{"id":119616,"date":"2024-08-25T21:43:04","date_gmt":"2024-08-25T19:43:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:08:37","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:08:37","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-33-goda","title":{"rendered":"A Linux kernel 33 \u00e9ves lett","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>1991. augusztus 25-\u00e9n, \u00f6t h\u00f3napos fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n, a 21 \u00e9ves di\u00e1k, Linus Torvalds bejelentette a comp.os.minix internetes konferenci\u00e1n egy \u00faj oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer, a Linux munkaprotot\u00edpus\u00e1nak l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1t, amelyhez a bash 1.08 \u00e9s a gcc 1.40 portol\u00e1s\u00e1nak befejez\u00e9s\u00e9t is megeml\u00edtett\u00e9k. Az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos Linux kernel kiad\u00e1sa szeptember 17-\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt. A 0.0.1-es kernel t\u00f6m\u00f6r\u00edtve 62 kB m\u00e9ret\u0171 volt, \u00e9s k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 10 ezer sor forr\u00e1sk\u00f3dot tartalmazott. A modern Linux kernel m\u00e1r t\u00f6bb mint 35 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3dot sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l. Az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 megb\u00edz\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, 2010-es kutat\u00e1s szerint a modern Linux kernelhez hasonl\u00f3 projekt null\u00e1r\u00f3l val\u00f3 fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9nek k\u00f6lts\u00e9ge meghaladta volna az egymilli\u00e1rd USD-t (a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1s akkor k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, amikor a kernel 13 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3ddal rendelkezett), m\u00e1s becsl\u00e9sek szerint pedig - t\u00f6bb mint 3 milli\u00e1rd.<\/p>\n<p>A Linux kernel a MINIX oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer hat\u00e1sa alatt k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, amely Linust a korl\u00e1tozott licenc\u00e9vel nem el\u00e9g\u00edtette ki. K\u00e9s\u0151bb, amikor a Linux n\u00e9pszer\u0171 projektt\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, a rosszindulat\u00fa emberek megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k Linust a MINIX n\u00e9h\u00e1ny alkalamzat\u00e1nak k\u00f3dj\u00e1nak k\u00f6zvetlen m\u00e1sol\u00e1s\u00e1val v\u00e1dolni. A t\u00e1mad\u00e1st Andrew Tanenbaum, a MINIX szerz\u0151je h\u00e1r\u00edtotta el, aki egy di\u00e1kot k\u00e9rte fel, hogy k\u00e9sz\u00edtsen r\u00e9szletes \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1st a Minix \u00e9s az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos Linux verzi\u00f3k k\u00f3dja k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. A kutat\u00e1s eredm\u00e9nyei csup\u00e1n n\u00e9gy l\u00e9nyegtelen k\u00f3dr\u00e9szlet egyez\u00e9st mutattak ki, amelyeket a POSIX \u00e9s az ANSI C k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyei indokoltak.<\/p>\n<p>Eredetileg Linus az 'Freax' n\u00e9ven szeretett volna elnevezni a kernelt, a 'free', 'freak' \u00e9s X (Unix) szavakb\u00f3l. De a 'Linux' nevet Ari Lemmke k\u00f6nnyed\u00e9n adta neki, aki Linus k\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re elhelyezte a kernelt az egyetem FTP-szerver\u00e9n, mivel a mapp\u00e1t nem 'freax'-nak, ahogy Torvalds k\u00e9rte, hanem 'linux'-nak nevezte el. Figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3, hogy a tal\u00e1l\u00e9kony \u00fczletember, William Della Croce, sikeresen lev\u00e9dette a Linux m\u00e1rkanevet, \u00e9s id\u0151vel jogd\u00edjat akart szedni, de k\u00e9s\u0151bb meggondolta mag\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00e1tadta az \u00f6sszes jogot Linusnak. A Linux kernel hivatalos kabalafigur\u00e1ja, Tux, egy verseny eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9nt ker\u00fclt kiv\u00e1laszt\u00e1sra, amelyet 1996-ban rendeztek. A Tux n\u00e9v a Torvalds UniX r\u00f6vid\u00edt\u00e9sek\u00e9nt \u00e9rtelmezhet\u0151.<\/p>\n<p>1.0.0 \u2014 1994 m\u00e1rcius, 176 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>0.0.1 \u2014 1991 szeptember, 10 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>1.0.0 \u2014 1994 m\u00e1rcius, 176 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>1.2.0 \u2014 1995 m\u00e1rcius, 311 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.0.0 \u2014 1996 j\u00fanius, 778 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.2.0 \u2014 1999 janu\u00e1r, 1,8 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.4.0 \u2014 2001 janu\u00e1r, 3,4 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.0 \u2014 2003 december, 5,9 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.28 \u2014 2008 december, 10,2 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>2.6.35 \u2014 2010 augusztus, 13,4 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>3.0 \u2014 2011 augusztus, 14,6 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>3.5 \u2014 2012 j\u00falius, 15,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>3.10 \u2014 2013 j\u00falius, 15,8 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>3.16 \u2014 2014 augusztus, 17,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>4.1 \u2014 2015 j\u00fanius, 19,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>4.7 \u2014 2016 j\u00falius, 21,7 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>4.12 \u2014 2017 j\u00falius, 24,1 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>4.18 \u2014 2018 augusztus, 25,3 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>5.2 \u2014 2019 j\u00falius, 26,55 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>5.8 \u2014 2020 augusztus, 28,4 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>5.13 \u2014 2021 j\u00fanius, 29,2 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>5.19 \u2014 2022 augusztus, 30,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;<\/li>\n<li>6.4 \u2014 2023 j\u00fanius, 32,9 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d.<\/li>\n<li>6.10 \u2014 2024 j\u00falius, 35,1 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A kernel fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9nek el\u0151rehalad\u00e1sa:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.0.1 \u2013 1991. szeptember, az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos kiad\u00e1s, amely csak az i386 CPU-t t\u00e1mogatja \u00e9s floppy lemezr\u0151l t\u00f6lthet\u0151 be;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.12 \u2013 1992. janu\u00e1r, a k\u00f3d GPLv2 licenc alatt kezdett el terjedni;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.95 \u2013 1992. m\u00e1rcius, lehet\u0151s\u00e9g biztos\u00edt\u00e1sa az X Window System ind\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra, virtu\u00e1lis mem\u00f3ria \u00e9s swap part\u00edci\u00f3 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1nak bevezet\u00e9se.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2013 1992-1993, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati stack fejleszt\u00e9se elkezd\u0151d\u00f6tt. Az Ext2 f\u00e1jlrendszer bemutat\u00e1sa, az ELF f\u00e1jlform\u00e1tum t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, hangk\u00e1rtya- \u00e9s SCSI vez\u00e9rl\u0151 meghajt\u00f3k bevezet\u00e9se, kernelm\u00f3dulok \u00e9s a \/proc f\u00e1jlrendszer bet\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9nek megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sa.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1992-ben jelentek meg az els\u0151 SLS \u00e9s Yggdrasil disztrib\u00faci\u00f3k. 1993 nyar\u00e1n megalakult a Slackware \u00e9s a Debian projektek.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.0 \u2014 m\u00e1rcius 1994, az els\u0151 hivatalosan stabil kiad\u00e1s;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 1.2 \u2014 m\u00e1rcius 1995, jelent\u0151s n\u00f6veked\u00e9s a meghajt\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ban, Alpha, MIPS \u00e9s SPARC platformok t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati verem b\u0151v\u00edt\u00e9se, csomagsz\u0171r\u0151 megjelen\u00e9se, NFS t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.0 \u2014 1996 j\u00fanius\u00e1ban, t\u00f6bbprocesszoros rendszerek t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1997 m\u00e1rcius: megalap\u00edtva a LKML, a Linux kernel fejleszt\u0151inek levelez\u0151list\u00e1ja;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">1998: megjelent az els\u0151 Linux alap\u00fa klaszter a Top500-on, amely 68 Alpha CPU-b\u00f3l \u00e1llt;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.2 - 1999 janu\u00e1rj\u00e1ban, a mem\u00f3ria kezel\u00e9s\u00e9nek hat\u00e9konys\u00e1g\u00e1t n\u00f6velt\u00e9k, t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s ker\u00fclt hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/lir\/ipv4\/\">IPv6<\/a>, \u00faj t\u0171zfal ker\u00fclt bevezet\u00e9sre, \u00faj hangrendszert mutattak be;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.4 \u2014 2001 febru\u00e1r, 8-processzoros rendszerek \u00e9s 64 GB RAM t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, Ext3 f\u00e1jlrendszer, USB, ACPI t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Linux 2.6 \u2014 2003 december, SELinux t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s, kernel param\u00e9terek automatikus be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak eszk\u00f6zei, sysfs, \u00e1tdolgozott mem\u00f3ria kezel\u00e9s;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2005-ben bemutat\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt a Xen hipervizor, amely megnyitotta a virtualiz\u00e1ci\u00f3 kor\u00e1t;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2008 szeptember\u00e9ben alakult meg az els\u0151 Android platform kiad\u00e1s, amely a Linux kernel alapjaira \u00e9p\u00fclt;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2011 j\u00falius\u00e1ban, 10 \u00e9v fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n a 2.6.x \u00e1gr\u00f3l \u00e1tt\u00e9rtek a 3.x verzi\u00f3sz\u00e1moz\u00e1sra. A Git-t\u00e1rhelyen a t\u00e1rgyak sz\u00e1ma el\u00e9rte a 2 milli\u00f3t;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2015-ben megjelent a Linux 4.0 kernel. A Git-t\u00e1rhelyen a Git-objektumok sz\u00e1ma el\u00e9rte a 4 milli\u00f3t;<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2018 \u00e1prilis\u00e1ban a kernel Git-t\u00e1rhely\u00e9n \u00e1tl\u00e9pt\u00fck a 6 milli\u00f3 Git-objektumot.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2019 janu\u00e1rj\u00e1ban megalakult a Linux 5.0 kernel \u00e1ga. A t\u00e1rol\u00f3 el\u00e9rte a 6,5 milli\u00f3 Git-objektumot.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">A 2020 augusztus\u00e1ban kiadott 5.8-as kernel lett a legnagyobb a projekt t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9ben v\u00e9grehajtott v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sok sz\u00e1m\u00e1t tekintve.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">Az 5.13-as kernelben rekordot d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt a fejleszt\u0151k sz\u00e1ma (2150), akiknek a v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1sai beker\u00fcltek a kernelbe.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">2022 augusztus\u00e1ban megalakult a Linux kernel 6.0 \u00e1ga, mivel az 5.x \u00e1gon elegend\u0151 kiad\u00e1s gy\u0171lt \u00f6ssze az els\u0151 sz\u00e1mjegy v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s\u00e1hoz a verzi\u00f3sz\u00e1mban.<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\">A 2022 december\u00e9ben megjelent 6.1 kernelbe beker\u00fclt a Rust nyelv haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1nak lehet\u0151s\u00e9ge mint m\u00e1sodik nyelv a driverek \u00e9s kernel modulok fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9hez.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A kernelbe bevezetett \u00f6sszes v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 65%-\u00e1t a 20 legakt\u00edvabb c\u00e9g v\u00e9gezte. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a 6.10-es kernel fejleszt\u00e9se sor\u00e1n a v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sok 15.3%-\u00e1t (a 6.9-es kernelben 12.9%) az Intel, 7.4%-\u00e1t (7.1%) a Google, 6.9%-\u00e1t (5.6%) a Red Hat, 6.3%-\u00e1t (6.4%) a Linaro, 4.6%-\u00e1t (5.7%) az AMD, 3.3%-\u00e1t (2.2%) az Oracle, 3.2%-\u00e1t (2.9%) a Meta, 2.5%-\u00e1t (3.2%) a SUSE, 2.4%-\u00e1t (2.1%) az IBM, 2.3%-\u00e1t (2.4%) a Huawei, 1.9%-\u00e1t (2.1%) a Qualcomm, 1.5%-\u00e1t (1.7%) pedig az NVIDIA \u00e9s 1.2%-\u00e1t (1.2%) az ARM k\u00e9sz\u00edtette. A 6.10-es kernelhez hozz\u00e1adott k\u00f3dsorok sz\u00e1m\u00e1t tekintve az Intel, a Linaro \u00e9s a Red Hat \u00e1llt az \u00e9len, r\u00e9szesed\u00e9s\u00fck 13.6%, 13.3% \u00e9s 7.2% (a 6.9-es kernel eset\u00e9ben az AMD, a Red Hat \u00e9s az Intel domin\u00e1ltak 21.7%, 11.5% \u00e9s 8.9% r\u00e9szesed\u00e9ssel).<\/p>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=61762\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b 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