{"id":123511,"date":"2025-04-15T21:05:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T19:05:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8"},"modified":"2026-02-08T18:56:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T16:56:02","slug":"kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/kompaniya-oracle-opublikovala-yadro-unbreakable-enterprise-kernel-8","title":{"rendered":"Az Oracle k\u00f6zz\u00e9tette az Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 magot","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Az Oracle bemutatta az Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 (UEK R8) els\u0151 stabil kiad\u00e1s\u00e1t, amely a Linux kernel alternat\u00edv v\u00e1ltozata, amit az Oracle Linux disztrib\u00faci\u00f3j\u00e1ban haszn\u00e1lnak a Red Hat Enterprise Linux-b\u00f3l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 alap\u00e9rtelmezett csomag helyett. A kernel csak x86_64 \u00e9s ARM64 (aarch64) architekt\u00far\u00e1khoz \u00e9rhet\u0151 el. A kernel forr\u00e1sk\u00f3dja, bele\u00e9rtve az egyes patch-ekre val\u00f3 bont\u00e1st, nyilv\u00e1nos Git-t\u00e1rhelyen ker\u00fclt k\u00f6zz\u00e9t\u00e9telre az Oracle \u00e1ltal.        <\/p>\n<p>Az Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 csomag a Linux 6.12 kernelre \u00e9p\u00fcl (az UEK R7 kiad\u00e1s a 5.4 kernel alapj\u00e1n k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, m\u00edg a RHEL 10 b\u00e9taverzi\u00f3ban 6.11 kernel volt aj\u00e1nlva), amely \u00faj lehet\u0151s\u00e9geket, optimaliz\u00e1l\u00e1sokat \u00e9s jav\u00edt\u00e1sokat tartalmaz, valamint tesztelt\u00e9k a legt\u00f6bb RHEL alkalmaz\u00e1ssal val\u00f3 kompatibilit\u00e1st, \u00e9s optimaliz\u00e1lt\u00e1k az Oracle ipari szoftverei \u00e9s hardverei sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az UEK R8 kernel telep\u00edt\u0151- \u00e9s forr\u00e1scsomagjai a Oracle Linux 9.5-h\u00f6z k\u00e9sz\u00fcltek (nincs akad\u00e1lya ennek a kernelnek az azonos RHEL, CentOS, Alma Linux \u00e9s Rocky Linux verzi\u00f3kban val\u00f3 haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1ban).       <\/p>\n<p>Az Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel 8 kulcsfontoss\u00e1g\u00fa \u00fajdons\u00e1gai:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Megv\u00e1ltozott az UEK kernel komponenseinek feloszt\u00e1sa k\u00fcl\u00f6n csomagokra. A kernel modulokat elk\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00edtett\u00e9k az alap kernel k\u00e9pt\u0151l, \u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6n csomagokban sz\u00e1ll\u00edtand\u00f3 gy\u0171jtem\u00e9nyekbe ker\u00fcltek: kernel-uek-modules-core (alap minimum), kernel-uek-modules (a <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/server\/\"   title=\"szerverek\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1678\">szerverek<\/a>), kernel-uek-modules-desktop, kernel-uek-modules-extra-netfilter, kernel-uek-modules-usb \u00e9s kernel-uek-modules-wireless. A kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k a kernel-uek-core alapcsomagb\u00f3l egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n kernel-uek-tools csomagba ker\u00fcltek. A bet\u00f6lt\u00e9sre tilos modulok list\u00e1j\u00e1t tartalmaz\u00f3 konfigur\u00e1ci\u00f3s f\u00e1jlok nevei a 'blacklist' -r\u0151l 'denylist' -re v\u00e1ltoztak az inkluz\u00edv terminol\u00f3gia szerepeltet\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.\n<li class=\"l\"> Az Oracle Cloud-ban haszn\u00e1lt ARM Ampere rendszerekhez elk\u00e9sz\u00fclt egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n kernel build, a kernel-uek64k, ahol az alap mem\u00f3riablokkok m\u00e9rete 4 Kb-r\u00f3l 64 Kb-ra n\u0151tt.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adva a t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s az Intel SGX2 (Software Guard Extensions) hardveres megold\u00e1s\u00e1hoz az EDMM (Enclave Dynamic Memory Management) mechanizmushoz, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az egyes mem\u00f3riaoldalakhoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9s kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s a mem\u00f3riaoldalak dinamikus hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1s\u00e1t\/elt\u00e1vol\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t az enkl\u00e1v\u00e9 sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.\n<li class=\"l\"> Az Intel QAT meghajt\u00f3hoz, amely t\u00e1mogatja az Intel Quick Assist Technology (QAT) eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket, hozz\u00e1adva a 4. gener\u00e1ci\u00f3s Intel Xeon processzorok t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt a 'split-lock' blokkok \u00e9szlel\u00e9s\u00e9nek rendszere, amely az \u00f6ssze nem illesztett adatmem\u00f3ri\u00e1hoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9skor l\u00e9p fel, mivel egy atomikus utas\u00edt\u00e1s v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1sakor az adatok k\u00e9t CPU cache vonalat \u00e9rintenek. Az ilyen blokkok jelent\u0151s teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nycs\u00f6kken\u00e9st okoznak (1000 ciklussal lassabb, mint az atomikus m\u0171velet egyetlen cache vonalon l\u00e9v\u0151 adatokkal).\n<li class=\"l\"> Megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt egy \u00faj v\u00e9delmi m\u00f3dszer a Retbleed sebezhet\u0151s\u00e9g ellen Intel \u00e9s AMD CPU-k eset\u00e9n, amely a h\u00edv\u00e1sok m\u00e9lys\u00e9g\u00e9nek k\u00f6vet\u00e9s\u00e9t haszn\u00e1lja, \u00e9s nem lass\u00edtja le annyira a m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9st, mint a kor\u00e1bban alkalmazott Retbleed v\u00e9delem.\n<li class=\"l\"> x86 rendszereken egyidej\u0171 m\u00e1sodlagos CPU magok aktiv\u00e1l\u00e1sa biztos\u00edtott, ami lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette a kernel bootol\u00e1si id\u0151 cs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s\u00e9t nagyobb magsz\u00e1m\u00fa rendszereken.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adva a kernel 'ia32_emulation' parancssori param\u00e9ter, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a 32 bites m\u00f3d emul\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1nak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1nak enged\u00e9lyez\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s letilt\u00e1s\u00e1t a x86-64 architekt\u00far\u00e1ra \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00edtott kerneln\u00e9l a rendszerind\u00edt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n.\n<li class=\"l\"> Alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint a CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) helyett az EEVDF (Earliest Eligible Virtual Deadline First) feladat\u00fctemez\u0151 van aktiv\u00e1lva. Az \u00faj \u00fctemez\u0151 figyelembe veszi a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 v\u00e9grehajtand\u00f3 folyamat kiv\u00e1laszt\u00e1sakor azokat a folyamatokat, amelyek nem kaptak elegend\u0151 CPU er\u0151forr\u00e1st, vagy amelyek ar\u00e1nytalanul sok CPU id\u0151t kaptak. Az els\u0151 esetben k\u00e9nyszer\u00edtett a vez\u00e9rl\u00e9s \u00e1tad\u00e1sa a folyamatnak, a m\u00e1sodik esetben pedig ellenkez\u0151leg, halaszt\u00e1sra ker\u00fcl. A r\u00e9gi CFS \u00fctemez\u0151 a k\u00fcl\u00f6n figyelmet ig\u00e9nyl\u0151 folyamatok meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra heurisztik\u00e1t \u00e9s finomhangol\u00e1st haszn\u00e1lt, m\u00edg az \u00faj \u00fctemez\u0151 ezt nyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3bban k\u00f6veti, \u00e9s nem ig\u00e9nyel finomhangol\u00e1st. Az EEVDF cs\u00f6kkentheti a v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1si feladatok k\u00e9sleltet\u00e9s\u00e9t, amelyekkel a CFS-nek \u00fctemez\u00e9si probl\u00e9m\u00e1i voltak.\n<li class=\"l\"> Folytat\u00f3dott a DTrace 2.0 dinamikus hibakeres\u00e9si rendszer sz\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa, amely \u00e1t\u00e1llt az eBPF kernel alrendszer haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1ra. A DTrace 2.0 az eBPF-re \u00e9p\u00fcl, ak\u00e1rcsak a Linuxban fut\u00f3 megl\u00e9v\u0151 nyomk\u00f6vet\u0151 eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k.\n<li class=\"l\"> A KVM hypervisor lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi legfeljebb 4096 virtu\u00e1lis CPU (VCPU) haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t.\n<li class=\"l\"> Folyamatban van a KTLS, a TLS protokoll kernel szint\u0171 megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak haszn\u00e1lata.\n<li class=\"l\"> Friss\u00fclt a RDRAND \u00e1lsz\u00e1m-gener\u00e1tor megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sa, amely a \/dev\/random eszk\u00f6z m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt felel\u0151s, mostant\u00f3l a BLAKE2s hash-funkci\u00f3t haszn\u00e1lja az entropia kever\u00e9si m\u0171veletekhez, a SHA1 helyett. Ez a v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s n\u00f6velte az \u00e1lsz\u00e1m-gener\u00e1tor biztons\u00e1g\u00e1t. A random sz\u00e1mok gyorsabb el\u0151\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a getrandom() rendszerh\u00edv\u00e1son kereszt\u00fcl a vDSO (virtu\u00e1lis dinamikus megosztott objektum) mechanizmus is aktiv\u00e1lva lett, amely a rendszerh\u00edv\u00e1s kezel\u0151j\u00e9t a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i t\u00e9rbe helyezi, hogy elker\u00fclje a kontextusv\u00e1lt\u00e1sokat.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adva a BIG TCP kiterjeszt\u00e9s t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a maxim\u00e1lis TCP-csomag m\u00e9ret\u00e9nek 4 GB-ra emel\u00e9s\u00e9t a nagy sebess\u00e9g\u0171 adatk\u00f6zpontok bels\u0151 h\u00e1l\u00f3zatainak optimaliz\u00e1l\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. Az ilyen csomagm\u00e9r\u00e9sek 16 bites fejl\u00e9cm\u00e9ret mellett a 'jumbo' csomagok megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sa r\u00e9v\u00e9n \u00e9rhet\u0151k el, ahol az IP-fejl\u00e9c m\u00e9rete 0-ra van \u00e1ll\u00edtva, a t\u00e9nyleges m\u00e9ret pedig egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n 32 bites mez\u0151ben ker\u00fcl megad\u00e1sra egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n csatolt fejl\u00e9cben.\n<li class=\"l\"> A h\u00e1l\u00f3zati socketek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra megval\u00f3s\u00edtottuk az SO_RESERVE_MEM opci\u00f3t, amellyel a socket sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra egy bizonyos mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 mem\u00f3ri\u00e1t lehet fenntartani, amely mindig el\u00e9rhet\u0151 marad \u00e9s nem lesz elt\u00e1vol\u00edtva. Ennek az opci\u00f3nak a haszn\u00e1lata lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny n\u00f6vel\u00e9s\u00e9t az\u00e1ltal, hogy cs\u00f6kkenti a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati veremben a mem\u00f3riafoglal\u00e1si \u00e9s -visszaad\u00e1si m\u0171veleteket, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen akkor, ha a rendszerben mem\u00f3riahi\u00e1ny l\u00e9p fel.\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1lt\u00e1k a fq (Fair Queuing) csomag\u00fctemez\u0151 teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9t, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette a teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny 5%-os n\u00f6vel\u00e9s\u00e9t nagy terhel\u00e9s\u0171 tcp_rr (TCP k\u00e9r\u00e9s\/v\u00e1lasz) teszt sor\u00e1n, \u00e9s 13%-os n\u00f6vel\u00e9st korl\u00e1tlan UDP-csomagfolyamban.\n<li class=\"l\"> A h\u00e1l\u00f3zati kernelstrukt\u00far\u00e1k \u00e1tszervez\u00e9se a processzor adatcache-el\u00e9s\u00e9nek hat\u00e9konys\u00e1ga \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben, amely n\u00f6velte a TCP-verem teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9t olyan rendszereken, amelyek nagy sz\u00e1m\u00fa p\u00e1rhuzamos k\u00e9r\u00e9st szolg\u00e1lnak ki.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adtuk az ASMLib 3 k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t az Oracle DB t\u00e1rol\u00e1s\u00e1nak automatikus kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re.\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1ltuk a io_uring aszinkron bemeneti\/kimeneti mechanizmus teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9t \u00e9s biztons\u00e1g\u00e1t. io_uring alap\u00fa optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3kat vezett\u00fcnk be az XFS \u00e9s Ext4 f\u00e1jlrendszerekhez, lehet\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9ve a p\u00e1rhuzamos k\u00f6zvetlen \u00edr\u00e1st f\u00e1jlokba t\u00f6bb sz\u00e1lon.\n<li class=\"l\"> Jav\u00edtva a Btrfs f\u00e1jlrendszer t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa. Az eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k trimmel\/discard-t\u00e1mogat\u00e1ssal alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint enged\u00e9lyezve van a 'discard=async' csatol\u00e1si opci\u00f3, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi e m\u0171veletek azonnali v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1t az \u00f6sszes f\u00e1jlrendszeren aszinkron m\u00f3don. Hozz\u00e1adott t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s a t\u00f6m\u00f6r\u00edtett adatok alak\u00edt\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcli k\u00fcld\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s fogad\u00e1s\u00e1ra. T\u00e1mogat\u00e1s ker\u00fclt bevezet\u00e9sre t\u00f6bb mint 64 KB blokkok \u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1hoz. Egyszer\u0171s\u00edtett\u00e9k a kv\u00f3ta kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t. Megval\u00f3s\u00edtva a kl\u00f3nozott eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k csatol\u00e1s\u00e1nak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa. Fejlesztett \u00edr\u00e1si ellen\u0151rz\u00e9seket v\u00e9geztek NOCOW m\u00f3dban (a s\u00e1vsz\u00e9less\u00e9g 9%-kal n\u0151tt). Hozz\u00e1adt\u00e1k a 'ignoremetacsums' \u00e9s 'ignoresuperflags' csatol\u00e1si opci\u00f3kat a hib\u00e1s metadatak\u00e1rok \u00e9s szuperblokk z\u00e1szl\u00f3k figyelmen k\u00edv\u00fcl hagy\u00e1s\u00e1ra. Lehet\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9ve a p\u00e1rhuzamos \u00fczemm\u00f3dban t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 eszk\u00f6zelt\u00e1vol\u00edt\u00e1si, kiegyenl\u00edt\u00e9si \u00e9s blokk \u00fajraeloszt\u00e1si feladatok v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1t.\n<li class=\"l\"> Az XFS f\u00e1jlrendszerben lehet\u0151v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt a blokk m\u00e9ret\u00e9nek haszn\u00e1lata, ami meghaladja a mem\u00f3riaoldal m\u00e9ret\u00e9t. Nagy kiterjed\u00e9s\u0171 sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3k ker\u00fcltek hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra nagyon nagy virtu\u00e1lis lemezekhez. Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt a f\u00e1jlok tartalm\u00e1nak atomikus elk\u00f6telez\u00e9s\u00e9nek m\u00f3dja (commit). K\u00eds\u00e9rleti megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1st javasoltak a f\u00e1jlrendszer ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re (fsck) \u00e9s helyre\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra online m\u00f3dban.\n<li class=\"l\"> Az NFS-ben alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint enged\u00e9lyezve van a READ_PLUS m\u0171velet haszn\u00e1lata, amelyet az NFS 4.2 specifik\u00e1ci\u00f3 hat\u00e1roz meg, \u00e9s amely hat\u00e9konyabb adatolvas\u00e1st tesz lehet\u0151v\u00e9, olyan f\u00e1jlokban, amelyek \u00fcres tereket tartalmaznak.\n<li class=\"l\"> A mem\u00f3riakezel\u0151 rendszer \u00e1t\u00e1llt a folios (oldalak f\u00fczete) adatszerkezet haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1ra. A foliosok hasonl\u00edtanak az \u00f6sszetett oldalakra (compound pages), de jav\u00edtott szemantik\u00e1val \u00e9s \u00e1tl\u00e1that\u00f3bb munkaszervez\u00e9ssel rendelkeznek.\n<li class=\"l\"> A mem\u00f3ria-mapping m\u0171veletekhez a &#171;maple tree&#187; adatstrukt\u00far\u00e1t alkalmazz\u00e1k, amely hat\u00e9konyabb alternat\u00edv\u00e1nak sz\u00e1m\u00edt a &#171;red-black tree&#187; strukt\u00far\u00e1val szemben. A maple tree egy B-tree v\u00e1ltozat, amely t\u00e1mogatja az \u00e9rt\u00e9kek tartom\u00e1ny\u00e1nak indexel\u00e9s\u00e9t, \u00e9s a gyors\u00edt\u00f3t\u00e1r hat\u00e9kony kihaszn\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1ra lett tervezve. <a href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/server\/dts-riga\/\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"371\">modern processzorok<\/a>.\n<li class=\"l\"> A mmap-ban blokkol\u00e1sok val\u00f3sultak meg az egyes VMA-k (Virtu\u00e1lis Mem\u00f3ria Ter\u00fclet) szintj\u00e9n, lehet\u0151v\u00e9 t\u00e9ve a t\u00f6bb sz\u00e1l\u00fa alkalmaz\u00e1sok teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek jav\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hozz\u00e1adva a ptdesc adatszerkezet, amely optimaliz\u00e1lja a mem\u00f3riat\u00e1bl\u00e1k kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t a metaadat- \u00e9s mem\u00f3riablokkokat elv\u00e1laszt\u00f3 strukt\u00far\u00e1k r\u00e9v\u00e9n.             <\/ul>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" 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\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 Red Hat Enterprise Linux. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440 x86_64 \u0438 ARM64 (aarch64). \u0418\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c Git-\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 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