{"id":35229,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:05","slug":"aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/aviatsionnye-gazoturbinnye-dvigateli","title":{"rendered":"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hell\u00f3 mindenkinek! Ebben a cikkben arr\u00f3l szeretn\u00e9k besz\u00e9lni, hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dnek a rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorjai (GT). Igazolni fogom, hogy ezt a lehet\u0151 legegyszer\u0171bb \u00e9s leg\u00e9rthet\u0151bb nyelven tegyem. <\/p>\n<p>A rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p GT-ket a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 kateg\u00f3ri\u00e1kra lehet osztani:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>turbojet motorok (TJ)<\/li>\n<li>du\u00e1lk\u00f6r\u00fc turbojet motorok (DTJ)<\/li>\n<li>Turb\u00f3propellerek (TP)<\/li>\n<li>Turb\u00f3hajt\u00f3m\u0171vek (TH)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nA TJ-k \u00e9s DTJ-k tartalmazhatnak ut\u00f3\u00e9get\u0151t, ebben az esetben TJF \u00e9s DTJF n\u00e9ven futnak. E cikkben \u0151ket nem fogjuk vizsg\u00e1lni. <\/p>\n<p>Kezdj\u00fck a turbojet motorokkal. <\/p>\n<h2>Turbojet motorok<\/h2>\n<p>\nEz a motor t\u00edpus az 20. sz\u00e1zad els\u0151 fel\u00e9ben k\u00e9sz\u00fclt, \u00e9s a m\u00e1sodik vil\u00e1gh\u00e1bor\u00fa v\u00e9g\u00e9re kezdett sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171en elterjedni. A vil\u00e1g els\u0151 sorozatgy\u00e1rtott turbojet rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9pe a n\u00e9met Me.262 volt. A TJ-k a 60-as \u00e9vekig n\u00e9pszer\u0171ek voltak, ekkor kezdt\u00e9k \u0151ket h\u00e1tt\u00e9rbe szor\u00edtani a DTJ-k.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/acc5ee1cf2b516e893fdef157a16ea2b.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>A modern Me-262 f\u00e9nyk\u00e9pe, amely 2016-ban k\u00e9sz\u00fclt<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A legegyszer\u0171bb turbojet motor a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 elemekb\u0151l \u00e1ll:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bemeneti egys\u00e9g <\/li>\n<li>Kompresszor <\/li>\n<li>\u00c9g\u00e9si kamra <\/li>\n<li>Turbina <\/li>\n<li>Hajt\u00f3m\u0171 f\u00fav\u00f3ka (a tov\u00e1bbiakban egyszer\u0171en f\u00fav\u00f3ka)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nAzt lehet mondani, hogy ez a minim\u00e1lis k\u00e9szlet a motor megfelel\u0151 m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9hez. <\/p>\n<p>Most n\u00e9zz\u00fck meg, hogy mi\u00e9rt sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges minden elem \u00e9s mire val\u00f3. <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nA bemeneti egys\u00e9g egy t\u00e1gul\u00f3 csatorna, amelyben a leveg\u0151 a kompresszorhoz jut, \u00e9s el\u0151zetesen \u00f6sszepr\u00e9sel\u0151dik. Itt a bel\u00e9p\u0151 leveg\u0151 kinetikai energi\u00e1ja r\u00e9szben nyom\u00e1sra alak\u00edt\u00f3dik.<\/p>\n<p>*Itt \u00e9s a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 fejezetekben az alacsony sebess\u00e9gekr\u0151l besz\u00e9l\u00fcnk. Hangsebess\u00e9g felett a fizika megv\u00e1ltozik, \u00e9s minden eg\u00e9szen m\u00e1s. <\/p>\n<p>A kompresszor egy olyan eszk\u00f6z, amelyben a leveg\u0151 nyom\u00e1sa emelkedik. A kompresszort a nyom\u00e1semel\u00e9si fokozat jellemzi. A modern motorokban ez m\u00e1r 40 egys\u00e9g f\u00f6l\u00e9 emelkedik. Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1, a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet is n\u00f6vekszik (k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 400 Celsius-fokig).<\/p>\n<p>A l\u00e1ngkamra olyan eszk\u00f6z, amelyben a t\u00f6m\u00f6r\u00edtett leveg\u0151h\u00f6z (a kompresszor ut\u00e1n) a t\u00fczel\u0151anyag \u00e9g\u00e9se sor\u00e1n h\u0151t juttatnak. A l\u00e1ngkamr\u00e1ban a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet rendk\u00edv\u00fcl magas, el\u00e9rheti a 2000 Celsius-fokot. Tal\u00e1n azt hiheti, hogy a g\u00e1znak a kamr\u00e1ban l\u00e9v\u0151 nyom\u00e1sa is jelent\u0151sen megn\u0151, de ez nem \u00edgy van. Elm\u00e9letileg a h\u0151bevezet\u00e9st \u00e1lland\u00f3 nyom\u00e1son v\u00e9gzik. A val\u00f3s\u00e1gban a vesztes\u00e9gek miatt (a konstrukci\u00f3 t\u00f6k\u00e9letlens\u00e9ge) ez kiss\u00e9 cs\u00f6kken. <\/p>\n<p>A turbina olyan eszk\u00f6z, amely a l\u00e1ngkamra ut\u00e1ni g\u00e1zenergia egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t mechanikai munk\u00e1v\u00e1 alak\u00edtja a kompresszor tengely\u00e9n. Mivel a turbin\u00e1kat nemcsak a rep\u00fcl\u00e9sben haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k, \u00e1ltal\u00e1nosabb meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1st adhatunk: ez egy olyan eszk\u00f6z, amely a munkak\u00f6zeg bels\u0151 energi\u00e1j\u00e1t (jelen esetben a munkak\u00f6zeg g\u00e1z) mechanikai munk\u00e1v\u00e1 alak\u00edtja a tengelyen. Ahogy azt \u00e9rteni lehet, a turbina \u00e9s a kompresszor ugyanazon a tengelyen helyezkednek el, \u00e9s szoros kapcsolatban \u00e1llnak egym\u00e1ssal. Ha a kompresszorban a g\u00e1z nyom\u00e1sa n\u00f6vekszik, akkor a turbin\u00e1ban \u00e9ppen ellenkez\u0151leg, cs\u00f6kken, teh\u00e1t a g\u00e1z kit\u00e1gul. <\/p>\n<p>A f\u00fav\u00f3ka egy sz\u0171k\u00fcl\u0151 csatorna, amelyben a g\u00e1z potenci\u00e1lis energi\u00e1ja kinetikus energi\u00e1v\u00e1 alakul (a turbina ut\u00e1n megmaradt g\u00e1zenergia). A turbin\u00e1hoz hasonl\u00f3an a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1ban is a g\u00e1z kit\u00e1gul. Egy sug\u00e1r keletkezik, amely a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1b\u00f3l ki\u00e1ramlva mozgatja a rep\u00fcl\u0151t. <\/p>\n<p>Most m\u00e1r meg\u00e9rtett\u00fck az alapvet\u0151 elemeket. De m\u00e9g mindig nem eg\u00e9szen vil\u00e1gos, hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik? Akkor n\u00e9zz\u00fck meg \u00fajra r\u00f6viden. <\/p>\n<p>A leveg\u0151 a l\u00e9gk\u00f6rb\u0151l egy bel\u00e9p\u0151 eszk\u00f6zbe jut, ahol kiss\u00e9 \u00f6sszenyom\u00f3dik, majd a kompresszorba ker\u00fcl. A kompresszorban a leveg\u0151 nyom\u00e1sa tov\u00e1bb n\u0151, \u00e9s a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet is emelkedik. A kompresszor ut\u00e1n a leveg\u0151 az \u00e9g\u00e9st\u00e9rbe ker\u00fcl, ahol \u00fczemanyaggal keveredik \u00e9s begyullad, ami a h\u0151m\u00e9rs\u00e9klet drasztikus n\u00f6veked\u00e9s\u00e9hez vezet, mik\u00f6zben a nyom\u00e1s szinte \u00e1lland\u00f3 marad. Az \u00e9g\u00e9st\u00e9r ut\u00e1n a forr\u00f3, s\u0171r\u00edtett g\u00e1z a turbin\u00e1ba jut. A g\u00e1z egy r\u00e9sz\u00e9nek energi\u00e1ja a turbin\u00e1t mozgatja (hogy az ell\u00e1thassa a kor\u00e1bban le\u00edrt funkci\u00f3j\u00e1t), m\u00edg a m\u00e1sik r\u00e9sz energia a rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p\u00fcnk \u00e1ltal sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges mozg\u00e1sra megy el, mivel a g\u00e1z, miut\u00e1n \u00e1thaladt a turbin\u00e1n, reakci\u00f3s sug\u00e1rr\u00e1 alakul a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1ban \u00e9s elt\u00e1vozik (a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1b\u00f3l) a l\u00e9gk\u00f6rbe. Ezzel a ciklus befejez\u0151dik. Term\u00e9szetesen a val\u00f3s\u00e1gban minden folyamat folyamatosan zajlik.<\/p>\n<p>Ez a ciklus Brayton-ciklusnak, vagy thermodinamikai ciklusnak nevezik, amely folyamatos munkafolyamat \u00e9s \u00e1lland\u00f3 nyom\u00e1s\u00fa h\u0151bevitelt jelent. Minden g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motor ezen a cikluson m\u0171k\u00f6dik.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/86f04b95963142395a33b47ac809fd34.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>A Brayton-ciklus P-V koordin\u00e1t\u00e1kban<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N-V \u2014 a folyamat a bel\u00e9p\u0151 eszk\u00f6z s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9ben <br \/>\nV-K \u2014 a kompresszor s\u0171r\u00edt\u00e9si folyamata<br \/>\nK-G \u2014 izob\u00e1r h\u0151bevitel<br \/>\nG-T \u2014 a g\u00e1z expanzi\u00f3ja a turbin\u00e1ban<br \/>\nG-S \u2014 a g\u00e1z expanzi\u00f3ja a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1ban<br \/>\nS-N \u2014 izob\u00e1r h\u0151elvon\u00e1s a l\u00e9gk\u00f6rbe<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/1efa852beab907ca1c0a92f80deee463.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>A turbor\u00e9gen motor v\u00e1zlata, ahol 0-0 \u2014 a motor tengelye<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A turb\u00f3reakt\u00edv motor rendelkezhet k\u00e9t tengellyel. Ilyen esetben a kompresszor egy alacsony nyom\u00e1s\u00fa kompresszorb\u00f3l (KND) \u00e9s egy magas nyom\u00e1s\u00fa kompresszorb\u00f3l (KVD) \u00e1ll, m\u00edg a munk\u00e1t a megfelel\u0151 alacsony nyom\u00e1s\u00fa turbina (TND) \u00e9s magas nyom\u00e1s\u00fa turbina (TVD) v\u00e9gzi. Ez a s\u00e9ma g\u00e1zdinamikai szempontb\u00f3l el\u0151ny\u00f6sebb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/d956b0cd38d35dc4833207a5dc62eea4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Egy ilyen motor val\u00f3s\u00e1ga metszetben<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Megvizsg\u00e1ltuk a legegyszer\u0171bb rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorj\u00e1nak m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9si elv\u00e9t. Term\u00e9szetesen a modern \"Airbus\" \u00e9s \"Boeing\" rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9peken TRD motorok tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, amelyek fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se jelent\u0151sen bonyolultabb, de minden ugyanazon t\u00f6rv\u00e9nyek szerint m\u0171k\u00f6dik. N\u00e9zz\u00fck meg ezeket.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u00e9tszelepes turb\u00f3reakt\u00edv motor<\/h2>\n<p>\nA TRDD, els\u0151dlegesen, a TRD-t\u0151l azzal k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zik, hogy k\u00e9t kont\u00farral rendelkezik: k\u00fcls\u0151 \u00e9s bels\u0151. A bels\u0151 kont\u00far tartalmazza mindazt, ami a TRD-ben is megtal\u00e1lhat\u00f3: kompresszor (amely KND \u00e9s KVD r\u00e9szekre van osztva), \u00e9get\u0151kamra, turbina (amely TVD \u00e9s TND r\u00e9szekre van osztva) \u00e9s f\u00fav\u00f3ka. A k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00far egy csatorna, a v\u00e9g\u00e9n egy f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1val. Nincs benne sem \u00e9get\u0151kamra, sem turbina. Mindk\u00e9t kont\u00far el\u0151tt (azonnal a motor bemeneti egys\u00e9ge ut\u00e1n) egy kompresszorl\u00e9p\u00e9s tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, amely mindk\u00e9t kont\u00farra dolgozik. <\/p>\n<p>El\u00e9gg\u00e9 zavaros a k\u00e9p, ugye? N\u00e9zz\u00fck meg, hogyan m\u0171k\u00f6dik.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/4e61a8bd224cc09abf0f4f209323935c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>S\u00e9m\u00e1s fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u0171 k\u00e9t tengely\u0171, k\u00e9t kont\u00faros turbojet motor<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A motorba jut\u00f3 leveg\u0151, miut\u00e1n \u00e1thaladt az alacsony nyom\u00e1s\u00fa kompresszor els\u0151 l\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00e9n, k\u00e9t \u00e1ramra oszlik. A leveg\u0151 egy r\u00e9sze a bels\u0151 kont\u00faron halad \u00e1t, ahol ugyanolyan folyamatok zajlanak, mint amit a TRD-n\u00e9l t\u00e1rgyaltunk. A leveg\u0151 m\u00e1sik r\u00e9sze a k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00farba ker\u00fcl, energi\u00e1t kapva az els\u0151 KND l\u00e9p\u00e9st\u0151l (amely mindk\u00e9t kont\u00faron m\u0171k\u00f6dik). A k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00farban a leveg\u0151 energi\u00e1ja csak a hidraulikus vesztes\u00e9gek lek\u00fczd\u00e9s\u00e9re ford\u00edt\u00f3dik (a s\u00farl\u00f3d\u00e1s r\u00e9v\u00e9n). V\u00e9g\u00fcl ez a leveg\u0151 a k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00far f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1j\u00e1ba jut, hatalmas tol\u00f3er\u0151t teremtve. A k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00far \u00e1ltal l\u00e9trehozott tol\u00f3er\u0151 az \u00f6sszes motor tol\u00f3erej\u00e9nek ak\u00e1r 80%-\u00e1t is kiteheti. <\/p>\n<p>A TRDD egyik legfontosabb jellemz\u0151je a k\u00e9t kont\u00faros ar\u00e1ny. A k\u00e9t kont\u00faros ar\u00e1ny a k\u00fcls\u0151 kont\u00far leveg\u0151\u00e1ram\u00e1nak ar\u00e1nya a bels\u0151 kont\u00far leveg\u0151\u00e1ram\u00e1val. Ez a sz\u00e1m lehet egy \u00e9s ann\u00e1l kisebb vagy nagyobb is. A modern motorok eset\u00e9ben ez a sz\u00e1m meghaladja a 12-es \u00e9rt\u00e9ket.<br \/>\nAzokat a motorokat, amelyek k\u00e9t kont\u00faros ar\u00e1nya meghaladja a kett\u0151t, turboventil\u00e1torosnak nevezz\u00fck, \u00e9s az els\u0151 kompresszorl\u00e9p\u00e9st (amely mindk\u00e9t kont\u00faron dolgozik) ventil\u00e1tornak h\u00edvj\u00e1k. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/f7b18824efddab58aa7c8b7b947c6f62.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>TRDD a Boeing 757-200 rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9pen. Az el\u0151t\u00e9rben l\u00e1that\u00f3 a bemeneti egys\u00e9g \u00e9s a ventil\u00e1tor.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9h\u00e1ny motor eset\u00e9ben a ventil\u00e1tort egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n turbina hajtja, amely a bels\u0151 kont\u00far f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1j\u00e1hoz legk\u00f6zelebb helyezkedik el. Ez\u00e1ltal a motor h\u00e1romtengelyes lesz. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul ilyen fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u0171ek a Rolls Royce RB211 motorok (amelyek az L1011, B747, B757, B767 t\u00edpus\u00fa rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9pekre voltak szerelhet\u0151k), D-18T (An-124), D-36 (Jak-42).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/5beaac3f80b6f29b8dd0214e2cd90fa0.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>D-18T metszeti \u00e1bra bel\u00fclr\u0151l<\/i><\/p>\n<p>A TRDD f\u0151 el\u0151nye, hogy nagy tol\u00f3er\u0151t \u00e9s j\u00f3 \u00fczemanyag-hat\u00e9kony m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9st biztos\u00edt a TRD-hez k\u00e9pest. <\/p>\n<p>Ezzel szeretn\u00e9m befejezni a TRDD t\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00e1tt\u00e9rni a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 motorfajt\u00e1ra - TVD-re.<\/p>\n<h2>Turbovolt motorok<\/h2>\n<p>\nA turbovolt motor, ak\u00e1rcsak a turboreakci\u00f3s, a g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok csoportj\u00e1ba tartozik. M\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9se szinte ugyanolyan, mint a turboreakci\u00f3s motor\u00e9. Az alap turbovolt motor m\u00e1r ismer\u0151s elemekb\u0151l \u00e1ll: kompresszorb\u00f3l, \u00e9g\u00e9st\u00e9rb\u0151l, turbin\u00e1b\u00f3l \u00e9s f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1b\u00f3l. Ezekhez egy reduktor \u00e9s egy propeller is hozz\u00e1ad\u00f3dik. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/3f49eab074ea4dbe840a11bd9c83ec99.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nA m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9si elv ugyanaz, mint a turboreakci\u00f3s motorokn\u00e1l, azzal a k\u00fcl\u00f6nbs\u00e9ggel, hogy a g\u00e1z energi\u00e1j\u00e1nak szinte teljes m\u00e9rt\u00e9ke a turbin\u00e1n a kompresszor forgat\u00e1s\u00e1ra \u00e9s a propeller forgat\u00e1s\u00e1ra ford\u00edt\u00f3dik a reduktoron kereszt\u00fcl (itt a propeller \u00e9s a reduktor a kompresszorral egy tengelyen helyezkedik el). A propeller adja a tol\u00f3er\u0151 f\u0151 r\u00e9sz\u00e9t. A turbin\u00e1n t\u00fali energia egy r\u00e9sze a f\u00fav\u00f3k\u00e1ba ir\u00e1nyul, reakci\u00f3s tol\u00f3er\u0151t k\u00e9pezve, de ez eleny\u00e9sz\u0151, a teljes h\u00faz\u00f3er\u0151 tized\u00e9t alkothatja. A reduktor a rendszerben a fordulatsz\u00e1m cs\u00f6kkent\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s a nyomat\u00e9k \u00e1tad\u00e1s\u00e1ra szolg\u00e1l, mivel a turbina nagyon magas frekvenci\u00e1n foroghat, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul 10,000 fordulat\/perc, m\u00edg a propellernek csak 1500-ra van sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul a propeller el\u00e9g neh\u00e9z. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/fc999b26d744f4dc5748bfee2d4e23e4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>A TVD v\u00e1zlatszer\u0171 fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se<\/i><\/p>\n<p>De l\u00e9tezik m\u00e1sik fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9si s\u00e9ma is a turbovolt motorok sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra: szabad turbina. <br \/>\nA szabad turbina l\u00e9nyege, hogy a kompresszor szok\u00e1sos turbina m\u00f6g\u00f6tt egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n turbina tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, amely mechanikusan nincs kapcsolatban a kompresszor turbina. Ezt a turbina szabad turb\u00edn\u00e1nak h\u00edvj\u00e1k. A kapcsolat a kompresszor turbina \u00e9s a szabad turbina k\u00f6z\u00f6tt csak g\u00e1zdinamikai. A szabad turbina egy k\u00fcl\u00f6n tengelyen helyezkedik el, amelyre reduktort \u00e9s propellert szerelnek. Minden m\u00e1s \u00fagy m\u0171k\u00f6dik, mint az els\u0151 esetben. A legt\u00f6bb modern motor pontosan ezen a s\u00e9m\u00e1n alapszik. Az ilyen s\u00e9ma egyik el\u0151nye, hogy a motort a f\u00f6ld\u00f6n lehet haszn\u00e1lni, mint seg\u00e9dhajt\u00f3 egys\u00e9get (APU), an\u00e9lk\u00fcl, hogy a propellert mozg\u00e1sba kellene hozni.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/cebe421dbc204833e5153dc956dd897c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>A TVD v\u00e1zlatszer\u0171 fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se szabad turbina eset\u00e9n<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Szeretn\u00e9m hangs\u00falyozni, hogy nem szabad azt gondolni, hogy a turbovolt motorok egy alacsony hat\u00e9konys\u00e1g\u00fa, elavult megold\u00e1s. T\u00f6bbsz\u00f6r hallottam ilyen v\u00e9lem\u00e9nyeket, de ez t\u00e9ves. <br \/>\nA turboprop engine has the highest efficiency in certain cases, typically in aircraft that fly at relatively low speeds (for example, at 500 km\/h), while the aircraft can be quite large. In such cases, a turboprop engine can be significantly more advantageous than the turbojet engine discussed earlier.<\/p>\n<p>This brings us to the end of our discussion on turboprop engines. We are gradually approaching the concept of the turboshaft engine.<\/p>\n<h2>Turboshaft engine<\/h2>\n<p>\nMost readers here may be hearing this name for the first time. This type of engine is installed on helicopters. <\/p>\n<p>A turboshaft engine is very similar to a turboprop engine with a free turbine. It also consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber, a compressor turbine, followed by a free turbine, which is only gas-dynamically connected to all previous components. However, it does not generate jet thrust, as it has no jet nozzle, only an exhaust. The free turbine has its own shaft, which connects to the main gearbox of the helicopter (the main rotor). Yes, all helicopters I know have such a gearbox, and it is typically quite large. The thing is, the rotor speeds of a helicopter are very low. If in an airplane, as I mentioned above, they can reach 1500 RPM, then in a helicopter, for example, the Mi-8, only 193 RPM.<br \/>\nThe engine speeds in helicopters are often very high (due to their smaller size), and they have to be reduced by a hundred times or more. There are times when a gearbox is present both on the engine and on the helicopter itself, as in the case of the Mi-2 and its GTD-350 engine. <\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/618ecb3c441c153994ee9334d12ca8ce.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Schematic diagram of a turboshaft engine<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rep\u00fcl\u0151g\u00e9p-g\u00e1zturbin\u00e1s motorok\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/338cfff60d6135efb8d04acf45f8c474.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>The TV3-117 engine from the Mi-8 helicopter. On the right, the exhaust pipe and drive shaft are visible.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>So, we have looked at four types of gas turbine engines. I hope my text was clear and helpful to you. Feel free to write any questions or comments below. <\/p>\n<p>K\u00f6sz\u00f6n\u00f6m a figyelmet.<br \/>\n<br \/>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/455774\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0438\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0413\u0422\u0414). \u042f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c. \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0413\u0422\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430: \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414) \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0414) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0422\u0412\u0430\u0414) \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0422\u0420\u0414 \u0438 \u0422\u0420\u0414\u0414 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0412\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! 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