{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"form\u00e1l\u00f3dik","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Geoff Huston, az APNIC internetnyilv\u00e1ntart\u00f3 f\u0151m\u00e9rn\u00f6k-kutat\u00f3ja el\u0151rejelz\u00e9se szerint az IPv4 c\u00edmek 2020-ra kifogynak. Az \u00faj anyagsorozatban friss\u00edtj\u00fck az inform\u00e1ci\u00f3t arr\u00f3l, hogyan fogyott el a c\u00edmk\u00e9szlet, kinek maradtak m\u00e9g c\u00edmek \u00e9s mi\u00e9rt t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt ez.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"form\u00e1l\u00f3dik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Mi\u00e9rt fogynak el a c\u00edmek<\/h2>\n<p>\nMiel\u0151tt r\u00e1t\u00e9rn\u00e9nk arra, hogyan \"sz\u00e1radt\" el az IPv4 k\u00e9szlet, besz\u00e9lj\u00fcnk egy kicsit az okokr\u00f3l. Az TCP\/IP 1983-as bevezet\u00e9sekor 32 bites c\u00edmz\u00e9st haszn\u00e1ltak. Akkoriban <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">\u00fagy t\u0171nt<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy a 4,3 milli\u00e1rd c\u00edm elegend\u0151 a 4,5 milli\u00e1rd ember sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. De akkor a fejleszt\u0151k nem vett\u00e9k figyelembe, hogy a vil\u00e1g n\u00e9pess\u00e9ge szinte megdupl\u00e1z\u00f3dik, \u00e9s az internet sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171 elterjed\u00e9sen megy kereszt\u00fcl.<\/p>\n<p>Ek\u00f6zben az 1980-as \u00e9vekben sok szervezet t\u00f6bb c\u00edmet kapott, mint amennyire val\u00f3ban sz\u00fcks\u00e9g\u00fck volt. Sz\u00e1mos c\u00e9g m\u00e9g ma is nyilv\u00e1nos c\u00edmeket alkalmaz olyan szerverekhez, amelyek kiz\u00e1r\u00f3lag helyi h\u00e1l\u00f3zatokban m\u0171k\u00f6dnek. A helyzetet tov\u00e1bb s\u00falyosb\u00edtotta a mobiltechnol\u00f3gi\u00e1k, az IoT \u00e9s a virtualiz\u00e1ci\u00f3 elterjed\u00e9se. Az IPv4 c\u00edmek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti eloszt\u00e1s nem hat\u00e9kony volt, ami a k\u00edn\u00e1lat hi\u00e1ny\u00e1hoz vezetett.<\/p>\n<h2>Hogyan fogytak el a c\u00edmek<\/h2>\n<p>\nA 2000-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9n az APNIC igazgat\u00f3ja, Paul Wilson <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">bejelentette<\/a><\/noindex>, azt mondta, hogy az IPv4 c\u00edmek a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 t\u00edz \u00e9vben elfogynak. \u00d6sszess\u00e9g\u00e9ben el\u0151rejelz\u00e9se el\u00e9g pontosnak bizonyult.<\/p>\n<p><b>2011:<\/b> Ahogyan Wilson el\u0151rejelezte, az APNIC internetnyilv\u00e1ntart\u00f3n\u00e1l (amely az \u00c1zsia-Csendes-\u00f3ce\u00e1ni r\u00e9gi\u00f3\u00e9rt felel\u0151s) az utols\u00f3 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oszt\u00e1lymentes_c\u00edmz\u00e9s\">block \/8<\/a><\/noindex>. A szervezet \u00faj szab\u00e1lyt vezetett be: egy 1024 c\u00edm\u0171 blokk \u201eegy k\u00e9zbe\u201d. Az elemz\u0151k szerint en\u00e9lk\u00fcl a korl\u00e1toz\u00e1s n\u00e9lk\u00fcl a block \/8 egy h\u00f3nap alatt elfogyott volna. Most az APNIC rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re csup\u00e1n egy kis mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 c\u00edm maradt.<\/p>\n<p><b>2012:<\/b> Az eur\u00f3pai internetnyilv\u00e1ntart\u00f3, a RIPE bejelentette a k\u00e9szlet kifogy\u00e1s\u00e1t. \u0150k is elkezdt\u00e9k az utols\u00f3 block \/8 eloszt\u00e1s\u00e1t. A szervezet k\u00f6vette az APNIC p\u00e9ld\u00e1j\u00e1t \u00e9s szigor\u00fa korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat vezetett be az IPv4 kioszt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. 2015-re a RIPE-n\u00e9l mind\u00f6ssze 16 milli\u00f3 szabad c\u00edm maradt. Ma ez a sz\u00e1m jelent\u0151sen cs\u00f6kkent \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">3,5 milli\u00f3ra<\/a><\/noindex>. \u00c9rdemes megjegyezni, hogy 2012-ben <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">megt\u00f6rt\u00e9nt az IPv6 vil\u00e1gm\u00e9ret\u0171 ind\u00edt\u00e1sa<\/a><\/noindex>. A glob\u00e1lis t\u00e1vk\u00f6zl\u00e9si szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k aktiv\u00e1lt\u00e1k az \u00faj protokollt \u00fcgyfeleik egy r\u00e9sze sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Az els\u0151k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt volt az AT&amp;T, a Comcast, a Free Telecom, az Internode, az XS4ALL \u00e9s m\u00e1sok. Ek\u00f6zben a Cisco \u00e9s a D-Link alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint aktiv\u00e1lta az IPv6-ot a gy\u00e1rtott routereik be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1saiban.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Friss blogbejegyz\u00e9sek az oldalon a Habr\u00f3l:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u201eSzeret \u00e9s nem szeret\u201d: DNS over HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Ut\u00f3elemz\u00e9s: mi ismert a legutols\u00f3 t\u00e1mad\u00e1sr\u00f3l a SKS Keyserver kriptokulcs h\u00e1l\u00f3zat ellen<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">A robo-h\u00edv\u00e1sokkal folytatott h\u00e1bor\u00fa az USA-ban \u2014 ki nyer \u00e9s mi\u00e9rt<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston az APNIC-t\u0151l a blogban <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">elmondta<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy az IPv4-es c\u00edmek az amerikai regisztr\u00e1tor ARIN-n\u00e1l 2014 m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9re elfogynak. K\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl ebben az id\u0151ben az ARIN k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">bejelentett\u00e9k<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy m\u00e1r csak k\u00e9t \/8 blokk maradt.<\/p>\n<p><b>2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">lett<\/a><\/noindex> volt az els\u0151 regisztr\u00e1tor, amely teljesen kimer\u00edtette a szabad IPv4-c\u00edmek k\u00e9szlet\u00e9t. Az ezen a ter\u00fcleten m\u0171k\u00f6d\u0151 \u00f6sszes c\u00e9g sorba \u00e1llt, v\u00e1rva, hogy valaki felszabad\u00edtson haszontalan IP c\u00edmeket.<\/p>\n<p><b>2017:<\/b> A c\u00edmek kiad\u00e1s\u00e1nak le\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">nyilatkoztak<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0a LACNIC regisztr\u00e1torn\u00e1l, amely a latin-amerikai orsz\u00e1gok\u00e9rt felel\u0151s. Most <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">c\u00edmblokkot lehet v\u00e1s\u00e1rolni<\/a><\/noindex> csak azok a c\u00e9gek, amelyek kor\u00e1bban soha nem kaptak. Az AFRINIC \u2014 amely az afrikai r\u00e9gi\u00f3\u00e9rt felel\u0151s \u2014 szint\u00e9n korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat vezetett be a c\u00edmek kiad\u00e1s\u00e1ra. Szigor\u00faan \u00e9rt\u00e9kelik a c\u00edmek kijel\u00f6l\u00e9s\u00e9t, korl\u00e1tozz\u00e1k a maxim\u00e1lis mennyis\u00e9get, amit egy c\u00e9g kaphat.<\/p>\n<p><b>2019:<\/b> Ma minden regisztr\u00e1tor sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra viszonylag kev\u00e9s c\u00edm maradt. A k\u00e9szletek szinten tart\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a periodikusan fel nem haszn\u00e1lt c\u00edmeket visszaadj\u00e1k a forgalomba. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">a h\u00e1l\u00f3zaton a Facebook 267 milli\u00f3 felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3j\u00e1nak neveit, telefonsz\u00e1mait \u00e9s azonos\u00edt\u00f3it tartalmaz\u00f3 adatb\u00e1zist.<\/a><\/noindex> 14 milli\u00f3 IP-c\u00edmet birtokol. T\u00f6bb mint a fel\u00e9t az ig\u00e9nyl\u0151 c\u00e9geknek \u00e9rt\u00e9kes\u00edtik.<\/p>\n<h2>Mi k\u00f6vetkezik<\/h2>\n<p>\nVannak olyan v\u00e9lem\u00e9nyek, hogy az IPv4 c\u00edmek <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">elfogynak<\/a><\/noindex> 2020 febru\u00e1rj\u00e1ra. Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en az internet-szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati berendez\u00e9sek gy\u00e1rt\u00f3i \u00e9s m\u00e1s c\u00e9gek <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">v\u00e1laszt\u00e1s el\u00e9 \u00e1llnak<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \u00e1t\u00e1llni az IPv6-ra vagy dolgozni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">NAT mechanizmusokkal<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>A H\u00e1l\u00f3zati C\u00edmek \u00c1tford\u00edt\u00e1sa (NAT) lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy t\u00f6bb helyi c\u00edm egy k\u00fcls\u0151 c\u00edmre legyen \u00e1tkonvert\u00e1lva. A maxim\u00e1lis portsz\u00e1m 65 ezer. Elm\u00e9letileg ugyanennyi helyi c\u00edm a nyilv\u00e1nos c\u00edmre is ir\u00e1ny\u00edthat\u00f3 (ha nem sz\u00e1m\u00edtjuk egyes NAT-implement\u00e1ci\u00f3k korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sait).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"form\u00e1l\u00f3dik\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Az internet-szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k a Carrier Grade NAT speci\u00e1lis megold\u00e1saihoz fordulhatnak. Ezek lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a helyi \u00e9s k\u00fcls\u0151 c\u00edmek k\u00f6zpontos\u00edtott kezel\u00e9s\u00e9t, valamint korl\u00e1tozz\u00e1k a TCP \u00e9s UDP portok sz\u00e1m\u00e1t, amelyek az \u00fcgyfelek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151k. \u00cdgy a portok a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt hat\u00e9konyabban oszlanak el, r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul v\u00e9delmet ny\u00fajtanak a DDoS-t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok ellen.<\/p>\n<p>A NAT h\u00e1tr\u00e1nyai k\u00f6z\u00e9 tartozik a t\u0171zfalakkal kapcsolatos lehets\u00e9ges probl\u00e9m\u00e1k. Minden felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i sesszi\u00f3 egyetlen feh\u00e9r IP c\u00edmr\u0151l kapcsol\u00f3dik a h\u00e1l\u00f3zatra. Ez azt jelenti, hogy egyszerre csak egy kliens f\u00e9rhet hozz\u00e1 az IP-n el\u00e9rhet\u0151 szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sokhoz. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul a rendszer azt is hiheti, hogy DoS-t\u00e1mad\u00e1s folyik ellene, \u00e9s bez\u00e1rhatja a hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9st minden kliens sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra.<\/p>\n<p>A NAT alternat\u00edv\u00e1ja az IPv6-ra val\u00f3 \u00e1t\u00e1ll\u00e1s. Ezek az IP-c\u00edmek hossz\u00fa ideig elegend\u0151ek lesznek, r\u00e1ad\u00e1sul sz\u00e1mos el\u0151nnyel rendelkeznek. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul van be\u00e9p\u00edtett IPSec komponens\u00fck, amely titkos\u00edtja az egyes adatcsomagokat.<\/p>\n<p>Jelenleg az IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0csak a vil\u00e1g \u00f6sszes weboldal\u00e1nak 14,3%-\u00e1t teszi ki. A protokoll sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 elterjed\u00e9s\u00e9t t\u00f6bb t\u00e9nyez\u0151 is akad\u00e1lyozza, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a migr\u00e1ci\u00f3s k\u00f6lts\u00e9gek, a visszafel\u00e9 kompatibilit\u00e1s hi\u00e1nya \u00e9s a bevezet\u00e9s technikai neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gei.<\/p>\n<p>Err\u0151l a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 alkalommal besz\u00e9l\u00fcnk.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Mir\u0151l \u00edrunk a VAS Experts v\u00e1llalati blogj\u00e1ban:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">IPv6 bevezet\u00e9se - FAQ internetszolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">IPv6 protokoll - a te\u00f3ri\u00e1t\u00f3l a gyakorlatig<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u201eL\u00e1bba l\u0151tt\u00fck magunkat\u201d: kritikus hib\u00e1k a t\u00e1vk\u00f6zl\u00e9si h\u00e1l\u00f3zatok \u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se sor\u00e1n<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), 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