{"id":144010,"date":"2025-09-25T17:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T15:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-subd-postgresql-18"},"modified":"2025-09-25T17:11:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T15:11:55","slug":"reliz-subd-postgresql-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/reliz-subd-postgresql-18","title":{"rendered":"A PostgreSQL 18 adatb\u00e1zis-kezel\u0151 rendszer kiad\u00e1sa","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Az \u00faj stabil PostgreSQL 18 adatb\u00e1zis-kezel\u0151 rendszer kiad\u00e1sa egy \u00e9v fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n. Az \u00faj \u00e1gra vonatkoz\u00f3 friss\u00edt\u00e9sek 2030 november\u00e9ig, \u00f6t \u00e9ven \u00e1t \u00e9rkeznek. A PostgreSQL 13.x, a leg\u00f6regebb t\u00e1mogatott \u00e1g, t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa 2023. november 13-\u00e1n megsz\u0171nik.     <\/p>\n<p>F\u0151bb \u00faj\u00edt\u00e1sok:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt az aszinkron bemenet\/kimenet alrendszere, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a bemenet\/kimenet teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9nek n\u00f6vel\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s a k\u00e9sleltet\u00e9sek megsz\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00e9t. Az \u00f6sszes platformon el\u00e9rhet\u0151 univerz\u00e1lis AIO implement\u00e1ci\u00f3 mellett (io_method=worker), amely h\u00e1rom feldolgoz\u00e1si folyamaton alapul, Linux alatt haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3 az io_uring aszinkron bemenet\/kimenet interf\u00e9sz (io_method=io_uring), amelyet a Linux 5.1 kernel \u00f3ta t\u00e1mogatnak. Az aszinkron bemenet\/kimenet egyel\u0151re csak a f\u00e1jlrendszerb\u0151l t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 adatolvas\u00e1ssal kapcsolatos m\u0171veletek gyors\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra van haszn\u00e1lva, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a soros \u00e1tvizsg\u00e1l\u00e1s, az indexelt bitet t\u00e9rk\u00e9p szkennel\u00e9se \u00e9s a takar\u00edt\u00e1s (vacuum). Egyes tesztek szerint az AIO haszn\u00e1lata 2-3-szoros teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nyn\u00f6veked\u00e9st eredm\u00e9nyez. Az \u00edr\u00e1si m\u0171veletek tov\u00e1bbra is szinkron m\u00f3don zajlanak az ACID k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyek teljes\u00edt\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben.\n<li class=\"l\"> Megval\u00f3sult a 'skip scan' optimaliz\u00e1l\u00e1sa t\u00f6bboszlopos indexekben, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy az indexet ne csak az els\u0151 indexelt oszlop \u00e9s a teljes oszlopkapcsolat ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k, hanem a t\u00f6bbi indexelt oszlop k\u00fcl\u00f6n feldolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1ra is. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul kor\u00e1bban a '(status, date)' oszlopokon v\u00e9grehajtott B-tree index l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sakor az index csak azokhoz a lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sekhez volt haszn\u00e1lhat\u00f3, amelyek a 'status' mez\u0151t vagy mindk\u00e9t mez\u0151t, a 'status'-t \u00e9s a 'date'-t ellen\u0151rizt\u00e9k, m\u00edg ha csak a 'date' mez\u0151t ellen\u0151rizt\u00e9k a lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sben, akkor a t\u00e1bl\u00e1zat tartalm\u00e1nak bej\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1ra ker\u00fclt sor. A 'skip scan' m\u00f3d lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy bizonyos esetekben az indexet csak a 'date' mez\u0151 lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sekor bej\u00e1rj\u00e1k. A m\u00f3d csak a 'B-tree' indexekre alkalmazhat\u00f3, ha a lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sben felt\u00e9teli oper\u00e1tort '='% haszn\u00e1lunk az indexelt mez\u0151n, abban az esetben, amikor a kihagyott mez\u0151nek kev\u00e9s k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 \u00e9rt\u00e9ke van (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az optimaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3 akkor l\u00e9p \u00e9letbe, ha a 'status' mez\u0151 n\u00e9h\u00e1ny r\u00f6gz\u00edtett \u00e9rt\u00e9ket tartalmaz).\n<li class=\"l\"> Optimaliz\u00e1l\u00e1sok ker\u00fcltek hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra, amelyek hat\u00e9konyabban haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k az indexeket az 'OR' \u00e9s 'IN (...)' konstrukci\u00f3kat tartalmaz\u00f3 lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sekben a 'WHERE' blokkban, valamint n\u00f6velik a t\u00e1bl\u00e1k egyes\u00edt\u00e9si \u00fctemez\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e9s v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1nak teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9t (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul gyors\u00edtott\u00e1k a hash-\u00f6sv\u00e9nyek k\u00f3dj\u00e1t, \u00e9s enged\u00e9lyezt\u00e9k az inkrement\u00e1lis rendez\u00e9st a t\u00e1bl\u00e1k egyes\u00edt\u00e9sekor).\n<li class=\"l\"> T\u00e1mogat\u00e1s ker\u00fclt hozz\u00e1ad\u00e1sra a GIN (Generalized Inverted Index) indexek p\u00e1rhuzamos \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez, amelyeket \u00f6sszetett \u00e9rt\u00e9kek, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul t\u00f6mb\u00f6k indexel\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s teljes sz\u00f6veg keres\u00e9s\u00e9nek vagy JSON strukt\u00far\u00e1knak a keres\u00e9s\u00e9re haszn\u00e1lnak.\n<li class=\"l\"> Lehet\u0151s\u00e9get kaptunk anyagelm\u00e9leti n\u00e9zetek l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s kulcsok elhelyez\u00e9s\u00e9re a t\u00e1bl\u00e1k szekci\u00f3z\u00e1s\u00e1hoz 'unique' jelz\u0151vel rendelkez\u0151 indexek eset\u00e9ben, amelyek nem haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k a B-tree strukt\u00far\u00e1t.\n<li class=\"l\"> N\u00f6velt\u00e9k a z\u00e1rol\u00e1sok \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos teljes\u00edtm\u00e9ny\u00e9t olyan lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9sek eset\u00e9n, amelyek nagy sz\u00e1m\u00fa t\u00e1bl\u00e1val dolgoznak, \u00e9s jav\u00edt\u00e1sokat hajtottak v\u00e9gre a szekcion\u00e1lt t\u00e1bl\u00e1k lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9seinek feldolgoz\u00e1s\u00e1ban, amelyek felgyors\u00edtj\u00e1k a fel nem haszn\u00e1lt szekci\u00f3k kisz\u0171r\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s az egyes\u00edt\u00e9si m\u0171veleteket (JOIN).\n<li class=\"l\"> Felgyorsultak a sz\u00f6veggel v\u00e9gzett m\u0171veletek, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a kis- \u00e9s nagybet\u0171s \u00e1tkonvert\u00e1l\u00f3 funkci\u00f3k. Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt a PG_UNICODE_FAST m\u00f3d a Unicode karakterek helyi tulajdons\u00e1gainak figyelembev\u00e9tel\u00e9hez.\n<li class=\"l\"> Megval\u00f3sult a lek\u00e9rdez\u00e9s-\u00fctemez\u0151 statisztik\u00e1inak meg\u0151rz\u00e9se a jelent\u0151s PostgreSQL verzi\u00f3friss\u00edt\u00e9sek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti friss\u00edt\u00e9sek ut\u00e1n. A v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy elker\u00fclj\u00fck a 'ANALYZE' er\u0151forr\u00e1sig\u00e9nyes m\u0171velet v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1t az \u00faj verzi\u00f3 elind\u00edt\u00e1sa ut\u00e1n, miel\u0151tt teljes\u00edtm\u00e9nycs\u00f6kken\u00e9st tapasztaln\u00e1nk az adatb\u00e1zis-kezel\u0151 rendszer m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9se sor\u00e1n.\n<li class=\"l\"> A pg_upgrade utility's performance has been enhanced, which is used to automate the transition to a new major release of PostgreSQL. The optimizations are particularly noticeable when updating databases that contain a large number of objects, such as tables and sequences. To speed up pg_upgrade, a flag &#171;&#8212;jobs N&#187; has also been added for parallelizing checks into N threads, and a flag &#171;&#8212;swap&#187; for replacing data directories entirely without creating links, cloning, or copying files.\n<li class=\"l\"> Support has been added for virtual generated columns, whose values are computed on the fly during query execution without being saved to disk. If the expression &#171;CREATE TABLE&#8230;&#187; specifies only the keyword &#171;GENERATED&#187; for generated columns without specifying the type (STORED or VIRTUAL), then the new variant is applied by default instead of the old implementation. In the old implementation, values were generated during &#171;INSERT&#187; or &#171;UPDATE&#187; operations and saved to disk for subsequent use. The drawback of virtual generated columns is that they cannot be used in indexes, while their advantage is the ability to perform normalization and data modification on the fly (which is relevant when working with JSON data). Regarding traditional stored generated columns, support for logical replication has been ensured in the new release.\n<li class=\"l\"> The INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE commands allow outputting previous (OLD) and current (CURRENT) values in the RETURNING expression. For example, &#171;UPDATE&#8230; RETURNING WITH (OLD AS o, NEW AS n) o.*, n.*.&#187;\n<li class=\"l\"> A uuidv7() function has been added for generating random unique identifiers in the UUIDv7 format. Unlike the old function for generating UUIDs (gen_random_uuid), which is now additionally available under the name uuidv4(), UUIDv7 includes the generation time along with a random value. The presence of ordered parts in the UUID value (the first 12 characters represent epoch time, and the subsequent 18 are random values) increases sorting and indexing efficiency, which is relevant since UUIDs are commonly used for primary keys (e.g., keys created in close time are placed next to each other in the index).\n<li class=\"l\"> A \"LIKE\" operation has been implemented to support text matching that uses non-deterministic locale properties \"collation,\" allowing for comparisons that consider the meaning of characters (for example, accents may be ignored during comparison). A CASEFOLD function has been added to change the case of characters considering the properties of the \"collation\" locale (for instance, some characters have more than two lowercase variants or may require transformation to uppercase instead of lowercase during comparison).\n<li class=\"l\"> The ability to use temporal constraints has been added. In the values \"PRIMARY KEY\" and \"UNIQUE,\" to add temporal constraints, the expression \"WITHOUT OVERLAPS\" should be used, and in the \"FOREIGN KEY\" value \u2014 the expression PERIOD. For example, when defining primary keys, one can restrict keys with overlapping time intervals.\n<li class=\"l\"> The command \"CREATE FOREIGN TABLE \u2026 LIKE command\" has been added for creating an external table schema based on the definition of a local table.\n<li class=\"l\"> T\u00e1mogat\u00e1s ker\u00fclt a DBMS-hez val\u00f3 csatlakoz\u00e1sra OAUTH 2.0 alap\u00fa hiteles\u00edt\u00e9ssel, hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9si token haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1val a jelsz\u00f3 helyett. Az OAUTH alkalmaz\u00e1sa lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a jelszavak adatb\u00e1zisban val\u00f3 t\u00e1rol\u00e1s\u00e1nak elker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9t, tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3k k\u00fcls\u0151 szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sokon kereszt\u00fcl t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 azonos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t, valamint olyan lehet\u0151s\u00e9gek haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1t, mint a k\u00e9tfaktoros hiteles\u00edt\u00e9s \u00e9s az egys\u00e9ges bejelentkez\u00e9si pont (SSO).\n<li class=\"l\"> Bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt az ssl_tls13_ciphers() f\u00fcggv\u00e9ny, amelyen kereszt\u00fcl meghat\u00e1rozhat\u00f3 a TLSv1.3 protokollal val\u00f3 csatlakoz\u00e1skor enged\u00e9lyezett titkos\u00edt\u00e1si algoritmusok list\u00e1ja.\n<li class=\"l\"> Az MD5 algoritmus haszn\u00e1lat\u00e1val t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 jelsz\u00f3hashek hiteles\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9nek t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa r\u00e9ginek \u00e9s elt\u00e1vol\u00edt\u00e1sra tervezettnek min\u0151s\u00fclt. Az MD5 helyett aj\u00e1nlott a SCRAM (SCRAM-SHA-256) algoritmus alkalmaz\u00e1sa, amely a PostgreSQL 10-ben jelent meg. Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 megjegyzend\u0151 a SCRAM-alap\u00fa hiteles\u00edt\u00e9s \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1nak t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa a postgres_fdw \u00e9s dblink r\u00e9v\u00e9n k\u00fcls\u0151 PostgreSQL szerverekhez val\u00f3 csatlakoz\u00e1skor.\n<li class=\"l\"> When executing the \"EXPLAIN ANALYZE\" operation, information about the number of index search operations during index scanning and the number of buffer accesses during query execution has been provided. The output of \"EXPLAIN ANALYZE VERBOSE\" includes statistics on CPU, WAL logs, and the intensity of read operations. The pg_stat_all_tables table has been supplemented with information on the time spent on VACUUM operations and table analysis. Statistics on input\/output intensity and WAL log load by individual connections have been provided. Information for diagnosing conflicts during write operations during logical replication has been added to pg_stat_subscription_stats and logs.\n<li class=\"l\"> In new installations, checksum usage for data integrity verification is enabled by default. To disable this behavior when running initdb, the option \"--no-data-checksums\" must be specified.\n<li class=\"l\"> A flag \"--all\" has been added to the pg_createsubscriber utility for creating logical replicas in one command for all databases.\n<li class=\"l\"> Kiad\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt a protokoll \u00faj verzi\u00f3ja (3.2), amelyet k\u00fcls\u0151 seg\u00e9dprogramok \u00e9s az adatb\u00e1zis-kezel\u0151 k\u00f6z\u00f6tti kapcsolatra haszn\u00e1lnak, \u00e9s amely megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt a libpq k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban. A protokoll kor\u00e1bbi friss\u00edt\u00e9se a PostgreSQL 7.4 (2003) verzi\u00f3ban t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt. A libpq k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint a 3.0 verzi\u00f3t haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k.          <\/ul>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63877\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 PostgreSQL 18. \u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2030 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 PostgreSQL 13.x, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 13 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\/\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\/\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-144010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - 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