{"id":54351,"date":"2019-12-24T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:21","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:21","slug":"istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-sistemy-domennyh-imen-pervye-dns-servery","title":{"rendered":"A dom\u00e9nnevek rendszer\u00e9nek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: az els\u0151 DNS-szerverek","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Legut\u00f3bb arr\u00f3l kezdt\u00fcnk besz\u00e9lni, hogyan indult a DNS t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete,<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 felid\u00e9zt\u00fck, hogy a projekt honnan indult, \u00e9s milyen probl\u00e9m\u00e1kat k\u00edv\u00e1nt megoldani az ARPANET h\u00e1l\u00f3zaton. Ma a BIND els\u0151 DNS-szerver\u00e9r\u0151l fogunk besz\u00e9lni.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFot\u00f3 \u2014 John Markos O'Neill<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Az els\u0151 DNS-szerverek<\/h2>\n

\nMiut\u00e1n 1983-ban Paul Mockapetris \u00e9s Jon Postel\u00a0javasolt\u00e1k a<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0domainnevek koncepci\u00f3j\u00e1t az ARPANET h\u00e1l\u00f3zaton, el\u00e9g gyorsan elnyerte az IT k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g j\u00f3v\u00e1hagy\u00e1s\u00e1t. Az els\u0151 gyakorlati megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00f3k k\u00f6z\u00f6tt szerepeltek a Berkeley Egyetem m\u00e9rn\u00f6kei. 1984-ben n\u00e9gy hallgat\u00f3 bemutatta az els\u0151 DNS-szervert \u2014 a Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) nev\u0171t. Egy amerikai v\u00e9delmi miniszt\u00e9rium \u00e1ltal alap\u00edtott projekten dolgoztak, amelyet a DARPA finansz\u00edrozott.<\/p>\n

A di\u00e1kok \u00e1ltal kidolgozott rendszer automatikusan \u00e1talak\u00edtotta a DNS-nevet IP-c\u00edmm\u00e9 \u00e9s ford\u00edtva. \u00c9rdekes, hogy amikor a k\u00f3dot felt\u00f6lt\u00f6tt\u00e9k a BSD<\/a><\/noindex> (szoftverterjeszt\u00e9si rendszerre), az els\u0151 forr\u00e1sk\u00f3dok m\u00e1r a 4.3-as verzi\u00f3sz\u00e1mmal rendelkeztek. Eleinte a DNS-szervert az egyetem kutat\u00f3 laborat\u00f3riumainak munkat\u00e1rsai haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k. A 4.8.3-as verzi\u00f3ig a BIND fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9\u00e9rt a Berkeley Egyetem Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) csoportj\u00e1nak tagjai feleltek, de a 1980-as \u00e9vek m\u00e1sodik fel\u00e9ben a DNS-szerver \u00e1tl\u00e9pte az egyetem hat\u00e1rait \u2014 Paul Vixie kez\u00e9be ker\u00fclt a c\u00e9gb\u0151l.\u00a0DEC<\/a><\/noindex>. Paul a 4.9 \u00e9s 4.9.1 verzi\u00f3kat adta ki, majd megalap\u00edtotta az Internet Software Consortium (ISC) szervezetet, amely az\u00f3ta is felel\u0151s a BIND t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt. Paul szavai szerint az \u00f6sszes kor\u00e1bbi verzi\u00f3 a Berkeley-ben k\u00e9sz\u00fclt di\u00e1kok k\u00f3dj\u00e1ra t\u00e1maszkodott, \u00e9s az elm\u00falt tizen\u00f6t \u00e9v alatt teljesen kimer\u00edtette a moderniz\u00e1l\u00e1s lehet\u0151s\u00e9geit. Ez\u00e9rt 2000-ben a BIND-ot teljesen \u00fajra\u00edrt\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

A BIND szerver t\u00f6bb k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1rat \u00e9s komponenst tartalmaz, amelyek a DNS \u00fcgyf\u00e9l-szerver architekt\u00far\u00e1j\u00e1t val\u00f3s\u00edtj\u00e1k meg, \u00e9s felel\u0151sek a DNS-szerver funkci\u00f3inak be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1\u00e9rt. A BIND sz\u00e9les k\u00f6rben elterjedt, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a Linux rendszereken, \u00e9s tov\u00e1bbra is n\u00e9pszer\u0171 DNS-szerver megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s. d\u00f6nt\u00e9s<\/a><\/noindex> Ez telep\u00edtve van a gy\u00f6k\u00e9rz\u00f3na t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1nak biztos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nVannak alternat\u00edv\u00e1k a BIND-ra is. P\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a PowerDNS, amely a Linux disztrib\u00faci\u00f3kkal egy\u00fctt \u00e9rkezik. Ezt Bert Hubert, a holland PowerDNS.COM c\u00e9g munkat\u00e1rsa \u00edrta, \u00e9s ny\u00edlt forr\u00e1sk\u00f3d\u00fa k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g t\u00e1mogatja. 2005-ben a PowerDNS-t a Wikimedia Alap\u00edtv\u00e1ny szerverein vezett\u00e9k be. Ezt a megold\u00e1st nagy felh\u0151szolg\u00e1ltat\u00f3k, eur\u00f3pai telekommunik\u00e1ci\u00f3s v\u00e1llalatok \u00e9s a Fortune 500-as lista szervezetei is haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

A BIND \u00e9s a PowerDNS a legelterjedtebbek, de nem egyed\u00fcli DNS-szerverek. \u00c9rdemes megeml\u00edteni a\u00a0Unbound<\/a><\/noindex>,\u00a0djbdns<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9s\u00a0Dnsmasq<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

A domain n\u00e9vrendszer fejl\u0151d\u00e9se<\/h2>\n

\nA DNS t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete sor\u00e1n sz\u00e1mos v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1st hoztak a specifik\u00e1ci\u00f3ba. Az egyik els\u0151 \u00e9s legfontosabb friss\u00edt\u00e9sk\u00e9nt\u00a0csapathoz hozz\u00e1adtuk<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0a NOTIFY \u00e9s IXFR mechanizmusokat 1996-ban vezett\u00e9k be. Ezek megk\u00f6nny\u00edtett\u00e9k a domain n\u00e9vrendszer adatb\u00e1zis\u00e1nak replik\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t az els\u0151dleges \u00e9s m\u00e1sodlagos szerverek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. Az \u00faj megold\u00e1s lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette a DNS-rekordok v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s\u00e1nak \u00e9rtes\u00edt\u00e9seit, ami biztos\u00edtotta a m\u00e1sodlagos \u00e9s els\u0151dleges DNS-z\u00f3na azonoss\u00e1g\u00e1t, \u00e9s egy\u00fattal cs\u00f6kkentette a forgalmat \u2014 a szinkroniz\u00e1l\u00e1s csak sz\u00fcks\u00e9g eset\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, nem pedig r\u00f6gz\u00edtett id\u0151k\u00f6z\u00f6kben.<\/p>\n

\"A
\nFot\u00f3 \u2014 Richard Masoner<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 CC BY-SA<\/i><\/p>\n

Eredetileg a DNS-h\u00e1l\u00f3zat nem volt hozz\u00e1f\u00e9rhet\u0151 a nagyk\u00f6z\u00f6ns\u00e9g sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, \u00e9s a biztons\u00e1gi probl\u00e9m\u00e1k nem voltak priorit\u00e1sai a rendszer fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9nek, de ez a megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9s k\u00e9s\u0151bb \u00e9reztette hat\u00e1s\u00e1t. Az internet fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9vel a rendszer sebezhet\u0151s\u00e9geit kezdtek kihaszn\u00e1lni \u2014 p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul megjelentek olyan t\u00e1mad\u00e1sok, mint a DNS-spoofing. Ilyenkor a DNS-szerverek gyors\u00edt\u00f3t\u00e1r\u00e1t olyan adatokkal t\u00f6ltik fel, amelyeknek nincs megb\u00edzhat\u00f3 forr\u00e1suk, \u00e9s a k\u00e9r\u00e9seket a t\u00e1mad\u00f3k szervereire ir\u00e1ny\u00edtj\u00e1k.<\/p>\n

A probl\u00e9ma megold\u00e1s\u00e1ra a DNS\u00a0bevezet\u00e9sre ker\u00fclt<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0DNS v\u00e1laszok kriptogr\u00e1fiai al\u00e1\u00edr\u00e1sai (DNSSEC) \u2014 egy mechanizmus, amely lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi a domain bizalmi l\u00e1nc\u00e1nak fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t a gy\u00f6k\u00e9rz\u00f3n\u00e1t\u00f3l. \u00c9rdemes megjegyezni, hogy a DNS-z\u00f3na \u00e1tad\u00e1sa sor\u00e1n a hosztok hiteles\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re is hasonl\u00f3 mechanizmust vezettek be \u2014 ezt TSIG-nek nevezt\u00e9k el.<\/p>\n

A DNS-adatok replik\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t egyszer\u0171s\u00edt\u0151 \u00e9s a biztons\u00e1gi probl\u00e9m\u00e1kat orvosl\u00f3 m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1sokat az IT k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g minden lehet\u0151s\u00e9get megk\u00f6sz\u00f6n\u00f6tt. De voltak olyan v\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1sok is, amelyeket a k\u00f6z\u00f6ss\u00e9g nem n\u00e9zett j\u00f3 szemmel. K\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen az ingyenes domainnevekr\u0151l a fizet\u0151s domainnevekre val\u00f3 \u00e1tt\u00e9r\u00e9s. Ez csup\u00e1n egy p\u00e9lda a DNS t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9nek \"h\u00e1bor\u00faira\". Err\u0151l a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 anyagunkban besz\u00e9l\u00fcnk.<\/p>\n

\"AA 1cloud-n\u00e1l k\u00edn\u00e1ljuk a \"Virtu\u00e1lis szerver<\/a><\/noindex>\" szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1st. Ezzel n\u00e9h\u00e1ny perc alatt b\u00e9relhet \u00e9s konfigur\u00e1lhat egy t\u00e1voli VDS\/VPS szervert.
\n\"ATov\u00e1bb\u00e1 el\u00e9rhet\u0151 partnerprogram<\/a><\/noindex> minden felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Helyezze el a hivatkoz\u00e1sokat szolg\u00e1ltat\u00e1sunkra, \u00e9s jutalmat kap az \u00e1ltalad hozott \u00fcgyfelek ut\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Forr\u00e1s: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e DNS \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442, \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 ARPANET. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 BIND. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 John Markos O’Neill \u2014 CC BY-SA \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 DNS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432 1983 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b \u041c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441 (Paul Mockapetris) \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u043e\u043d \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b (Jon Postel)\u00a0\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e\u00a0\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47A domainnevek rendszer\u00e9nek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: az els\u0151 DNS-szerverek | ProHoster","description":"Az el\u0151z\u0151 alkalommal elkezdt\u00fck mes\u00e9lni a DNS t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9t - 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