{"id":97698,"date":"2020-10-20T20:42:23","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T18:42:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot"},"modified":"2020-10-20T20:42:23","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T18:42:23","slug":"obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hr\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obzor-setevyh-protokolov-i-protokolov-obmena-soobshheniyami-dlya-iot","title":{"rendered":"Pregled mre\u017enih protokola i protokola razmjene poruka za IoT","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Pozdrav, Habr-ovci!&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/dnQ0\/\"><strong><em>Prvi online te\u010daj IoT programera u Rusiji<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><strong><em>&nbsp;zapo\u010dinje u OTUS-u ve\u0107 u listopadu. Trenutno je otvorena prijava za te\u010daj, stoga nastavljamo dijeliti korisne materijale s vama.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pregled mre\u017enih protokola i protokola razmjene poruka za IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/eae09a35084d8a75a89c22845b0d1c1f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Internet stvari (IoT, Internet of Things) bit \u0107e izgra\u0111en na postoje\u0107oj mre\u017enoj infrastrukturi, tehnologijama i protokolima koji se trenutno koriste u domovima\/uredima i na internetu, te \u0107e ponuditi mnogo vi\u0161e.<\/p>\n<p>Cilj ovog vodi\u010da je pru\u017eiti kratak pregled mre\u017enih i aplikacijskih protokola za IoT.<\/p>\n<p>Napomena. Trebate imati znanje <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/networking\/\"><u>osnova mre\u017enih tehnologija<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>IoT mre\u017ea<\/h4>\n<p>IoT \u0107e raditi u postoje\u0107im TCP\/IP mre\u017eama.<\/p>\n<p>TCP\/IP koristi \u010detveroslojni model s odre\u0111enim protokolima na svakom sloju. Vidi <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/internet-protocol-suite-explained\/\"><u>understanding the TCP\/IP 4 layer model<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (razumijevanje \u010detveroslojnog TCP\/IP modela).<\/p>\n<p>Na dijagramu ispod prikazano je usporedba protokola koji se trenutno koriste i onih koji \u0107e se najvjerojatnije koristiti za IoT.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pregled mre\u017enih protokola i protokola razmjene poruka za IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d8ab9d850cbff804a444ebad7f969547.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Napomene uz dijagram:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Veli\u010dina fonta prikazuje razinu popularnosti protokola. Na primjer, lijevo IPv4 je ve\u0107i jer je mnogo popularniji u suvremenom internetu. Me\u0111utim, desno je manji, jer \u0107e IPv6 vjerojatno biti popularniji u IoT.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Nisu prikazani svi protokoli.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Najve\u0107e promjene bit \u0107e na razini veze (sloj 1 i 2) i aplikacijskim razinama (sloj 4).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Mre\u017eni i transportni slojevi vjerojatno \u0107e ostati nepromijenjeni.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>Protokoli razine veze<\/h4>\n<p>Na razini veze (Data Link) trebate povezati ure\u0111aje me\u0111usobno. Oni se mogu nalaziti blizu jedni drugih, poput lokalnih mre\u017ea, ili na velikoj udaljenosti: u urbanim (metropolitanskim) i globalnim mre\u017eama.<\/p>\n<p>Trenutno se na ovom nivou u ku\u0107nim i uredskim mre\u017eama (LAN) koriste Ethernet i Wi-Fi, dok u mobilnim (WAN) \u2014 3G\/4G. Me\u0111utim, mnogi IoT ure\u0111aji su niskoenergetski, poput senzora, i napajaju se isklju\u010divo iz baterija. U ovom slu\u010daju Ethernet nije prikladan, ali se mo\u017ee koristiti niskoenergetski Wi-Fi i niskoenergetski Bluetooth.<\/p>\n<p>Iako \u0107e se za povezivanje ovih ure\u0111aja i dalje koristiti postoje\u0107e be\u017ei\u010dne tehnologije (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G\/4G), vrijedi obratiti pa\u017enju i na nove tehnologije posebno razvijene za IoT aplikacije, \u010dija \u0107e popularnost vjerojatno rasti.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111u njima su:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>BLE \u2013 Bluetooth Low Energy<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>LoRaWAN \u2013 Long Range WAN<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>SigFox<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>LTE-M<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Detaljnije su opisani u \u010dlanku <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/iot-wireless-technologies\/\"><u>Pregled be\u017ei\u010dnih tehnologija IoT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (overview of IoT wireless technologies).<\/p>\n<h4>Mre\u017ena razina<\/h4>\n<p>Na mre\u017enom nivou (Networking) dugoro\u010dno \u0107e dominirati protokol <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/ipv6-guide\/\"><u>IPv6<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>. Malo je verovatno da \u0107e se koristiti IPv4, ali on mo\u017ee igrati odre\u0111enu ulogu u ranim fazama. Ve\u0107ina IoT ure\u0111aja za doma\u0107instvo, kao \u0161to su pametne sijalice, trenutno koristi IPv4.<\/p>\n<h4>Transportni nivo&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<p>Na transportnom nivou (Transport) u Internetu i vebu dominira TCP. Koristi se i u HTTP-u kao i u mnogim drugim popularnim internet protokolima (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4 itd.).<\/p>\n<p>MQTT, za koji o\u010dekujem da \u0107e postati jedan od osnovnih protokola aplikacionog nivoa za razmenu poruka, trenutno koristi TCP.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, u budu\u0107nosti, zbog ni\u017eih tro\u0161kova, o\u010dekujem da \u0107e UDP postati popularniji za IoT. Verovatno \u0107e se \u0161iriti <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/mqtt-sn\/\"><u>MQTT-SN<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, koji radi preko UDP-a. Pogledajte \u010dlanak o pore\u0111enju <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/tcp-vs-udp\/\"><u>TCP vs UDP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> .<\/p>\n<h4>Aplikativni nivo i protokoli za razmenu poruka<\/h4>\n<p>Bitne karakteristike za IoT protokole:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Brzina \u2014 koli\u010dina prenesenih podataka u sekundi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Ka\u0161njenje \u2014 vreme potrebno za prenos poruke.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Potro\u0161nja energije.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Sigurnost.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Dostupnost softverskih alata.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Trenutno se na ovom nivou aktivno koriste dva osnovna protokola: HTTP i MQTT.<\/p>\n<p>HTTP je verovatno najpoznatiji protokol ovog nivoa, koji le\u017ei u osnovi veba (WWW). I dalje \u0107e biti zna\u010dajan za IoT, jer se koristi za REST API \u2014 osnovni mehanizam interakcije web aplikacija i servisa. Me\u0111utim, zbog visokih tro\u0161kova, HTTP verovatno ne\u0107e postati glavni protokol za IoT, iako \u0107e se i dalje \u0161iroko koristiti na Internetu.<\/p>\n<p>MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) postao je osnovni protokol za razmenu poruka u IoT-u, zahvaljuju\u0107i svojoj lako\u0107i i jednostavnosti upotrebe. Pogledajte \u010dlanak <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/mqtt\/\"><u>Introduction to MQTT for beginners<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> (Uvod u MQTT za po\u010detnike).<\/p>\n<p>Pore\u0111enje HTTP-a i MQTT-a za IoT<\/p>\n<p>MQTT brzo postaje de facto standard za IoT aplikacije. To se doga\u0111a zbog njegove jednostavnosti i brzine u usporedbi s HTTP-om, te zato \u0161to je to protokol &#171;jedan prema mnogima&#187;, a ne &#171;jedan prema jednom&#187; (HTTP).<\/p>\n<p>Mnoga savremena web aplikacija rado bi koristila MQTT umesto HTTP-a da je bio dostupan u trenutku njihove izrade.<\/p>\n<p>Dobar primjer je slanje informacija mnogim korisnicima, npr. o dolasku i odlasku vlakova \/ autobusa \/ aviona. U ovom scenariju, protokol &#171;jedan prema jednom&#187;, kao \u0161to je HTTP, ima velike tro\u0161kove i stvara veliku optere\u0107enost na web poslu\u017eiteljima. Skaliranje tih web poslu\u017eitelja mo\u017ee biti ote\u017eano. Uz MQTT, klijenti se povezuju s posrednikom, kojeg je lako dodavati za ravnote\u017eu optere\u0107enja. Pogledajte ovaj tutorial s videom. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/republish-html-data-over-mqtt-flight-arrivals\/\"><u>Ponovno objavite HTML podatke preko MQTT-a (Primjer dolaska letova)<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> i \u010dlanak <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/mqtt-buddy\/mqtt-vs-http-which-one-is-the-best-for-iot-c868169b3105\"><u>MQTT nasuprot HTTP-u za IoT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h4>Drugi protokoli razmjene poruka<\/h4>\n<p>HTTP nije razvijen za IoT aplikacije, ali, kao \u0161to je ve\u0107 spomenuto, \u0161iroko \u0107e se koristiti neko vrijeme zbog svoje rasprostranjenosti u <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.steves-internet-guide.com\/iot-apis\/\"><u>API<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Gotovo sve IoT platforme podr\u017eavaju i HTTP i MQTT.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, postoje i drugi protokoli koje vrijedi razmotriti.<\/p>\n<p>Protokoli<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MQTT\"><u>MQTT<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). Koristi TCP\/IP. Za model &#171;izdava\u010d-podpisnik&#187; potreban je posrednik poruka.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advanced_Message_Queuing_Protocol\"><u>AMQP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol). Koristi TCP\/IP. Modeli &#171;izdava\u010d-podpisnik&#187; i &#171;to\u010dka-to\u010dka&#187;.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constrained_Application_Protocol\"><u>COAP<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Protokol za ograni\u010dene aplikacije). Koristi UDP. Razvijen posebno za IoT, koristi model zahtjev-odgovor kao u HTTP-u. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7252\"><u>RFC 7252<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Data_Distribution_Service\"><u>DDS<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 (Usluga raspodjele podataka)&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>U ovoj <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/electronicdesign.com\/iot\/understanding-protocols-behind-internet-things\"><u>\u010dlanku<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> se razmatraju osnovni protokoli i njihove primjene. Zaklju\u010dak ovog \u010dlanka je da \u0107e IoT koristiti set protokola, ovisno o njihovoj namjeni.<\/p>\n<p>Me\u0111utim, ako se osvrnemo unatrag, u prvim godinama postojanja Interneta, protokol HTTP, koji je kasnije postao dominantan, bio je samo jedan od mnogih protokola.<\/p>\n<p>Iako HTTP nije prvotno zami\u0161ljen za prijenos datoteka i e-po\u0161te, danas se koristi i za jedno i za drugo.<\/p>\n<p>O\u010dekujem da \u0107e u IoT-u s protokolima razmjene poruka do\u0107i do sli\u010dne situacije: ve\u0107ina usluga \u0107e koristiti jedan prevladavaju\u0107i protokol.<\/p>\n<p>U nastavku su grafikon Google Trends, koji prikazuje kako se popularnost MQTT-a, COAP-a i AMQP-a mijenjala tijekom posljednjih nekoliko godina.<\/p>\n<h4>Pregled Google Trends&nbsp;<\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Pregled mre\u017enih protokola i protokola razmjene poruka za IoT\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/9770888f448395448ac30b407b648e18.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Podr\u0161ka protokola po platformama<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/iot-hub\/iot-hub-protocol-gateway\"><u>Microsoft Azure<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, AMQP, HTTP i HTTPS<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.aws.amazon.com\/iot\/latest\/developerguide\/protocols.html\"><u>AWS<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT preko websockets<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>IBM Bluemix \u2013 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ni.com\/en-us\/innovations\/white-papers\/17\/a-practical-guide-for-connecting-labview-to-the-industrial-iot.html#section--269124710\"><u>Thingworx<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Sa\u017eetak<\/h4>\n<p>Najve\u0107e promjene bit \u0107e na razini veze (sloj 1 i 2) i aplikacijskim razinama (sloj 4).<\/p>\n<p>Mre\u017eni i transportni slojevi vjerojatno \u0107e ostati nepromijenjeni.<\/p>\n<p>Na aplikacijskoj razini, IoT komponente \u0107e koristiti protokole za razmjenu poruka. Iako smo jo\u0161 uvijek u ranoj fazi razvoja IoT-a, vrlo je vjerojatno da \u0107e se istaknuti jedan ili dva protokola za razmjenu poruka.<\/p>\n<p>U posljednjih nekoliko godina MQTT je postao najpopularniji, i upravo se na njega sada fokusiram na ovoj stranici.<\/p>\n<p>HTTP \u0107e tako\u0111er ostati u upotrebi, budu\u0107i da je ve\u0107 dobro integriran u postoje\u0107e IoT platforme.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Na tome je sve. Pozivamo vas da se prijavite za besplatni demo sat na temu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/dnQ0\/\">&#171;Chatbot za brze naredbe ure\u0111aju&#187;<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>\u010citajte vi\u0161e:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/521788\/\">Za\u0161to neza\u0161ti\u0107eni potro\u0161a\u010dki sustavi interneta stvari sada predstavljaju ozbiljan poslovni problem<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<\/p>\n<p>Izvor: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/524140\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, \u0445\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435!&nbsp;\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 IoT-\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a&nbsp;\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 OTUS \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435. \u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0439 (IoT, Internet of Things) \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 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