{"id":102301,"date":"2021-11-16T21:36:47","date_gmt":"2021-11-16T19:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4"},"modified":"2021-11-16T21:36:47","modified_gmt":"2021-11-16T19:36:47","slug":"blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/blacksmith-novaya-ataka-na-pamyat-dram-i-chipy-ddr4","title":{"rendered":"Blacksmith \u2014 egy \u00faj t\u00e1mad\u00e1s a DRAM mem\u00f3ri\u00e1val \u00e9s DDR4 chipekkel szemben","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

A kutat\u00f3csoport a Z\u00fcrichi M\u0171szaki Egyetem, az Amsterdam Free University \u00e9s a Qualcomm r\u00e9sz\u00e9r\u0151l k\u00f6zz\u00e9tette egy \u00faj RowHammer t\u00edpus\u00fa t\u00e1mad\u00e1si m\u00f3dszert, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a dinamikus RAM (DRAM) egyes bitjeinek tartalm\u00e1nak megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1t. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1s k\u00f3dneve Blacksmith, a CVE-2021-42114 azonos\u00edt\u00f3val rendelkezik. Sz\u00e1mos DDR4 chip \u00e9rintett, amelyek v\u00e9delmet kaptak a kor\u00e1bban ismert RowHammer t\u00e1mad\u00e1si m\u00f3dszerek ellen. Az eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9szlet a rendszereik sebezhet\u0151s\u00e9g\u00e9nek tesztel\u00e9s\u00e9re k\u00f6zz\u00e9t\u00e9telre ker\u00fclt a GitHubon. <\/p>\n

Eml\u00e9keztet\u0151\u00fcl, a RowHammer t\u00edpus\u00fa t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik az egyes mem\u00f3ria bitek tartalm\u00e1nak eltorz\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t az\u00e1ltal, hogy ciklikusan olvasnak adatokat a szomsz\u00e9dos mem\u00f3ria cell\u00e1kb\u00f3l. Mivel a DRAM mem\u00f3ria k\u00e9tdimenzi\u00f3s cella t\u00f6mb\u00f6t k\u00e9pez, amely mindegyike kondenz\u00e1torb\u00f3l \u00e9s tranzisztorb\u00f3l \u00e1ll, a mem\u00f3ria egy adott ter\u00fclet\u00e9nek folyamatos olvas\u00e1sa fesz\u00fclts\u00e9gingadoz\u00e1sokat \u00e9s rendelleness\u00e9geket okoz, amelyek kis m\u00e9rt\u00e9k\u0171 t\u00f6lt\u00e9svesztes\u00e9get id\u00e9znek el\u0151 a szomsz\u00e9dos cell\u00e1kban. Ha az olvas\u00e1s intenzit\u00e1sa magas, a szomsz\u00e9dos cella elegend\u0151 t\u00f6lt\u00e9st vesz\u00edthet, \u00e9s a meg\u00faj\u00edt\u00e1si ciklus nem tudja helyre\u00e1ll\u00edtani az eredeti \u00e1llapot\u00e1t, ami a cell\u00e1ban t\u00e1rolt adatok \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9nek megv\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s\u00e1hoz vezet. <\/p>\n

A RowHammer elleni v\u00e9delem \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a chipgy\u00e1rt\u00f3k TRR (Target Row Refresh) mechanizmust javasoltak, amely megakad\u00e1lyozza a szomsz\u00e9dos sorok cell\u00e1inak torzul\u00e1s\u00e1t, de mivel a v\u00e9delem a \"biztons\u00e1g a hom\u00e1lyon kereszt\u00fcl (security by obscurity)\" elv\u00e9n alapult, nem oldotta meg a probl\u00e9m\u00e1t gy\u00f6kerest\u0151l, csak a m\u00e1r ismert k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges esetek ellen ny\u00fajtott v\u00e9delmet, \u00edgy k\u00f6nnyen tal\u00e1lni lehetett kiskapukat. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul m\u00e1jusban a Google egy Half-Double m\u00f3dszert javasolt, amely ellen a TRR v\u00e9delem nem volt hat\u00e9kony, mivel a t\u00e1mad\u00e1s sor\u00e1n olyan cell\u00e1k is \u00e9rintettek voltak, amelyek k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl nem voltak a c\u00e9ln\u00e1l. <\/p>\n

Az \u00faj Blacksmith m\u00f3dszer egy m\u00e1sik megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st javasol a TRR v\u00e9delem kiker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re, amely a k\u00e9t vagy t\u00f6bb sor-aggreg\u00e1torral val\u00f3 elt\u00e9r\u0151 gyakoris\u00e1g\u00fa manipul\u00e1ci\u00f3ra \u00e9p\u00edt a t\u00f6lt\u00e9svesztes\u00e9g el\u0151id\u00e9z\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. A mem\u00f3ria hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9si mint\u00e1zat\u00e1nak meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra, amely t\u00f6lt\u00e9svesztes\u00e9ghez vezet, egy speci\u00e1lis fuzzert dolgoztak ki, amely automatikusan be\u00e1ll\u00edtja a t\u00e1mad\u00e1si param\u00e9tereket az adott chiphez, v\u00e1ltoztatva a cell\u00e1khoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s sorrendj\u00e9t, intenzit\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s rendszeress\u00e9g\u00e9t. <\/p>\n

Egy hasonl\u00f3 t\u00e1mad\u00e1s, amely nem \u00e9rinti ugyanazokat a cell\u00e1kat, hat\u00e1stalann\u00e1 teszi a jelenlegi TRR v\u00e9delmi m\u00f3dszereket, amelyek valahol a cell\u00e1khoz val\u00f3 ism\u00e9tl\u0151d\u0151 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9sek sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9p\u00fclnek, \u00e9s amikor egy bizonyos mennyis\u00e9get el\u00e9rnek, a szomsz\u00e9dos cell\u00e1k \u00fajrat\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9t ind\u00edtj\u00e1k el. A Blacksmith eset\u00e9ben a hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9si minta azonnal t\u00f6bb cell\u00e1ra oszlik el a c\u00e9lcell\u00e1t\u00f3l elt\u00e9r\u0151 oldalakon, lehet\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9ve a t\u00f6lt\u00e9s sziv\u00e1rg\u00e1s\u00e1t a k\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00e9rt\u00e9kek el\u00e9r\u00e9se n\u00e9lk\u00fcl. <\/p>\n

A m\u00f3dszer jelent\u0151sen hat\u00e9konyabb volt, mint a TRR megker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re kor\u00e1bban javasolt m\u00f3dszerek \u2014 a kutat\u00f3knak siker\u00fclt cellatorzul\u00e1st el\u00e9rni\u00fck a Samsung, Micron, SK Hynix \u00e9s egy ismeretlen gy\u00e1rt\u00f3 40 mostan\u00e1ban beszerzett k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 DDR4 mem\u00f3riachipj\u00e9n (4 chip gy\u00e1rt\u00f3ja nem volt megjel\u00f6lve). \u00d6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1sk\u00e9ppen a kor\u00e1bban a kutat\u00f3k \u00e1ltal javasolt TRRespass m\u00f3dszer csak 13 az akkor tesztelt 42 chip k\u00f6z\u00fcl volt hat\u00e9kony. <\/p>\n

\u00c1ltal\u00e1nos \u00e9rtelemben a Blacksmith m\u00f3dszert a piacon l\u00e9v\u0151 DRAM chipek 94%-\u00e1ra alkalmazhat\u00f3nak tartj\u00e1k, de a kutat\u00f3k szerint n\u00e9melyik chip sebezhet\u0151bb \u00e9s k\u00f6nnyebben t\u00e1madhat\u00f3, mint m\u00e1sok. Az ECC hibajav\u00edt\u00f3 k\u00f3dok \u00e9s a mem\u00f3riafriss\u00edt\u00e9s dupl\u00e1z\u00e1sa chipek eset\u00e9ben nem biztos\u00edt teljes v\u00e9delmet, de bonyolultabb\u00e1 teszi a t\u00e1mad\u00e1st. \u00c9rdemes megjegyezni, hogy a probl\u00e9ma nem blokkolhat\u00f3 a m\u00e1r forgalomban l\u00e9v\u0151 chipekben, \u00e9s \u00faj v\u00e9delmi int\u00e9zked\u00e9sek hardver szint\u0171 megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t ig\u00e9nyli, ez\u00e9rt a t\u00e1mad\u00e1s m\u00e9g \u00e9vekig aktu\u00e1lis marad. <\/p>\n

Gyakorlati p\u00e9ldak\u00e9nt bemutatjuk a Blacksmith m\u00f3dszer alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t a mem\u00f3ria oldalbejegyz\u00e9seinek (PTE, page table entry) m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra a kernel jogosults\u00e1gok megszerz\u00e9s\u00e9hez, a mem\u00f3ria t\u00e1rolt RSA-2048 nyilv\u00e1nos kulcs\u00e1nak k\u00e1ros\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra az OpenSSH-ben (a nyilv\u00e1nos kulcs \u00f6sszekapcsolhat\u00f3 a t\u00e1mad\u00f3 z\u00e1rt kulcs\u00e1val a c\u00e9l VM-hez val\u00f3 csatlakoz\u00e1shoz) \u00e9s a jogosults\u00e1gok ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9nek megker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9re a sudo folyamat mem\u00f3ri\u00e1j\u00e1nak m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1n kereszt\u00fcl a root jogosults\u00e1gok megszerz\u00e9s\u00e9hez. A chip t\u00edpus\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en egy c\u00e9lbit megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1hoz 3 m\u00e1sodperct\u0151l t\u00f6bb \u00f3r\u00e1ig terjed\u0151 t\u00e1mad\u00e1sra van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g. virtu\u00e1lis g\u00e9pben<\/a> Egy c\u00e9lbit megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a chip t\u00edpus\u00e1t\u00f3l f\u00fcgg\u0151en 3 m\u00e1sodperct\u0151l t\u00f6bb \u00f3r\u00e1ig terjed\u0151 id\u0151 sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges, f\u00fcgg\u0151en att\u00f3l, hogy milyen chip \u00e1ll rendelkez\u00e9sre.

\r\n \"Vide\u00f3\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center> <\/p>\n

Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 megeml\u00edthetj\u00fck a LiteX Row Hammer Tester ny\u00edlt keretrendszer kiad\u00e1s\u00e1t, amely a mem\u00f3ria v\u00e9delmi m\u00f3dszereit teszteli a RowHammer t\u00edpus\u00fa t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok ellen, a Google megb\u00edz\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l az Antmicro \u00e1ltal fejlesztve. A keretrendszer FPGA-ra \u00e9p\u00fcl, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a parancsok teljes k\u00f6r\u0171 ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t, k\u00f6zvetlen\u00fcl a DRAM chipbe, a mem\u00f3ria vez\u00e9rl\u0151 hat\u00e1s\u00e1nak kik\u00fcsz\u00f6b\u00f6l\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. Az FPGA-val val\u00f3 interakci\u00f3hoz Python nyelv\u0171 eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9szlet \u00e1ll rendelkez\u00e9sre. Az FPGA alap\u00fa \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00f3 mag\u00e1ban foglal egy modult az adatok t\u00e9teles \u00e1tviteli kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re (meghat\u00e1rozza a mem\u00f3ria el\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9nek mint\u00e1it), egy Payload Executor-t, egy LiteDRAM alap\u00fa vez\u00e9rl\u0151t (kezeli a DRAM m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9hez sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges \u00f6sszes logik\u00e1t, bele\u00e9rtve a sorok aktiv\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00e9s a mem\u00f3ria friss\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t), valamint a VexRiscv CPU-t. A projekt eredm\u00e9nyei az Apache 2.0 licenc alatt terjeszt\u00e9sre ker\u00fclnek. T\u00e1mogatott a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 FPGA platformok haszn\u00e1lata, bele\u00e9rtve a Lattice ECP5-\u00f6t, a Xilinx 6, 7, UltraScale \u00e9s UltraScale+ sorozatokat.
\n
Forr\u00e1s: opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0428\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0426\u044e\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0430, \u0410\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Qualcomm \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 RowHammer, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 (DRAM). \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u044f Blacksmith \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 CVE-2021-42114. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043f\u044b DDR4, \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0436\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 RowHammer. \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Blacksmith \u2014 \u00faj t\u00e1mad\u00e1s a DRAM mem\u00f3ri\u00e1ra \u00e9s a DDR4 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