{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"Egy kis inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 az inode-r\u00f3l","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Id\u0151nk\u00e9nt, a CRS-be val\u00f3 k\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00e9s c\u00e9lj\u00e1b\u00f3l k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 nagy c\u00e9gekn\u00e9l, f\u0151k\u00e9nt Szentp\u00e9terv\u00e1ron \u00e9s Moszkv\u00e1ban DevOps poz\u00edci\u00f3ra interj\u00fat adok. \u00c9szrevettem, hogy sok c\u00e9gn\u00e9l (sok j\u00f3 c\u00e9gn\u00e9l, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Yandexn\u00e9l) k\u00e9t hasonl\u00f3 k\u00e9rd\u00e9st tesznek fel:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> mi az az inode;<\/li>\n<li> milyen okok miatt lehet \u00edr\u00e1si hiba a lemezen (vagy p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul: mi\u00e9rt fogyhat el a lemezhely, l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben ugyanaz).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nMint ahogy lenni szokott, biztos voltam benne, hogy ezt a t\u00e9m\u00e1t j\u00f3l ismerem, de amint elkezdtem magyar\u00e1zni \u2013 tud\u00e1sbeli hi\u00e1nyoss\u00e1gok mutatkoztak meg. Hogy rendszerezni tudjam a tud\u00e1somat, kit\u00f6lteni a hi\u00e1nyoss\u00e1gokat, \u00e9s hogy t\u00f6bb\u00e9 ne \u00e9rezzem magam cikinek, \u00edrom ezt a cikket, h\u00e1tha m\u00e1snak is haszn\u00e1ra v\u00e1lik.<\/p>\n<p>A \"legalulr\u00f3l\" kezdem, azaz a merevlemezn\u00e9l (a pendrive-okat, SSD-ket \u00e9s egy\u00e9b modern dolgokat most elhagyjuk, vegy\u00fcnk p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul egy 20 vagy 80 gig\u00e1s r\u00e9gi lemezt, mivel ott a blokk m\u00e9rete 512 b\u00e1jt).<\/p>\n<p>A merevlemez nem tudja byte-onk\u00e9nt c\u00edmezni a ter\u00fclet\u00e9t, l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9ben blokkokra van felosztva. A blokkok sz\u00e1moz\u00e1sa a 0-val kezd\u0151dik. (ezt LBA-nak h\u00edvj\u00e1k, r\u00e9szletek itt: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Egy kis inform\u00e1ci\u00f3 az inode-r\u00f3l\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nAhogy a rajzon l\u00e1that\u00f3, az LBA blokkokat HDD szintk\u00e9nt jel\u00f6ltem meg. Egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt meg lehet n\u00e9zni, hogy a lemez\u00e9nek mekkora a blokk m\u00e9rete \u00edgy: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nEgy szinttel fejjebb a part\u00edci\u00f3 van megjel\u00f6lve, ami egy az eg\u00e9sz lemezen (ism\u00e9t a egyszer\u0171s\u00e9g kedv\u00e9\u00e9rt). A part\u00edci\u00f3k k\u00e9t t\u00edpusa szokott gyakran el\u0151fordulni: msdos \u00e9s gpt. Az msdos teh\u00e1t a r\u00e9gi form\u00e1tum, amely 2Tb-ig t\u00e1mogathat lemezeket, a gpt pedig az \u00faj form\u00e1tum, amely ak\u00e1r 1 zettab\u00e1jt 512 b\u00e1jt m\u00e9ret\u0171 blokkot is c\u00edmezni tud. Jelen esetben msdos t\u00edpus\u00fa part\u00edci\u00f3nk van, ahogyan a rajzon is l\u00e1tszik, a part\u00edci\u00f3 a 1-es blokkt\u00f3l kezd\u0151dik, a 0-\u00e1s pedig az MBR sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra van fenntartva.<\/p>\n<p>Az els\u0151 part\u00edci\u00f3n l\u00e9trehoztam egy ext2 f\u00e1jlrendszert, amelynek alap\u00e9rtelmezett blokk m\u00e9rete 4096 b\u00e1jt, amit a rajz is t\u00fckr\u00f6z. A f\u00e1jlrendszer blokk m\u00e9ret\u00e9t \u00edgy lehet megn\u00e9zni:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu: \/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (2014. febru\u00e1r 4.)\nFilesystem volume name:   \nLast mounted on:          \nFilesystem UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFilesystem magic number:  0xEF53\nFilesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)\nFilesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash\nDefault mount options:    user_xattr acl\nFilesystem state:         clean\nErrors behavior:          Continue\nFilesystem OS type:       Linux\nInode count:              65536\nBlock count:              261888\nReserved block count:     13094\nFree blocks:              257445\nFree inodes:              65525\nFirst block:              0\nBlock size:               4096\nFragment size:            4096\nReserved GDT blocks:      63\nBlocks per group:         32768\nFragments per group:      32768\nInodes per group:         8192\nInode blocks per group:   512\nFilesystem created:       2019. augusztus 2. 15:02:13\nLast mount time:          n\/a\nLast write time:          2019. augusztus 2. 15:02:14\nMount count:              0\nMaximum mount count:      -1\nLast checked:             2019. augusztus 2. 15:02:13\nCheck interval:           0 ()\nReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)\nReserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)\nFirst inode:              11\nInode size:               256\nRequired extra isize:     28\nDesired extra isize:      28\nDefault directory hash:   half_md4\nDirectory Hash Seed:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges param\u00e9ter a \u201eBlock size\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Most j\u00f6n a leg\u00e9rdekesebb r\u00e9sz: hogyan olvassuk el a f\u00e1jlt \/home\/serp\/testfile? A f\u00e1jl egy vagy t\u00f6bb f\u00e1jlrendszer blokkot tartalmaz, amelyek a benne tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 adatokat t\u00e1rolj\u00e1k. A f\u00e1jl neve alapj\u00e1n hogyan tal\u00e1ljuk meg? Mely blokkokat olvassuk?<\/p>\n<p>Itt j\u00f6nnek j\u00f3l a inode-ok. Az ext2fs f\u00e1jlrendszerben van egy \u201et\u00e1bla\u201d, amely az \u00f6sszes inode inform\u00e1ci\u00f3it tartalmazza. Az inode-ok sz\u00e1ma az ext2fs f\u00e1jlrendszer l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1sakor van meghat\u00e1rozva. A sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges sz\u00e1mokat a tune2fs kimenet\u00e9nek \u201eInode count\u201d param\u00e9ter\u00e9ben l\u00e1tjuk, teh\u00e1t 65536 darabot van. Az inode-ok tartalmazz\u00e1k a sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges inform\u00e1ci\u00f3t: a keresett f\u00e1jlhoz tartoz\u00f3 f\u00e1jlrendszer blokkok list\u00e1j\u00e1t. Hogyan tal\u00e1ljuk meg a megadott f\u00e1jlhoz tartoz\u00f3 inode sz\u00e1mot?<\/p>\n<p>A n\u00e9v \u00e9s az inode sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak megfeleltet\u00e9se a k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3, \u00e9s a k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r az ext2fs-ben egy k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges t\u00edpus\u00fa f\u00e1jl, amelynek szint\u00e9n van saj\u00e1t inode sz\u00e1ma. Hogy megt\u00f6rj\u00fck ezt a \u00f6rd\u00f6gi k\u00f6rt, a gy\u00f6k\u00e9rk\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rnak fix\u00e1lt inode sz\u00e1mot, a \u201e2\u201d-t rendelt\u00e9k hozz\u00e1. N\u00e9zz\u00fck meg a 2-es sz\u00e1m\u00fa inode tartalm\u00e1t:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (2014. febru\u00e1r 4.)\ndebugfs: stat \n\nInode: 2   Type: directory    Mode:  0755   Flags: 0x0\nGeneration: 0    Version: 0x00000000:00000002\nUser:     0   Group:     0   Size: 4096\nFile ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0\nLinks: 3   Blockcount: 8\nFragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- 2019. augusztus 2. 16:34:09\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- 2019. augusztus 2. 15:55:35\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- 2019. augusztus 2. 16:34:09\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- 2019. augusztus 2. 15:02:14\nSize of extra inode fields: 28\nBLOCKS:\n(0):579\nTOTAL: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAhogy l\u00e1that\u00f3, a sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r a 579-es sz\u00e1m\u00fa blokkban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3. Itt megtal\u00e1ljuk a home mappa node sz\u00e1m\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00edgy tov\u00e1bb a l\u00e1ncon, am\u00edg a serp k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban meg nem l\u00e1tjuk a k\u00e9rt f\u00e1jl node sz\u00e1m\u00e1t. Ha valakinek ellen\u0151rizni szeretn\u00e9, hogy a sz\u00e1m helyes-e, \u00e9s van-e ott sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges inform\u00e1ci\u00f3, ez nem bonyolult. Csin\u00e1ljunk:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/$ dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 records in\n1+0 records out\n4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu:\/$ hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA kimenetb\u0151l olvashat\u00f3k a k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 f\u00e1jlok nevei.<\/p>\n<p>Teh\u00e1t elj\u00f6ttem a f\u0151 k\u00e9rd\u00e9shez: \"milyen okok miatt fordulhat el\u0151 \u00edr\u00e1si hiba\"?<\/p>\n<p>Term\u00e9szetesen ez akkor fog megt\u00f6rt\u00e9nni, ha nem marad szabad blokk a f\u00e1jlrendszerben. Mit lehet tenni ilyen esetben? A nyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3n k\u00edv\u00fcl, miszerint \"t\u00f6r\u00f6lj\u00fcnk valami feleslegeset\", \u00e9rdemes megjegyezni, hogy az ext2,3 \u00e9s 4 f\u00e1jlrendszerekben l\u00e9tezik egy \u00fagynevezett \"Reserved block count\". Ha megn\u00e9zz\u00fck a fenti list\u00e1z\u00e1st, akkor nek\u00fcnk ilyen blokkokb\u00f3l \"13094\" van. Ezek a blokkok csak a root felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra el\u00e9rhet\u0151k \u00edr\u00e1sra. De ha s\u00fcrg\u0151sen meg kell oldani a probl\u00e9m\u00e1t, mint ideiglenes megold\u00e1s, el\u00e9rhet\u0151v\u00e9 tehetj\u00fck \u0151ket mindenki sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, aminek k\u00f6vetkezt\u00e9ben kicsit t\u00f6bb szabad hely keletkezik:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (2014. febru\u00e1r 4.)\nA fenntartott blokkok sz\u00e1zal\u00e9k\u00e1t 0%-ra (0 blokk) \u00e1ll\u00edtottam.<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nTeh\u00e1t alap\u00e9rtelmez\u00e9s szerint az \u00d6n sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra nem el\u00e9rhet\u0151 \u00edr\u00e1sra a lemezter\u00fclet 5%-a, \u00e9s figyelembe v\u00e9ve a modern lemezek m\u00e9ret\u00e9t, ez sz\u00e1mos gigab\u00e1jt is lehet.<\/p>\n<p>Mi m\u00e1s lehet m\u00e9g? Egy m\u00e1sik lehets\u00e9ges helyzet, amikor vannak szabad blokkok, de a node-ok elfogytak. Ez \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban akkor fordul el\u0151, ha rengeteg f\u00e1jl tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 a f\u00e1jlrendszerben, amelyek m\u00e9rete kisebb, mint a f\u00e1jlrendszer blokk m\u00e9rete. Figyelembe v\u00e9ve, hogy 1 f\u00e1jl vagy k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r 1 inode-ot ig\u00e9nyel, \u00e9s \u00f6sszesen (e f\u00e1jlrendszer sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra) 65536 van \u2014 ez a helyzet t\u00f6bb mint re\u00e1lis. Ezt a df parancs kimenet\u00e9b\u0151l is szeml\u00e9letesen l\u00e1thatjuk:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \/\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \/run\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \/var\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \/run\n\/dev\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \/\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \/sys\/fs\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \/run\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \/run\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \/run\/user\n\/dev\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \/var\n\/dev\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \/home\n\/dev\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \/var\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAhogyan j\u00f3l l\u00e1that\u00f3 a \/var\/www part\u00edci\u00f3n, a f\u00e1jlrendszer szabad blokkjainak \u00e9s inode-jainek sz\u00e1ma jelent\u0151sen elt\u00e9r.<\/p>\n<p>Ha v\u00e9get \u00e9r az inode, nem tudok tippeket adni, mert nincs (ha t\u00e9vedek, sz\u00f3ljanak). Teh\u00e1t az olyan part\u00edci\u00f3k eset\u00e9n, ahol apr\u00f3 f\u00e1jlok keletkeznek, \u00e9rdemes megfelel\u0151 f\u00e1jlrendszert v\u00e1lasztani. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a btrfs inode-ok nem fogynak el, mert sz\u00fcks\u00e9g eset\u00e9n dinamikusan \u00fajakat hoznak l\u00e9tre.<br \/>\n<br \/>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. 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