi\u010dka kanala (PLP). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jedna \u010dudnost zapa\u017eena je u prvom multiplexu \u2013 prvi PLP ima oznaku \"multiple\", \u0161to je logi\u010dno, jer nije sam u multiplexu, dok drugi PLP ima oznaku \"single\" i to je pitanje.<br \/>\nJo\u0161 je zanimljivija druga \u010dudnost u drugom multiplexu \u2013 svi programi su u prvom PLP-u, a u drugom PLP-u na tihoj brzini prisutan je signal nepoznate prirode. Barely, VLC plejer, koji razumije oko pedeset video formata i toliko audio, ne prepoznaje ga. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Oleg-Malyutin\/sdr_receiver_dvb_t2\">Sam projekt mo\u017eete prona\u0107i ovdje<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Projekt je napravljen s ciljem da se utvrdi mogu\u0107nost dekodiranja DVB-T2 pomo\u0107u SdrPlay (a sada ve\u0107 i AirSpy), tako da ovo ni nije alfa verzija.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P.S. Dok je \u010dlanak te\u0161ko bio napisan, uspjelo se dodati u projekt PlutoSDR.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Neki \u0107e odmah re\u0107i da ima samo 6Msps za IQ signal na izlazu USB2.0, a potrebno je najmanje 9,2Msps, ali to je ve\u0107 posebna tema.<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/522150\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Software Defined Radio (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430) \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0443 (\u0447\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044c\u044f) \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. SDR \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0438 OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c SDR. \u041d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 SDR \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":96002,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Software Defined Radio (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430) \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b 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