{"id":42216,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:03","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:03","slug":"kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/kontseptsii-programmirovaniya-v-scratch","title":{"rendered":"Programoz\u00e1si koncepci\u00f3k Scratch-ben","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

Sokan ismerik a Scratch-et \u2013 egy gyermekprogramoz\u00e1si k\u00f6rnyezetet, amelyben a tanul\u00e1s \u00e1ltal\u00e1ban arra \u00f6sszpontosul, hogy kreat\u00edv projekteket hozzunk l\u00e9tre az \"egyszer\u0171t\u0151l a bonyolultig\" elv szerint. Ugyanakkor a programoz\u00e1s tanulm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak \"klasszikus megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9se\" (v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3k \u2192 el\u00e1gaz\u00e1sok \u2192 ciklusok \u2192 f\u00fcggv\u00e9nyek \u2192 adatszerkezetek \u2192 objektumok \u2192 \u2026) a Scratch-ben neh\u00e9zkes.<\/p>\n

Azonban a fogalmak (h\u00edvjuk \u0151ket koncepci\u00f3knak) strukt\u00far\u00e1lt, objektum- \u00e9s esem\u00e9nyorient\u00e1lt programoz\u00e1s tanulm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak sorrendj\u00e9nek megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sa, valamint a v\u00e9letlenszer\u0171, interakt\u00edv anim\u00e1ci\u00f3k m\u00f6g\u00f6tt val\u00f3 elt\u00fcntet\u00e9se nem jelenti azt, hogy ne kellene hangs\u00falyozni a koncepci\u00f3kat. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen akkor, ha a c\u00e9l nem csup\u00e1n a kreat\u00edv k\u00e9pess\u00e9gek fejleszt\u00e9se, hanem a programoz\u00e1s tan\u00edt\u00e1sa. <\/a><\/noindex>Ezt az \u00f6tletet pr\u00f3b\u00e1ltam t\u00fckr\u00f6zni a tanfolyamunkban<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Az els\u0151 dolog, amivel egy kezd\u0151 Scratch felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 tal\u00e1lkozik, a sprittek. B\u00e1r a Scratch-ben t\u00e9nylegesen nincs objektum-orient\u00e1lt programoz\u00e1s, a sprittek objektumoknak tekinthet\u0151k. Ezen a ponton a tanul\u00f3 l\u00e1tja, hogy a programban sok objektum l\u00e9tezhet, amelyeket k\u00fcls\u0151 szkriptek ir\u00e1ny\u00edtanak. A sprittek parancsokat kapnak, vagy k\u00e9r\u00e9sre inform\u00e1ci\u00f3t adnak az \u00e1llapotukr\u00f3l, ez\u00e1ltal a programoz\u00e1s az objektumok ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra reduk\u00e1l\u00f3dik.<\/p>\n

A m\u00e1sodik dolog, amivel a Scratch m\u00e1r az elej\u00e9n tal\u00e1lkozik a fiatal programoz\u00f3, a p\u00e1rhuzamoss\u00e1g fogalma. Minden spritnek lehet t\u00f6bb szkriptje, amelyek egyszerre futnak. T\u00f6bb sprit is futtathatja a saj\u00e1t programj\u00e1t egyszerre egym\u00e1s mellett. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul nehezebb\u00e9 v\u00e1lik a soros v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s megszervez\u00e9se.<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

M\u00e1r az els\u0151 \u00f3r\u00e1n elker\u00fclhetetlen, hogy tal\u00e1lkozzunk a ciklusokkal. K\u00fcl\u00f6nben a macska nem fog elindulni. Ezen a ponton a ciklusokkal val\u00f3 ismerked\u00e9s intuit\u00edv \u00e9s felsz\u00ednes marad. A \"mindig ism\u00e9telni\" \u00e9s az \"ism\u00e9teld ... alkalommal\" ciklusokra korl\u00e1toz\u00f3dunk, amelyek k\u00f6nnyebben \u00e9rthet\u0151ek. A felt\u00e9teles ciklust egy speci\u00e1lis \u00f3r\u00e1n tanuljuk meg, amely kifejezetten a ciklusokr\u00f3l sz\u00f3l. Ez az \u00f3ra m\u00e1r logikai kifejez\u00e9sek \u00e9s v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3k ismeret\u00e9t ig\u00e9nyli.<\/p>\n

Mivel a Scratch esem\u00e9nyorient\u00e1lt k\u00f6rnyezet, a felt\u00e9teles blokkok megismer\u00e9se k\u00e9nyelmesebben t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik a v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3k el\u0151tt. Az esem\u00e9nyek szolg\u00e1lhatnak a felt\u00e9telk\u00e9nt.<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

Szerintem ez a sorrend jobb, mivel minden leck\u00e9n\u00e9l a lehet\u0151 legkevesebb fogalmat vezet\u00fcnk be. R\u00e1ad\u00e1sul nem elvont fogalmakat, hanem azonnal l\u00e1tjuk a gyakorlati hasznukat.<\/p>\n

Ha el\u0151sz\u00f6r a v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3kat tanulm\u00e1nyozzuk, akkor neh\u00e9z bemutatni azok szerep\u00e9t \u00e9s haszn\u00e1t, mivel addig nem tanulm\u00e1nyoztuk a felt\u00e9teles utas\u00edt\u00e1st, az adatbevitelt \u00e9s a v\u00e9letlensz\u00e1m-gener\u00e1l\u00e1st. <\/p>\n

A Scratch-ben, a list\u00e1kat lesz\u00e1m\u00edtva, a programoz\u00f3 h\u00e1rom adat t\u00edpussal tal\u00e1lkozik: sz\u00e1mokkal, sz\u00f6vegekkel \u00e9s logikai t\u00edpussal. Ebben az esetben a t\u00edpus az \u00e9rt\u00e9khez, nem pedig a v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3hoz van k\u00f6tve. A sz\u00f6vegek sz\u00e1mokk\u00e1 alak\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9s vissza nem sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges. A sz\u00f6vegek nem ker\u00fclnek id\u00e9z\u0151jelek k\u00f6z\u00e9.<\/p>\n

A blokk, amely logikai \u00e9rt\u00e9ket ad vissza \u00e9s jellegzetes sz\u00f6gletes form\u00e1ja van, kerek mez\u0151kbe illeszthet\u0151. Ennek ford\u00edtva nem igaz: ahol logikai kifejez\u00e9s v\u00e1rhat\u00f3, ott nem lehet egy norm\u00e1l v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3t elhelyezni.<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

A Scratch \u00fagy van megval\u00f3s\u00edtva, hogy a v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s sor\u00e1n ne forduljanak el\u0151 kritikus hib\u00e1k. Val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171leg ez\u00e9rt, ha pr\u00f3b\u00e1lunk egy sz\u00f6veget matematikai m\u0171veletben haszn\u00e1lni, az null\u00e1val helyettes\u00edtik (l\u00e1sd az els\u0151 k\u00e9perny\u0151felv\u00e9telt).<\/p>\n

A programoz\u00f3nak tudnia kell, hogy a programoz\u00e1si nyelvek lehet\u0151s\u00e9gei a k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rak r\u00e9v\u00e9n b\u0151v\u00fclnek. A Scratch haszn\u00e1lata k\u00f6zben a tanul\u00f3 kieg\u00e9sz\u00edt\u0151ket csatlakoztathat, amelyek \u00faj parancsok megjelen\u00e9s\u00e9t eredm\u00e9nyezik a k\u00f6rnyezetben.<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

A Scratchben a funkci\u00f3k a \u201eM\u00e1s blokkok\u201d szakaszban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3k, ahol egyr\u00e9szt l\u00e9trehozhat saj\u00e1t blokkot, amelyet m\u00e1s szkriptekbe beilleszthet. M\u00e1sr\u00e9szt meg kell hat\u00e1roznia ennek a blokknak a funkcionalit\u00e1s\u00e1t, azaz mit fog csin\u00e1lni.<\/p>\n

\"Programoz\u00e1si<\/p>\n

A Scratch-funkci\u00f3b\u00f3l nincs visszat\u00e9r\u00e9s \u00e9rt\u00e9k.<\/p>\n

Ezek szerint a programoz\u00e1si fogalmak tanulm\u00e1nyoz\u00e1sa az esem\u00e9nyorient\u00e1lt k\u00f6rnyezetben megv\u00e1ltoztatja a megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9st. Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban el\u0151sz\u00f6r bonyolultabb \u00e9s elvontabb fogalmakat tanulunk, \u00e9s csak a folyamat m\u00e9ly\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9vel l\u00e9p\u00fcnk \u00e1t a struktur\u00e1lt programoz\u00e1s elemeire. Hogy ez el\u0151ny vagy h\u00e1tr\u00e1ny az els\u0151 megismerked\u00e9s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l \u2013 vitathat\u00f3 k\u00e9rd\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Forr\u00e1s: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e- […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Programoz\u00e1si fogalmak a Scratch-ben | ProHoster","description":"Sokan ismerik a Scratch-t \u2013 gyermekeknek k\u00e9sz\u00fclt 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