{"id":54207,"date":"2019-12-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-19T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:11","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:11","slug":"eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/eshhyo-odin-registrator-otdal-poslednij-blok-adresov-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Egy \u00fajabb regisztr\u00e1tor \u00e1tadta az utols\u00f3 IPv4 c\u00edmblokkj\u00e1t","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>2015-ben az ARIN (\u00e9szak-amerikai r\u00e9gi\u00f3\u00e9rt felel\u0151s) <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">az els\u0151 lett<\/a><\/noindex> regisztr\u00e1tor, aki kimer\u00edtette az IPv4 tartal\u00e9kot. Novemberben a RIPE-n\u00e9l, amely az er\u0151forr\u00e1sokat Eur\u00f3p\u00e1ban \u00e9s \u00c1zsi\u00e1ban osztja sz\u00e9t, is elfogytak az IP-c\u00edmek.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/481146\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Egy \u00fajabb regisztr\u00e1tor \u00e1tadta az utols\u00f3 IPv4 c\u00edmblokkj\u00e1t\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/4696d01651e7d5d0f83f68d295ecf259.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/xJABEDqVljQ\">David Monje<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>A RIPE helyzete<\/h2>\n<p>\n2012-ben a RIPE <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/ripe\/mail\/archives\/ncc-announce\/2012-September\/000609.html\">bejelentett\u00e9k<\/a><\/noindex> bejelentette a legutols\u00f3 \/8 blokk kiad\u00e1s\u00e1nak kezdet\u00e9t. Ezt k\u00f6vet\u0151en minden regisztr\u00e1tor \u00fcgyf\u00e9l csak 1024 c\u00edmet kaphatott, ami kiss\u00e9 lass\u00edtotta a tartal\u00e9k kimer\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9t. De 2015-re a RIPE-n\u00e9l m\u00e1r csak 16 milli\u00f3 szabad IP volt, 2019 nyar\u00e1ra ez a sz\u00e1m cs\u00f6kkent <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">3 milli\u00f3-ra<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>November v\u00e9g\u00e9n a RIPE <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/ripe\/mail\/archives\/ripe-list\/2019-November\/001712.html\">nyilv\u00e1nosan k\u00f6zz\u00e9tett egy levelet<\/a><\/noindex>, amelyben t\u00e1j\u00e9koztatt\u00e1k, hogy a regisztr\u00e1tor \u00e1tadta az utols\u00f3 IP-c\u00edmeket, \u00e9s k\u00e9szletei kimer\u00fcltek. Ett\u0151l kezdve a tartal\u00e9kot csak olyan c\u00edmek t\u00f6ltik fel, amelyeket k\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6z\u0151 szervezetek adnak vissza. Azokat a c\u00edmeiket blokkban \/24-os sorrendben fogj\u00e1k elosztani.<\/p>\n<h2>M\u00e9g kinek van c\u00edme<\/h2>\n<p>\nAz IPv4 c\u00edmek m\u00e9g h\u00e1rom regisztr\u00e1torn\u00e1l el\u00e9rhet\u0151k, de az utols\u00f3 p\u00e1r \u00e9vben \u201eszigor\u00fa gazd\u00e1lkod\u00e1si m\u00f3dot\u201d alkalmaznak. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul az afrikai AFRINIC korl\u00e1toz\u00e1sokat vezetett be a kiadhat\u00f3 c\u00edmek sz\u00e1m\u00e1ban, \u00e9s szigor\u00fa ellen\u0151rz\u00e9seket v\u00e9gez a c\u00e9lzott felhaszn\u00e1l\u00e1sukkal kapcsolatban. Mindezek ellen\u00e9re a szak\u00e9rt\u0151k azt j\u00f3solj\u00e1k, hogy az afrikanai regisztr\u00e1tor IPv4-jai <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ispa.org.za\/press_releases\/african-internet-addresses-to-run-out-in-march-2020\/\">elfogynak<\/a><\/noindex> m\u00e1r 2020 m\u00e1rcius\u00e1ban elfogyhatnak. De van v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny, hogy ez m\u00e9g kor\u00e1bban, janu\u00e1rban fog bek\u00f6vetkezni.<\/p>\n<p>Csek\u00e9ly mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 er\u0151forr\u00e1s maradt a latin-amerikai LACNIC-n\u00e9l \u2014 \u0151 az utols\u00f3 \/8 blokkot osztja ki. A szervezet k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i elmondt\u00e1k, hogy maximum 1024 c\u00edmet adnak ki egy v\u00e1llalatnak. Ugyanakkor <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">c\u00edmblokkot lehet v\u00e1s\u00e1rolni<\/a><\/noindex> a blokkot csak azok az \u00fcgyfelek kaphatj\u00e1k, akik kor\u00e1bban m\u00e9g soha nem kaptak. Hasonl\u00f3 int\u00e9zked\u00e9seket vezettek be az \u00e1zsiai APNIC-n\u00e9l. De a szervezet rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e1ll\u00f3 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">csak a tartal\u00e9k \/8 \u00f6t\u00f6dik r\u00e9sze maradt, ami szint\u00e9n hamarosan ki\u00fcr\u00fcl.<\/a><\/noindex> M\u00e9g nem a v\u00e9g<\/p>\n<h2>A szak\u00e9rt\u0151k megjegyzik, hogy meg lehet hosszabb\u00edtani az IPv4 \u201e\u00e9lettartam\u00e1t\u201d. El\u00e9g, ha a nem ig\u00e9nyelt c\u00edmeket vissza\u00f6ntik a k\u00f6z\u00f6s tartal\u00e9kba. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a Ford Motor Company \u00e9s a Prudential Securities biztos\u00edt\u00f3 c\u00e9g<\/h2>\n<p>\nt\u00f6bb mint 16 milli\u00f3 nyilv\u00e1nos IPv4-et birtokol. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_assigned_\/8_IPv4_address_blocks\">Egy Hacker News t\u00e9m\u00e1ban<\/a><\/noindex> felmer\u00fclt a felt\u00e9telez\u00e9s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21630699\">, hogy ezeknek a szervezeteknek nincs sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge ilyen mennyis\u00e9g\u0171 IP-c\u00edmre.<\/a><\/noindex>Ek\u00f6zben a visszaadott c\u00edmeket nem blokkokban kell kiadni, mint kor\u00e1bban, hanem szigor\u00faan sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges mennyis\u00e9gekben. Egy m\u00e1sik HN lak\u00f3<\/p>\n<p>, hogy a Spectrum\/Charter \u00e9s a Verizon szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k m\u00e1r \u00e1tvett\u00e9k ezt a gyakorlatot \u2014 egy IP-t adnak ki a \/24-b\u0151l ahelyett, hogy egy eg\u00e9sz \/30 blokkot adn\u00e1nak. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21635324\">elmondta<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy a Spectrum\/Charter \u00e9s a Verizon m\u00e1r \u00e1tveszi ezt a gyakorlatot \u2014 egy IP-t adnak ki a \/24-b\u0151l ahelyett, hogy egy eg\u00e9sz \/30 blokkot adn\u00e1nak.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>\u00e1ll\u00edtja, hogy a lass\u00fa internet gyakran arra k\u00e9nyszer\u00edti a fiatalokat, hogy elhagyj\u00e1k a vid\u00e9ki ter\u00fcleteket. Egy m\u00e1sik p\u00e9lda Lagosban (Nig\u00e9ria legnagyobb v\u00e1ros\u00e1ban)<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/478146\/\">Milyen olvasm\u00e1nyok vannak a t\u00e1vk\u00f6zl\u00e9si oper\u00e1torok, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati protokollok \u00e9s az ipar\u00e1g szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1r\u00f3l?<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">form\u00e1l\u00f3dik<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/465535\/\">egy \u00faj technol\u00f3giai IT-\u00f6kosziszt\u00e9ma. Az internetkapcsolati probl\u00e9m\u00e1k fejleszt\u0151k \u00e9s potenci\u00e1lis \u00fcgyfelek elveszt\u00e9s\u00e9hez vezethetnek. \u00c9rdekes, hogy az internetfelhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1nak 10%-os n\u00f6veked\u00e9se Afrik\u00e1ban<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Egy \u00fajabb regisztr\u00e1tor \u00e1tadta az utols\u00f3 IPv4 c\u00edmblokkj\u00e1t\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/538f60c5ca16afe8c4808e7071320caa.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/3dOQWDCtGsM\">Paz Arando<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>A c\u00edmhi\u00e1ny probl\u00e9m\u00e1j\u00e1t m\u00e1sk\u00e9pp is megoldhatj\u00e1k: az c\u00edmek v\u00e1s\u00e1rl\u00e1s\u00e1val \u00e9s elad\u00e1s\u00e1val aukci\u00f3kon. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul 2017-ben az MIT m\u00e9rn\u00f6kei <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">a h\u00e1l\u00f3zaton a Facebook 267 milli\u00f3 felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3j\u00e1nak neveit, telefonsz\u00e1mait \u00e9s azonos\u00edt\u00f3it tartalmaz\u00f3 adatb\u00e1zist.<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy az int\u00e9zm\u00e9ny 14 milli\u00f3 nem haszn\u00e1lt IP-vel rendelkezik \u2014 ezek nagy r\u00e9sz\u00e9t el szeretn\u00e9k adni. Hasonl\u00f3 t\u00f6rt\u00e9net t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt december elej\u00e9n Oroszorsz\u00e1gban. A Nyilv\u00e1nos H\u00e1l\u00f3zatok Fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9nek Tudom\u00e1nyos Kutat\u00f3 Int\u00e9zete (RosNIIP) bejelentette a helyi internet-regisztr\u00e1tor (LIR) bez\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ezut\u00e1n <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kommersant.ru\/doc\/4181814\">\u00e1truh\u00e1zta<\/a><\/noindex> k\u00f6r\u00fclbel\u00fcl 490 ezer IPv4 c\u00edm\u00e9t a cseh Reliable Communications c\u00e9gnek. A szak\u00e9rt\u0151k az eg\u00e9sz tartom\u00e1ny becs\u00fclt \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9t 9\u201312 milli\u00f3 doll\u00e1rra teszik.<\/p>\n<p>De ha a c\u00e9gek t\u00f6megesen egym\u00e1snak kezdik eladni az IP-ket, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPv4_address_exhaustion#Post-exhaustion_mitigation\">az \u00fajabb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00f6veked\u00e9st fog eredm\u00e9nyezni a routing t\u00e1bl\u00e1kban. Ugyanakkor itt is van megold\u00e1s \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lisp4.net\/\">a LISP protokoll<\/a><\/noindex> (Locator\/ID Separation Protocol). Itt a szerz\u0151k azt javasolj\u00e1k, hogy a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati c\u00edmz\u00e9sn\u00e9l k\u00e9t c\u00edmet haszn\u00e1ljanak. Az egyik az eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k azonos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra, a m\u00e1sik pedig a szerverek k\u00f6z\u00f6tti alag\u00fat l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1ra szolg\u00e1l. Ez a megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi, hogy elt\u00e1vol\u00edtsuk a BGP-t\u00e1bl\u00e1kb\u00f3l azokat a c\u00edmeket, amelyeket nem lehet egy blokkba \u00f6sszevonni \u2014 ennek eredm\u00e9nyek\u00e9ppen a routing t\u00e1bl\u00e1k lassabban n\u0151nek. A LISP t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1t <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lisp4.net\/implementations\/\">m\u00e1r implement\u00e1lj\u00e1k<\/a><\/noindex> olyan c\u00e9gek, mint a Cisco \u00e9s a LANCOM Systems (SD-WAN-t fejlesztenek).<\/p>\n<p>A probl\u00e9ma radik\u00e1lis megold\u00e1sa az IPv4-r\u0151l val\u00f3 t\u00f6meges <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/465535\/\">\u00e1t\u00e1ll\u00e1s az IPv6-ra<\/a><\/noindex>. De annak ellen\u00e9re, hogy a protokollt t\u00f6bb mint 20 \u00e9ve fejlesztett\u00e9k ki, m\u00e9g mindig nem terjedt el sz\u00e9lesk\u00f6r\u0171en. Jelenleg a weboldalak 15%-a t\u00e1mogatja. B\u00e1r egyes c\u00e9gek l\u00e9p\u00e9seket tesznek a helyzet megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben. \u00cdgy sok nyugati felh\u0151szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=21631225\">d\u00edjat vezetett be<\/a><\/noindex> a nem haszn\u00e1lt IPv4 c\u00edmek\u00e9rt. Ek\u00f6zben a haszn\u00e1lt c\u00edmek (virtu\u00e1lis g\u00e9phez csatlakoztatva) ingyenesen \u00e1llnak rendelkez\u00e9sre.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6sszess\u00e9g\u00e9ben a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati berendez\u00e9seket gy\u00e1rt\u00f3 \u00e9s az internet-szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k \u00f6r\u00f6mmel v\u00e1ltanak \u00e1t IPv6-ra. De rendszeresen neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gekkel tal\u00e1lkoznak a migr\u00e1ci\u00f3 sor\u00e1n. Ezekr\u0151l a neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gekr\u0151l \u00e9s a megold\u00e1si lehet\u0151s\u00e9gekr\u0151l k\u00fcl\u00f6n anyagot k\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00fcnk.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Mir\u0151l \u00edrunk a VAS Experts v\u00e1llalati blogj\u00e1ban:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Az IPv6 bevezet\u00e9se \u2013 GYIK internet szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">IPv6 protokoll - a te\u00f3ri\u00e1t\u00f3l a gyakorlatig<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/bezopasnost\/ipv6-texnologiya-nastoyashhego-ili-budushhego\/\">IPv6 \u2013 a jelen technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ja vagy a j\u00f6v\u0151\u00e9?<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/481146\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 ARIN (\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d) \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u043b IPv4. \u0410 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0443 RIPE, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u0438 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \/ Unsplash \/ David Monje \u0421\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432 RIPE \u0412 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 RIPE \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \/8. \u0421 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433 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