{"id":103824,"date":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9"},"modified":"2022-04-20T09:36:51","modified_gmt":"2022-04-20T07:36:51","slug":"predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/predvaritelnyj-vypusk-almalinux-9-osnovannyj-na-vetke-rhel-9","title":{"rendered":"Az AlmaLinux 9 el\u0151zetes kiad\u00e1sa, amely a RHEL 9 \u00e1gon alapul","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Bemutat\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt az AlmaLinux 9 b\u00e9takiad\u00e1sa, amely a Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 csomagjaira \u00e9p\u00fcl, \u00e9s tartalmazza az ebben a kiad\u00e1sban javasolt v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sokat. A kiad\u00e1sok x86_64, ARM64, s390x \u00e9s ppc64le architekt\u00far\u00e1kra k\u00e9sz\u00fcltek, bootolhat\u00f3 (780 MB), minim\u00e1lis (1,7 GB) \u00e9s teljes (8 GB) k\u00e9pk\u00e9nt. Az RHEL 9 \u00e9s az AlmaLinux 9 kiad\u00e1sa m\u00e1jus elej\u00e9re v\u00e1rhat\u00f3.    <\/p>\n<p>A disztrib\u00faci\u00f3 funkci\u00f3iban megegyezik a RHEL-lel, kiv\u00e9ve a m\u00e1rk\u00e1z\u00e1ssal kapcsolatos v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sokat \u00e9s az RHEL-specifikus csomagok, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a redhat-*, insights-client \u00e9s subscription-manager-migration* elt\u00e1vol\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t. Az AlmaLinux ingyenesen hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151 minden felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i kateg\u00f3ria sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gi bevon\u00e1ssal fejl\u0151dik, \u00e9s hasonl\u00f3 ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1si modellt alkalmaz, mint a Fedora projekt. Az AlmaLinux l\u00e9trehoz\u00f3i arra t\u00f6rekedtek, hogy optim\u00e1lis egyens\u00falyt \u00e9rjenek el a v\u00e1llalati t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s \u00e9s a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9gi \u00e9rdekek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt \u2014 egyr\u00e9szt a CloudLinux c\u00e9g er\u0151forr\u00e1saival \u00e9s fejleszt\u0151ivel vonj\u00e1k be a fejleszt\u00e9st, amely nagy tapasztalattal rendelkezik a RHEL forkjainak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1ban, m\u00e1sr\u00e9szt a projekt \u00e1tl\u00e1that\u00f3 \u00e9s a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g \u00e1ltal ellen\u0151rizhet\u0151.     <\/p>\n<p>Az AlmaLinux disztrib\u00faci\u00f3j\u00e1t a CloudLinux c\u00e9g alap\u00edtotta, amely annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy bevonja saj\u00e1t er\u0151forr\u00e1sait \u00e9s fejleszt\u0151it, \u00e1tadta a projektet egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n nonprofit szervezetnek, az AlmaLinux OS Foundation-nek, a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g bevon\u00e1s\u00e1val t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 semleges platformon val\u00f3 fejleszt\u00e9s \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. A projekt fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9vente egymilli\u00f3 doll\u00e1rt k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edtettek el. Minden AlmaLinux fejleszt\u00e9s szabad licenc alatt ker\u00fcl k\u00f6zz\u00e9t\u00e9telre.     <\/p>\n<p>A legfontosabb v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok az AlmaLinux 9 \u00e9s az RHEL 9 k\u00f6z\u00f6tt az RHEL 8-hoz k\u00e9pest:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Friss\u00fclt a rendszerk\u00f6rnyezet \u00e9s az \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k. A csomagok \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a GCC 11-et haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k. A standard C-k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r friss\u00edtve lett a glibc 2.34-re. A Linux kernel csomag a 5.14-es kiad\u00e1s alapj\u00e1n \u00e9p\u00fclt. Az RPM csomagkezel\u0151 friss\u00fclt a 4.16-os verzi\u00f3ra, amely t\u00e1mogatja az integrit\u00e1s-ellen\u0151rz\u00e9st a fapolicyd-en kereszt\u00fcl.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Befejez\u0151d\u00f6tt a disztrib\u00faci\u00f3 migr\u00e1l\u00e1sa a Python 3-ra. Alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint a Python 3.9 \u00e1g aj\u00e1nlott. A Python 2 sz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa megsz\u0171nt.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">  A munkaasztal a GNOME 40-re \u00e9p\u00fcl (a RHEL 8-ban a GNOME 3.28 volt) \u00e9s a GTK 4 k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rra. A GNOME 40-ben a virtu\u00e1lis asztalok az \u00c1ttekint\u00e9s m\u00f3d (Activities Overview) alatt v\u00edzszintes t\u00e1jol\u00e1sra v\u00e1ltottak, \u00e9s folyamatosan g\u00f6rgethet\u0151, balr\u00f3l jobbra halad\u00f3 l\u00e1nck\u00e9nt jelennek meg. Minden egyes asztalon, amely az \u00e1ttekint\u0151 m\u00f3dban l\u00e1that\u00f3, \u00e1tl\u00e1that\u00f3an mutatj\u00e1k a rendelkez\u00e9sre \u00e1ll\u00f3 ablakokat, amelyekhez dinamikus panor\u00e1ma \u00e9s zoom alkalmazhat\u00f3 a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 interakci\u00f3ja sor\u00e1n. Z\u00f6kken\u0151mentes \u00e1tmenetet biztos\u00edtanak a programlista \u00e9s a virtu\u00e1lis asztalok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A GNOME a power-profiles-daemon kezel\u0151t haszn\u00e1lja, amely lehet\u0151s\u00e9get biztos\u00edt az energiatakar\u00e9kos, a kiegyens\u00falyozott energiafogyaszt\u00e1si \u00e9s a maxim\u00e1lis teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nyt biztos\u00edt\u00f3 m\u00f3dok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti v\u00e1lt\u00e1sra.     <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Minden hangfolyam a PipeWire multim\u00e9di\u00e1s szerverre van \u00e1t\u00e1ll\u00edtva, amely most m\u00e1r alap\u00e9rtelmezettk\u00e9nt haszn\u00e1latos a PulseAudio \u00e9s a JACK helyett. A PipeWire haszn\u00e1lata lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy a hagyom\u00e1nyos asztali kiad\u00e1s szakmai hangfeldolgoz\u00e1si lehet\u0151s\u00e9geket k\u00edn\u00e1ljon, megsz\u00fcntesse a fragment\u00e1ci\u00f3t, \u00e9s egys\u00e9ges\u00edtse a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 alkalmaz\u00e1sok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra a hanginfrastrukt\u00far\u00e1t.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Alap\u00e9rtelmezetten el van rejtve a GRUB boot men\u00fc, ha az RHEL az egyetlen telep\u00edtett disztrib\u00faci\u00f3 a rendszerben, \u00e9s bezavartlan volt az utols\u00f3 ind\u00edt\u00e1s. Az ind\u00edt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n a men\u00fc megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez elegend\u0151 lenyomni a Shift billenty\u0171t vagy t\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r is megnyomni az Esc vagy F8 billenty\u0171t. Az ind\u00edt\u00f3rendszer m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sai k\u00f6z\u00f6tt megeml\u00edtend\u0151, hogy az \u00f6sszes architekt\u00far\u00e1hoz tartoz\u00f3 GRUB konfigur\u00e1ci\u00f3s f\u00e1jlokat egy k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rba helyezt\u00e9k el \/boot\/grub2\/ (a \/boot\/efi\/EFI\/redhat\/grub.cfg f\u00e1jl mostant\u00f3l szimbolikus hivatkoz\u00e1s a \/boot\/grub2\/grub.cfg-re), azaz ugyanazt a telep\u00edtett rendszert lehet ind\u00edtani EFI \u00e9s BIOS haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1val is.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 nyelvek t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 komponensek langpacks csomagokba ker\u00fcltek, amelyek lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a telep\u00edtett nyelvi t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s szintj\u00e9nek vari\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a langpacks-core-font csomag csak bet\u0171t\u00edpusokat k\u00edn\u00e1l, a langpacks-core pedig glibc helyi be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t, alapvet\u0151 bet\u0171t\u00edpust \u00e9s bevitel m\u00f3dszert tartalmaz, m\u00edg a langpacks ford\u00edt\u00e1sokat, tov\u00e1bbi bet\u0171t\u00edpusokat \u00e9s helyes\u00edr\u00e1s-ellen\u0151rz\u0151 sz\u00f3t\u00e1rakat k\u00edn\u00e1l.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Friss\u00edtett\u00e9k a biztons\u00e1gi \u00f6sszetev\u0151ket. Az eloszt\u00e1sban egy \u00faj OpenSSL 3.0 kriptogr\u00e1fiai k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r bel\u00e9pett. Alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint modernebb \u00e9s megb\u00edzhat\u00f3bb kriptogr\u00e1fiai algoritmusok ker\u00fcltek bevezet\u00e9sre (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a SHA-1 haszn\u00e1lata tilos a TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2 \u00e9s Kerberos eset\u00e9n, letiltott\u00e1k a TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1, DTLS 1.0, RC4, Camellia, DSA, 3DES \u00e9s FFDHE-1024 protokollokat). Az OpenSSH csomag friss\u00edtve lett 8.6p1 verzi\u00f3ra. A Cyrus SASL \u00e1tv\u00e1ltott a GDBM h\u00e1tt\u00e9rt\u00e1rra a Berkeley DB helyett. Az NSS (Network Security Services) k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rakban megsz\u00fcntett\u00e9k a DBM (Berkeley DB) form\u00e1tum t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t. A GnuTLS 3.7.2 verzi\u00f3ra friss\u00fclt.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Jelent\u0151sen javult a SELinux teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nye, \u00e9s cs\u00f6kkent a mem\u00f3riafogyaszt\u00e1s. Az \/etc\/selinux\/config f\u00e1jlban elt\u00e1vol\u00edtott\u00e1k a 'SELINUX=disabled' be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t a SELinux letilt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz (ez a megadott be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s most m\u00e1r csak a politik\u00e1k bet\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9t tiltja le, m\u00edg a SELinux funkci\u00f3 t\u00e9nyleges letilt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz most m\u00e1r a kern\u00e9lnek a 'selinux=0' param\u00e9tert kell megadni).    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> K\u00eds\u00e9rleti t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s ker\u00fclt hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/vpn\/\"   title=\"VPN\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"208\">VPN<\/a> WireGuard.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint a root felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 SSH-n val\u00f3 bejelentkez\u00e9s\u00e9t letiltott\u00e1k.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Elavultnak nyilv\u00e1n\u00edtott\u00e1k az iptables-nft csomagsz\u0171r\u0151 kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re szolg\u00e1l\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket (iptables, ip6tables, ebtables \u00e9s arptables) \u00e9s az ipset-et. A t\u0171zfal kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re most m\u00e1r javasolt a nftables haszn\u00e1lata.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt egy \u00faj mptcpd d\u00e9mon az MPTCP (MultiPath TCP) be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz, amely a TCP protokoll kiterjeszt\u00e9se, lehet\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9ve a TCP kapcsolat csomagjainak egyidej\u0171 sz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t t\u00f6bb k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 h\u00e1l\u00f3zati interf\u00e9szen, amelyek k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 IP-c\u00edmekhez tartoznak. Az mptcpd haszn\u00e1lata lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az MPTCP be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t az iproute2 seg\u00e9deszk\u00f6z haszn\u00e1lata n\u00e9lk\u00fcl.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Elt\u00e1vol\u00edtott\u00e1k a network-scripts csomagot, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati kapcsolatok be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a NetworkManager-t kell haszn\u00e1lni. Az ifcfg be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sok form\u00e1tum\u00e1nak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa megmaradt, de a NetworkManager alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint kulcsf\u00e1jl alap\u00fa form\u00e1tumot haszn\u00e1l.          <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fcltek \u00fajabb verzi\u00f3k a ford\u00edt\u00f3k \u00e9s a fejleszt\u0151i eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra: GCC 11.2, LLVM\/Clang 12.0.1, Rust 1.54, Go 1.16.6, Node.js 16, OpenJDK 17, Perl 5.32, PHP 8.0, Python 3.9, Ruby 3.0, Git 2.31, Subversion 1.14, binutils 2.35, CMake 3.20.2, Maven 3.6, Ant 1.10.   <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Friss\u00edtve lettek a szervercsomagok: Apache HTTP Server 2.4.48, nginx 1.20, Varnish Cache 6.5, Squid 5.1.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Friss\u00edtve lettek a MariaDB 10.5, MySQL 8.0, PostgreSQL 13 \u00e9s Redis 6.2 adatb\u00e1zis-kezel\u0151k.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> A QEMU emul\u00e1tor alap\u00e9rtelmezett m\u00f3don Clang haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1val \u00e9p\u00fcl fel, ami lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette n\u00e9h\u00e1ny tov\u00e1bbi v\u00e9delmi mechanizmus alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t a KVM hipervizorban, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a SafeStack a visszat\u00e9r\u0151 alap\u00fa exploitok (ROP - Return-Oriented Programming) elleni v\u00e9delme \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Az SSSD (System Security Services Daemon) napl\u00f3z\u00e1si r\u00e9szletess\u00e9ge javult, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a feladatok befejez\u00e9si idej\u00e9t mostant\u00f3l hozz\u00e1rendelik az esem\u00e9nyekhez, \u00e9s t\u00fckr\u00f6z\u0151dik az autentik\u00e1ci\u00f3s folyamat. Keres\u00e9si funkci\u00f3k ker\u00fcltek hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra a be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sokkal \u00e9s teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nnyel kapcsolatos probl\u00e9m\u00e1k elemz\u00e9s\u00e9re.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Kib\u0151v\u00fclt az IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s az oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer komponenseinek integrit\u00e1s\u00e1nak ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re digit\u00e1lis al\u00e1\u00edr\u00e1sok \u00e9s hash-ek seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel.      <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Alap\u00e9rtelmezettk\u00e9nt bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt egy egys\u00e9ges, egys\u00e9ges\u00edtett cgroup hierarchia (cgroup v2). A cgroup v2 p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul mem\u00f3riafogyaszt\u00e1s, CPU er\u0151forr\u00e1sok \u00e9s bemeneti\/kimeneti m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s\u00e1ra haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3. A cgroup v2 \u00e9s v1 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9g a cgroups k\u00f6z\u00f6s hierarchi\u00e1j\u00e1nak alkalmaz\u00e1sa minden er\u0151forr\u00e1sra, ahelyett, hogy k\u00fcl\u00f6n hierarchi\u00e1k lenn\u00e9nek a CPU-er\u0151forr\u00e1sok, a mem\u00f3riafogyaszt\u00e1s \u00e9s a bemeneti\/kimeneti m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1ra. A k\u00fcl\u00f6n hierarchi\u00e1k neh\u00e9zkess\u00e9 tett\u00e9k a feldolgoz\u00f3k k\u00f6z\u00f6tti interakci\u00f3s kapcsolat szervez\u00e9s\u00e9t, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbi kernel er\u0151forr\u00e1s-k\u00f6lts\u00e9geket okoztak a k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 hierarchi\u00e1kban eml\u00edtett folyamatok szab\u00e1lyainak alkalmaz\u00e1sakor.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adva a pontos id\u0151 szinkroniz\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1nak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa az NTS (Network Time Security) protokoll alapj\u00e1n, amely a nyilv\u00e1nos kulcs\u00fa infrastrukt\u00fara (PKI) elemeit haszn\u00e1lja, \u00e9s lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a TLS \u00e9s az authentik\u00e1lt titkos\u00edt\u00e1s (AEAD \u2014 Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t a kliens \u00e9s <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"a szerver\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3807\">a szerver<\/a> az NTP (Network Time Protocol) protokollon kereszt\u00fcli titkos\u00edtott kommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3 v\u00e9delm\u00e9re. Az NTP-szerver, a chrony, friss\u00fclt a 4.1-es verzi\u00f3ra.        <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> K\u00eds\u00e9rleti t\u00e1mogat\u00e1st biztos\u00edtanak a KTLS (kernel szint\u0171 TLS megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s), az Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions), a DAX (Direct Access) az ext4 \u00e9s XFS sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, valamint az AMD SEV \u00e9s SEV-ES t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t a KVM hypervisorban.            <\/li>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=57048\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0431\u0435\u0442\u0430-\u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 AlmaLinux 9, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 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