{"id":96352,"date":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","date_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki"},"modified":"2020-10-10T19:42:57","modified_gmt":"2020-10-10T17:42:57","slug":"dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/dannye-vnutri-nas-chem-zanimayutsya-bioinformatiki","title":{"rendered":"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/skillfactory\/blog\/522416\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/536d0b3fb4641c946cdfb122c88a7e6b.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nGovore\u0107i o ljudima budu\u0107nosti koji de\u0161ifriraju organsku veliku podatkovnu bazu. U posljednja dva desetlje\u0107a, koli\u010dina biolo\u0161kih podataka koja se mo\u017ee analizirati pove\u0107ala se mnogo puta zahvaljuju\u0107i dekodiranju ljudskog genoma. Prije toga nismo mogli ni zamisliti da se iz informacija koje se doslovno nalaze u na\u0161oj krvi mo\u017ee odrediti na\u0161e podrijetlo, provjeriti kako \u0107e se organizam reagirati na odre\u0111ene lijekove, pa \u010dak i promijeniti svoju biolo\u0161ku ba\u0161tinu. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nOvaj i drugi \u010dlanci prvi izlaze u <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.skillfactory.ru\/\">blogu<\/a><\/noindex> na na\u0161oj stranici. U\u017eivajte u \u010ditanju.<\/p>\n<p>\nAtributi prosje\u010dnog bioinformati\u010dara sli\u010dni su onima programera \u2014 crvene o\u010di, sagnuta postura i tragovi od \u0161alica s kavom na radnom stolu. Me\u0111utim, iza tog stola odvija se rad ne nad apstraktnim algoritmima i komandama, ve\u0107 nad kodom same prirode, koji nam mo\u017ee mnogo re\u0107i o nama i svijetu oko nas.<\/p>\n<p>Stru\u010dnjaci u ovom podru\u010dju imaju posla s ogromnim koli\u010dinama podataka (na primjer, rezultati sekvenciranja genoma jedne osobe zauzimaju oko 100 gigabajta). Stoga obrada takvih koli\u010dina informacija zahtijeva pristupe i alate Data Science-a. Logi\u010dno je da uspje\u0161an bioinformati\u010dar mora biti upu\u0107en ne samo u biologiju i kemiju, ve\u0107 i u metode analize podataka, statistiku i matematiku \u2014 to \u010dini njegovu profesiju dovoljno rijetkom i tra\u017eenom. Takvi stru\u010dnjaci su posebno potrebni u podru\u010djima inovativne medicine i razvoja lijekova. Tehnolo\u0161ki divovi poput IBM-a i Intela\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/researcher.watson.ibm.com\/researcher\/view_group.php?id=137\">otvaraju svoje programe<\/a><\/noindex>, posve\u0107ene prou\u010davanju bioinformatike.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0160to je potrebno da biste postali bioinformati\u010dar?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Biologija i kemija (na razini sveu\u010dili\u0161ta);<\/li>\n<li>Matematika, linearna algebra, teorija vjerojatnosti;<\/li>\n<li>Programski jezici (Python i R, \u010desto se tako\u0111er koristi C++);<\/li>\n<li>Za strukturarnu bioinformatiku: razumijevanje matemati\u010dke analize i teorije diferencijalnih jednad\u017ebi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nU\u0107i u podru\u010dje bioinformatike mo\u017ee se s biolo\u0161kom osnovom ili s poznavanjem programiranja i matematike. Za prve odgovara rad s gotovim bioinformati\u010dkim programima, dok za druge \u2014 algoritmijski profil specijalnosti.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/5192029ac900077228db8d9788953d8f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>\u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?<\/h2>\n<p>\nModerna bioinformatika dijeli se na dva glavna ogranka - strukturalnu bioinformatiku i bioinformatiku sekvenci. U prvom slu\u010daju vidimo osobu koja sjedi za ra\u010dunalom i pokre\u0107e programe koji poma\u017eu u prou\u010davanju biolo\u0161kih objekata (na primjer, DNK ili proteina) u 3D vizualizacijama. Oni grade ra\u010dunalne modele koji omogu\u0107avaju predvi\u0111anje kako \u0107e molekula lijeka interagirati s proteinom, kako izgleda prostorna struktura proteina u stanici, kojim svojstvima molekule obja\u0161njavaju se njezine interakcije sa stani\u010dnim strukturama itd. <\/p>\n<p>Metode strukturalne bioinformatike aktivno se koriste u akademskoj znanosti, ali i u industriji: te\u0161ko je zamisliti farmaceutsku tvrtku koja ne koristi takve stru\u010dnjake. Tijekom posljednjih godina, ra\u010dunalne metode su zna\u010dajno pojednostavile proces tra\u017eenja potencijalnih lijekova, \u0161to je farmaceutski razvoj u\u010dinilo znatno br\u017eim i jeftinijim procesom.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/33c166685102e86dd497e2ac17a86525.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSARS-CoV-2 RNA-zavisna RNA-polimeraza (lijevo), kao i njezina veza s RNA dupleksom.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pdb101.rcsb.org\/motm\/249\">Izvor.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>\u0160to je genom?<\/h2>\n<p>\nGenom je sve informacije o gra\u0111i nasljednosti organizma. Gotovo kod svih \u017eivih bi\u0107a nositelj genoma je DNK, ali postoje organizmi koji prenose svoje nasljedne informacije u obliku RNK. Genom se prenosi od roditelja na djecu, a tijekom ovog procesa prijenosa mogu se pojaviti pogre\u0161ke - mutacije.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/2308841ee478fdd46312f36df7b134e1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nInterakcija lijeka remdesivira s RNA-zavisnom RNA-polimerazom virusa SARS-CoV-2.\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2020\/04\/30\/science.abc1560\/tab-article-info?versioned=true\">Izvor.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Bioinformatika sekvenci radi s vi\u0161im razinama organizacije \u017eive materije - po\u010dinju\u0107i od pojedina\u010dnih nukleotida, DNK i gena, do cijelih genoma i njihovih usporedaba jedni s drugima. <\/p>\n<p>Zamislite osobu koja pred sobom vidi niz slova abecede (ali ne obi\u010dne, ve\u0107 genetske ili aminokiselinske) i tra\u017ei obrasce unutar njih, obja\u0161njavaju\u0107i i potvr\u0111uju\u0107i ih statisti\u010dki, koriste\u0107i ra\u010dunalne metode. Bioinformatika sekvenci obja\u0161njava s kojom mutacijom je povezana odre\u0111ena bolest ili za\u0161to se u krvi pacijenta nakupljaju \u0161tetne tvari. Osim medicinskih podataka, bioinformati\u010dari sekvenci prou\u010davaju obrasce distribucije organizama na zemlji, populacijske razlike izme\u0111u skupina \u017eivotinja, uloge i funkcije odre\u0111enih gena. Zahvaljuju\u0107i ovoj znanosti mogu\u0107e je provjeriti u\u010dinkovitost lijekova i prou\u010diti biolo\u0161ke mehanizme koji obja\u0161njavaju njihovo djelovanje. <\/p>\n<p>Na primjer, zahvaljuju\u0107i bioinformati\u010dkoj analizi prona\u0111ene su i opisane mutacije koje dovode do razvoja cisti\u010dne fibroze \u2014 monogene bolesti, uzrokovane kvarom gena jednog od kloridnih kanala. A sada mnogo bolje znamo tko je najbli\u017ei biolo\u0161ki ro\u0111ak \u010dovjeku i kako su se na\u0161i preci naselili \u0161irom planete. \u0160tovi\u0161e, svaka osoba koja pro\u010dita svoj genom mo\u017ee saznati odakle potje\u010de njezin rod i kojoj etni\u010dkoj grupi pripada. Mnogo inozemnih (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.23andme.com\/en-int\/\">23andme<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.myheritage.com\/?lang=RU\">MyHeritage<\/a><\/noindex>) i ruskih (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.genotek.ru\/\">Genotek<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/atlas.ru\/\">Atlas<\/a><\/noindex>) usluga omogu\u0107ava dobivanje ove usluge po relativno niskoj cijeni (oko 20 tisu\u0107a rubalja).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/665c39b68b7765de247975d54295965d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRezultati analize DNK testa na podrijetlo i populacijsku pripadnost od tvrtke MyHeritage.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/094c673bae28ff97e04ac28e2ec19c62.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nRezultati analize DNK testa na populacijsku pripadnost od tvrtke 23andMe.<\/p>\n<h2>Kako se \u010dita genom?<\/h2>\n<p>\nDanas je sekvenciranje genoma rutinska procedura koja \u0107e ko\u0161tati svakoga tko to \u017eeli otprilike\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/genetico.ru\/price\/uslugi-po-sevenirovaniyu\">150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0tisu\u0107a rubalja (uklju\u010duju\u0107i, u Rusiji). Da biste pro\u010ditali svoj genom, dovoljno je jednostavno dati uzorak krvi iz vene u specijaliziranoj laboratoriji: za dva tjedna dobit \u0107ete gotov rezultat s detaljnim opisom va\u0161ih genetskih osobitosti. Osim vlastitog genoma, mo\u017eete analizirati i genome mikrobiote crijeva: saznat \u0107ete osobitosti bakterija koje naseljavaju va\u0161 probavni sustav, a tako\u0111er \u0107ete dobiti konzultaciju od profesionalnog dijeteti\u010dara.<\/p>\n<p>Genom se mo\u017ee \u010ditati na razli\u010dite na\u010dine, a jedan od glavnih trenutno je takozvano \u201esekvenciranje nove generacije\u201c. Za izvo\u0111enje ovog postupka potrebno je prvo dobiti biolo\u0161ke uzorke. U svakoj stanici organizma genom je isti, pa se naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e za \u010ditanje genoma uzima krv (to je najjednostavnije). Nakon toga stanice se razgra\u0111uju i DNK se odvaja od ostatka. Zatim se dobivena DNK usitnjava na mno\u0161tvo malih komadi\u0107a, a na svaki od njih se \u201epriklju\u010duju\u201c posebni adapteri \u2014 umjetno sintetizirani poznati nizovi nukleotida. Nakon toga, lanci DNK se odvajaju, a jednonitni lanci se uz pomo\u0107 adaptera pridru\u017euju posebnoj plo\u010di na kojoj se odvija sekvenciranje. Tijekom sekvenciranja, komplementarni fluorescentno ozna\u010deni nukleotidi se pridru\u017euju DNK sekvenci. Svaki ozna\u010deni nukleotid pri pridru\u017eivanju emitira snop svjetlosti odre\u0111ene valne duljine, \u0161to se bilje\u017ei na ra\u010dunalu. Tako ra\u010dunalo \u010dita kratke sekvence izvorne DNK, koje se potom uz pomo\u0107 specijalnih algoritama sastavljaju u izvorni genom. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/ef75492ee521ce99c4f56472b1904b10.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nPrimjer podataka s kojima rade bioinformati\u010dari sekvenci: poravnanje aminokiselinskih sekvenci. <\/p>\n<h2>Gdje rade i koliko zara\u0111uju bioinformati\u010dari?<\/h2>\n<p>\nPut bioinformati\u010dara tradicionalno se dijeli na dva glavna podru\u010dja \u2014 industrija i znanost. Karijera znanstvenika-bioinformati\u010dara obi\u010dno zapo\u010dinje pozicijom postdoktorskog istra\u017eiva\u010da u jednom od velikih instituta. U po\u010detku bioinformati\u010dari dobivaju osnovnu pla\u0107u koja ovisi o njihovu institutu, broju grantova u kojima sudjeluju, kao i broju afilijacija \u2014 mjesta na kojima su slu\u017ebeno zaposleni. S vremenom broj grantova i afilijacija raste, a nakon nekoliko godina rada u akademskoj sredini, bioinformati\u010dar bez problema zara\u0111uje prosje\u010dnu pla\u0107u (70-80 tisu\u0107a rubalja), no mnogo toga ovisi o trudu i marljivosti. Najiskusniji bioinformati\u010dari na kraju osnivaju vlastite laboratorije u podru\u010djima svoje specijalizacije.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/93dd91f70cb88dad950ece1f1417e89f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Gdje se mo\u017ee studirati za bioinformati\u010dara?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moskvski dr\u017eavni univerzitet \u2014 fakultet bioin\u017eenjerstva i bioinformatike<\/li>\n<li>Visoka \u0161kola ekonomije \u2014 Analiza podataka u biologiji i medicini (magistarski program)<\/li>\n<li>MFTI \u2014 katedra bioinformatike<\/li>\n<li>Institut bioinformatike (NKO)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nZa razliku od akademije, u industriji nitko ne \u0107e tro\u0161iti svoje vrijeme na obu\u010davanje zaposlenika potrebnim vje\u0161tinama, stoga je i te\u017ee do\u0107i do posla. Karijerni put bioinformati\u010dara u industriji jako varira ovisno o njegovoj specijalizaciji i mjestu rada. U prosjeku, pla\u0107a u ovom podru\u010dju kre\u0107e se\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/rb.ru\/opinion\/segodnya-i-zavtra\/\">od 70 tisu\u0107a do 150<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0tisu\u0107a rubalja, ovisno o iskustvu i specijalizaciji.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>Poznati bioinformati\u010dari<\/h2>\n<p>\nPovijest bioinformatike vodi se od Fredericka Sangera, engleskog znanstvenika, koji je 1980. godine dobio Nobelovu nagradu za kemiju za otkri\u0107e metode \u010ditanja sekvenci DNA. Od tada se svake godine metode \u010ditanja sekvenci usavr\u0161avaju, no metoda 'Sanger sekvenciranja' poslu\u017eila je kao osnova za sva daljnja istra\u017eivanja u ovom podru\u010dju.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/00e08a801b66d87729ae03152c14e991.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Usput, mnogi programi koje su stvorili upravo ruski znanstvenici danas se \u0161iroko koriste u cijelom svijetu \u2014 na primjer, genomski assembler\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/cab.spbu.ru\/software\/spades\/\">SPAdes<\/a><\/noindex>, \u2014 St. Petersburg genome assembler, stvoren na Institutu u Sankt Peterburgu, poma\u017ee znanstvenicima iz cijelog svijeta da skupe kratke sekvence DNA u duge sekvence kako bi obnovili izvorne genotype organizama.<\/p>\n<h2>Otkrivenja i postignu\u0107a bioinformatike<\/h2>\n<p>\nU dana\u0161nje vrijeme bioinformati\u010dari posti\u017eu mnoga korisna otkri\u0107a. Te\u0161ko bi bilo zamisliti razvoj lijekova protiv koronavirusa bez dekodiranja njegovog genoma i slo\u017eene bioinformati\u010dke analize procesa koji se odvijaju tijekom bolesti. Me\u0111unarodna\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/26\/15193.abstract\">skupina<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0znanstvenika pomo\u0107u metoda komparativne genomike i strojnog u\u010denja uspjela je shvatiti \u0161to imaju zajedni\u010dko koronavirusi s drugim patogenima.<\/p>\n<p>Pokazalo se da je jedna od takvih zna\u010dajki \u2014 ja\u010danje signala nuklearne lokalizacije (NLS) patogenih virusa tijekom evolucije. Ovo istra\u017eivanje mo\u017ee pomo\u0107i u prou\u010davanju sojeva virusa koji bi mogli biti potencijalno opasni za ljude u budu\u0107nosti i, mogu\u0107e, zapo\u010deti preventivni razvoj lijekova.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Osim toga, bioinformati\u010dari su igrali klju\u010dnu ulogu u razvoju novih metoda ure\u0111ivanja genoma, osobito CRISPR\/Cas9 sustava (tehnologija koja se temelji na imunolo\u0161kom sustavu\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/postnauka.ru\/video\/19459\">bakterija<\/a><\/noindex>). Zahvaljuju\u0107i bioinformati\u010dkoj analizi strukture podataka proteina i njihovom evolucijskom razvoju, to\u010dnost i u\u010dinkovitost sustava u posljednjih nekoliko godina znatno su porasle, \u0161to je omogu\u0107ilo ciljano ure\u0111ivanje genoma mnogih organizama (uklju\u010duju\u0107i i \u010dovjeka).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/skillfactory.ru\/?utm_source=infopartners&amp;utm_medium=habr&amp;utm_campaign=habr_banner&amp;utm_term=regular&amp;utm_content=habr_banner\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Podaci unutar nas: \u010cime se bave bioinformati\u010dari?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/23d7a5e5d1adb8f08e2216fbd39c7a64.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSteknite tra\u017eeno zanimanje od nule ili unaprijedite svoje vje\u0161tine i pla\u0107u polaze\u0107i online te\u010dajeve SkillFactory:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u00a0\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u0414\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":96353,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-96352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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