{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 \u00faj MITM t\u00e1mad\u00e1si technika HTTPS-en","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00e9metorsz\u00e1gi egyetemek kutat\u00f3csoportja kifejlesztett egy \u00faj m\u00f3dszert a MITM t\u00e1mad\u00e1sokra HTTPS-en, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 Cookie-kat azonos\u00edt\u00f3kkal \u00e9s egy\u00e9b bizalmas adatokat nyerjen ki, valamint t\u00e1vvez\u00e9rl\u00e9ssel JavaScript k\u00f3dot futtasson egy m\u00e1sik weboldalon. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1st ALPACA-nak nevezt\u00e9k, \u00e9s alkalmazhat\u00f3 TLS szerverekre, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 alkalmaz\u00e1si szint\u0171 protokollokat val\u00f3s\u00edtanak meg (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), de k\u00f6z\u00f6s TLS tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nyokat haszn\u00e1lnak.      <\/p>\n<p>A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s l\u00e9nyege, hogy ha a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 rendelkezik a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00f3 vagy vezet\u00e9k n\u00e9lk\u00fcli hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9si pont feletti ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1ssal, \u00e1t tudja ir\u00e1ny\u00edtani a webforgalmat egy m\u00e1sik h\u00e1l\u00f3zati portra, \u00e9s l\u00e9tre tud hozni egy kapcsolatot FTP vagy lev\u00e9lkiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3kkal, amelyek t\u00e1mogatj\u00e1k a TLS titkos\u00edt\u00e1st \u00e9s k\u00f6z\u00f6s TLS tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nnyal rendelkeznek a HTTP szerverrel. A felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 b\u00f6ng\u00e9sz\u0151je azt fogja hinni, hogy a kapcsolat a k\u00e9rt HTTP szerverrel j\u00f6tt l\u00e9tre. Mivel a TLS protokoll univerz\u00e1lis \u00e9s nem kapcsol\u00f3dik az alkalmaz\u00e1si szint\u0171 protokollokhoz, az \u00f6sszes szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sra vonatkoz\u00f3 titkos\u00edtott kapcsolat l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sa azonos, \u00e9s a hib\u00e1t, hogy a k\u00e9r\u00e9s nem a megfelel\u0151 szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1shoz ker\u00fclt elk\u00fcld\u00e9sre, csak a titkos\u00edtott szakasz fel\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n \u00e9szlelhetj\u00fck a k\u00fcld\u00f6tt k\u00e9r\u00e9s feldolgoz\u00e1sa sor\u00e1n.     <\/p>\n<p>\u00cdgy ha p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 kapcsolat\u00e1t, amely eredetileg HTTPS-hez ir\u00e1nyult, \u00e1tir\u00e1ny\u00edtjuk egy lev\u00e9lkiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3ra, ahol a HTTPS szerverrel k\u00f6z\u00f6s tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nyt haszn\u00e1lnak, a TLS kapcsolat sikeresen l\u00e9trej\u00f6n, de a lev\u00e9lkiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3 nem tudja feldolgozni a tov\u00e1bb\u00edtott HTTP parancsokat, \u00e9s hiba\u00fczenetet k\u00fcld vissza. Ezt a v\u00e1laszt a b\u00f6ng\u00e9sz\u0151 a k\u00e9rt weboldal v\u00e1laszak\u00e9nt fogja feldolgozni, amelyet a megfelel\u0151en l\u00e9trehozott titkos\u00edtott kapcsolat keret\u00e9ben k\u00fcldtek.        <\/p>\n<p>H\u00e1rom t\u00e1mad\u00e1si lehet\u0151s\u00e9g ker\u00fclt javaslatra:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eUpload\u201c a cookie-kivon\u00e1s hiteles\u00edt\u00e9si param\u00e9terekkel. Ez a m\u00f3dszer akkor alkalmazhat\u00f3, ha az FTP-szerver, amelyet a TLS-tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1ny v\u00e9d, lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az adatok felt\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s kinyer\u00e9s\u00e9t. Ebben a t\u00e1mad\u00e1si form\u00e1ban a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 meg tudja \u0151rizni a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 eredeti HTTP-k\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9nek egyes r\u00e9szeit, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a cookie-fejl\u00e9cek tartalm\u00e1t, ha az FTP-szerver a k\u00e9r\u00e9st ment\u00e9sre szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 f\u00e1jlk\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezi, vagy teljes m\u00e9rt\u00e9kben napl\u00f3zza a bej\u00f6v\u0151 k\u00e9r\u00e9seket. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s sikeres v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a t\u00e1mad\u00f3nak valamilyen m\u00f3don ki kell nyernie az elmentett tartalmat. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s a Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, FileZilla \u00e9s Serv-U eset\u00e9n alkalmazhat\u00f3.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eDownload\u201c az interakt\u00edv weboldali szkriptny\u00fajt\u00e1s (XSS) megszervez\u00e9s\u00e9re. Ez a m\u00f3dszer azt felt\u00e9telezi, hogy a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 valamilyen manipul\u00e1ci\u00f3 r\u00e9v\u00e9n adatokat tud elhelyezni egy olyan szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sban, amely k\u00f6z\u00f6s. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"TLS-tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1ny\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">TLS-tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1ny<\/a>, amelyeket ezut\u00e1n v\u00e1laszk\u00e9nt lehet kiadni a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i k\u00e9r\u00e9sre. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s alkalmazhat\u00f3 a fent eml\u00edtett FTP-szerverekre, IMAP-szerverekre \u00e9s POP3-szerverekre (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect \u00e9s zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u201eReflection\u201c JavaScript futtat\u00e1s\u00e1ra egy m\u00e1sik weboldal kontextus\u00e1ban. Ez a m\u00f3dszer arra \u00e9p\u00fcl, hogy a k\u00e9r\u00e9s egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t visszak\u00fcldik az \u00fcgyf\u00e9lnek, amelyben a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 \u00e1ltal megadott JavaScript-k\u00f3d tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s alkalmazhat\u00f3 a fent eml\u00edtett FTP-szerverekre, az IMAP-szerverekre, mint a Cyrus, Kerio-Connect \u00e9s Zimbra, valamint a sendmail SMTP-szerverre.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - \u00faj MITM t\u00e1mad\u00e1si technika HTTPS-en\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul ha a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 megnyit egy t\u00e1mad\u00f3 \u00e1ltal ellen\u0151rz\u00f6tt oldalt, onnan kezdem\u00e9nyezhet\u0151 egy k\u00e9r\u00e9s egy olyan er\u0151forr\u00e1sra, ahol a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3nak akt\u00edv fi\u00f3kja van (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul bank.com). A MITM-t\u00e1mad\u00e1s sor\u00e1n ez a bank.com weboldal fel\u00e9 ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 k\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e1tir\u00e1ny\u00edthat\u00f3 egy levelez\u0151 szerverre, amely k\u00f6z\u00f6s TLS-tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nyt haszn\u00e1l a bank.com-mal. Mivel a levelez\u0151 szerver nem z\u00e1rja le a munkamenetet az els\u0151 hiba ut\u00e1n, a felsz\u00f3l\u00edt\u00f3 fejl\u00e9cek \u00e9s parancsok, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul \u201ePOST \/ HTTP\/1.1\u201c \u00e9s \u201eHost:\u201c, ismeretlen parancsk\u00e9nt ker\u00fclnek feldolgoz\u00e1sra (a levelez\u0151 szerver minden fejl\u00e9cre \u201e500 unrecognized command\u201c \u00fczenetet k\u00fcld vissza).     <\/p>\n<p>A levelez\u0151szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 nem \u00e9rtelmezi a HTTP protokoll r\u00e9szleteit, \u00edgy a rendszerfejl\u00e9c \u00e9s a POST k\u00e9r\u00e9s adatr\u00e9sz\u00e9t egyform\u00e1n kezeli. Ez\u00e9rt a POST-k\u00e9r\u00e9s t\u00f6rzs\u00e9ben megadhat\u00f3 egy sor a levelez\u0151szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3nak sz\u00f3l\u00f3 parancsokkal. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul k\u00fcldhet\u0151: MAIL FROM: , amire a levelez\u0151szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 visszak\u00fcldi a hiba\u00fczenetet 501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>A v\u00e1lasz, amelyet a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 b\u00f6ng\u00e9sz\u0151je kap, a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 \u00e1ltal eredetileg megnyitott oldalon k\u00edv\u00fcl, hanem a bank.com weboldalon ker\u00fcl v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1sra, amelyet a k\u00e9r\u00e9s sor\u00e1n \u00e9rkezett, mivel a v\u00e1lasz egy helyes TLS-munkameneten bel\u00fcl \u00e9rkezett, amelynek tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nya meger\u0151s\u00edtette a bank.com v\u00e1lasz\u00e1nak hiteless\u00e9g\u00e9t.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - \u00faj MITM t\u00e1mad\u00e1si technika HTTPS-en\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>A glob\u00e1lis h\u00e1l\u00f3zat felt\u00e9rk\u00e9pez\u00e9se szerint k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 1,4 milli\u00f3 webkiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3 van, amelyet \u00e1ltal\u00e1nosan \u00e9rint a probl\u00e9ma, amelyekn\u00e9l lehets\u00e9ges a hibrid t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1sa k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 protokollokkal. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s t\u00e9nyleges v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1nak lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge 119 ezer webkiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3ra vonatkozik, amelyekhez kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 TLS-kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3k is tartoznak m\u00e1s alkalmaz\u00e1si protokollokkal.        <\/p>\n<p>A t\u00e1mad\u00e1sokhoz k\u00e9sz\u00fclt exploitok ftp-kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3khoz (pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla \u00e9s serv-u), IMAP \u00e9s POP3 kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3khoz (dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect \u00e9s zimbra), SMTP-kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3khoz (postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon \u00e9s opensmtpd) k\u00e9sz\u00fcltek. A kutat\u00f3k csak FTP, SMTP, IMAP \u00e9s POP3 kiszolg\u00e1l\u00f3kkal kapcsolatosan vizsg\u00e1lt\u00e1k a t\u00e1mad\u00e1s lehet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9t, ugyanakkor nem z\u00e1rj\u00e1k ki, hogy a probl\u00e9ma m\u00e1s alkalmaz\u00e1si protokollok eset\u00e9ben is felmer\u00fclhet, amelyek TLS-t haszn\u00e1lnak.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - \u00faj MITM t\u00e1mad\u00e1si technika HTTPS-en\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s blokkol\u00e1s\u00e1hoz javasolt az ALPN (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) kiterjeszt\u00e9s haszn\u00e1lata a TLS-munkamenet protokollszerinti egyeztet\u00e9ssel \u00e9s az SNI (Server Name Indication) kiterjeszt\u00e9s alkalmaz\u00e1sa, amely a TLS-tan\u00fas\u00edtv\u00e1nyok haszn\u00e1lata sor\u00e1n t\u00f6bb n\u00e9vhez is kapcsol\u00f3dik. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/domain\/\"   title=\"domain nevekkel\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">domain nevekkel<\/a>Az alkalmaz\u00e1sok oldal\u00e1n aj\u00e1nlott korl\u00e1tozni a parancsok feldolgoz\u00e1sakor a hib\u00e1k sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak limitj\u00e1t, amelynek el\u00e9r\u00e9sekor meg kell szak\u00edtani a kapcsolatot. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s blokkol\u00e1s\u00e1ra ir\u00e1nyul\u00f3 int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek kidolgoz\u00e1sa m\u00e1r tavaly okt\u00f3ber \u00f3ta folyamatban van. Hasonl\u00f3 v\u00e9delmi int\u00e9zked\u00e9seket m\u00e1r bevezettek az Nginx 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZilla, crypto\/tls (Go) \u00e9s Internet Explorer eset\u00e9ben.<br \/>\n<br \/>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c Cookie \u0441 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0430 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