{"id":54718,"date":"2020-01-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-01T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/unix-ispolnilos-50-let-chto-eto-znachit"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:46","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:46","slug":"unix-ispolnilos-50-let-chto-eto-znachit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/unix-ispolnilos-50-let-chto-eto-znachit","title":{"rendered":"50 \u00e9ve l\u00e9tezik a Unix. Mit jelent ez?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A 2020-as \u00e9v m\u00e9rf\u00f6ldk\u0151 az Unix sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra: az \u00e9v elej\u00e9n az eredeti oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer 50 \u00e9ves lett. Az Unix id\u0151, amelyet &laquo;korok id\u0151pontjainak&raquo; is neveznek, az eltelt m\u00e1sodpercek sz\u00e1m\u00e1t jelenti 1970. janu\u00e1r 1. \u00f3ta. De mi aggasztja a kernel fejleszt\u0151it az Unix f\u00e9l \u00e9vsz\u00e1zados \u00e9vfordul\u00f3ja kapcs\u00e1n?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"50 \u00e9ve l\u00e9tezik a Unix. Mit jelent ez?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/1b3a3bdeb0400f3b34d5cd6964a48010.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>B\u00e1r az Unix korai fejleszt\u00e9sei k\u00f6z\u00fcl n\u00e9h\u00e1ny megel\u0151zi az &laquo;kor\u00e1nak&raquo; hivatalos kezdet\u00e9t, 1970. janu\u00e1r 1. m\u00e9gis a POSIX id\u0151 nullapontja marad. Ez\u00e9rt 2020. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9t\u0151l hivatalosan 50 \u00e9ves lett a platform.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Id\u0151 <\/strong><strong>Unix az emberi id\u0151vel szemben<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Emberi \u00e9rtelemben 50 \u00e9v egy hossz\u00fa id\u0151szak. Az Unix id\u0151 szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l azonban nincs semmi k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6s a 50 \u00e9vben; a 43 \u00e9v ugyanolyan jelent\u0151s lenne. Az Unix rendszerek (bele\u00e9rtve a Linuxot is) az id\u0151pontokat \u00e9s d\u00e1tumokat m\u00e1sodpercek sz\u00e1mak\u00e9nt t\u00e1rolj\u00e1k, amelyek 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC \u00f3ta teltek el, 32 bites reprezent\u00e1ci\u00f3ban. Azt, hogy mennyi id\u0151 telt el az\u00f3ta, \u00e9s \u00edgy az aktu\u00e1lis Unix id\u0151t, a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 parancs seg\u00edts\u00e9g\u00e9vel lehet meghat\u00e1rozni:<\/p>\n<p><center><\/center><\/p>\n<p>$ date +%s<\/p>\n<p>1576883876<\/p>\n<p>A date parancs ut\u00e1ni %s argumentum a jelenlegi d\u00e1tum \u00e9s id\u0151 megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t jel\u00f6li m\u00e1sodpercek sz\u00e1mak\u00e9nt 1970. janu\u00e1r 1. \u00f3ta.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"50 \u00e9ve l\u00e9tezik a Unix. Mit jelent ez?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/aba69e769edb987923b060b6e32f9a00.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Milyen maxim\u00e1lis d\u00e1tumot t\u00e1rolhatnak a rendszerek <\/strong><strong>Unix?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ahhoz, hogy meg\u00e9rts\u00fck, mennyi id\u0151t tud t\u00e1rolni egy Unix rendszer, \u00e9rt\u00e9keln\u00fcnk kell a 32 bites mez\u0151 kapacit\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ezt \u00edgy lehet kisz\u00e1m\u00edtani:<\/p>\n<p>$ echo '2^32' | bc<\/p>\n<p>4294967296<\/p>\n<p>Mivel azonban a Unix lehet\u0151s\u00e9get biztos\u00edt negat\u00edv sz\u00e1mok t\u00e1rol\u00e1s\u00e1ra, egy bitet fenntartanak a jel sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, ez\u00e1ltal cs\u00f6kkentve az id\u0151\u00e9rt\u00e9ket a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151re:<\/p>\n<p>$ echo '2^31' | bc<\/p>\n<p>2147483648<\/p>\n<p>Mivel az Unix sz\u00e1moz\u00e1sa 0-val kezd\u0151dik, ez azt jelenti, hogy 2 147 483 648 \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00fcnk van, de a legnagyobb 2 147 483&nbsp;647; a Unix id\u0151 \u00e9s d\u00e1tum \u00e9rt\u00e9ke nem haladhatja meg ezt a sz\u00e1mot. Ahogyan a g\u00e9pj\u00e1rm\u0171 kilom\u00e9ter\u00f3ra sem mutathat t\u00f6bbet 999 999 kilom\u00e9tern\u00e9l \u2013 ha 1-et hozz\u00e1adsz, az \u00e9rt\u00e9k vissza\u00e1ll 0-ra.<\/p>\n<p><strong>H\u00e1ny m\u00e1sodperc egy \u00e9v?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Az \u00e9vben eltelt m\u00e1sodpercek sz\u00e1ma a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k\u00e9ppen sz\u00e1m\u00edthat\u00f3 ki:<\/p>\n<p>$ expr 24 * 60 * 60 * 365<\/p>\n<p>31536000<\/p>\n<p>Leap \u00e9vben m\u00e9g egy napot hozz\u00e1adunk:<\/p>\n<p>$ expr 24 * 60 * 60 * 366<\/p>\n<p>31622400<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"50 \u00e9ve l\u00e9tezik a Unix. Mit jelent ez?\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/a720be1bfca58df09540785bf66f556d.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hogyan jelen\u00edti meg a Unix az 50. sz\u00fclet\u00e9snapj\u00e1t?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2020. janu\u00e1r 1-j\u00e9n 12:00-kor az id\u0151pont 1577836800 lesz. A sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1st kiss\u00e9 bonyol\u00edtja, hogy figyelembe kell venni a sz\u00f6k\u0151\u00e9veket. A Unix id\u0151 kora \u00f3ta 12 ilyen \u00e9v volt, kezdve 1972-t\u0151l 2016-ig. Teh\u00e1t 38 norm\u00e1l \u00e9v telt el.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cdgy n\u00e9z ki az expr parancs az elm\u00falt 50 \u00e9v m\u00e1sodperceinek sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz:<\/p>\n<p>$ expr 24 * 60 * 60 * 365 * 38 + 24 * 60 * 60 * 366 * 12<\/p>\n<p>1577836800<\/p>\n<p>Vagy \u00edgy, figyelembe v\u00e9ve a kor\u00e1bban v\u00e9gzett sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sokat:<\/p>\n<p>$ expr 31536000 * 38 + 31622400 * 12<\/p>\n<p>1577836800<\/p>\n<p>Ez a id\u0151m\u00e9rt\u00e9k haszn\u00e1lat m\u00f3dja tette a Unix rendszereket immuniss\u00e1 a Y2K probl\u00e9m\u00e1val szemben, ami miatt az emberek 1999 v\u00e9g\u00e9n agg\u00f3dtak, hogy a 2000-re val\u00f3 \u00e1t\u00e1ll\u00e1s k\u00e1rt okozhat a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00f3g\u00e9pes rendszerekben. A neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gek sokkal kevesebb volt, mint amire sz\u00e1m\u00edtottak. Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban csak azok az alkalmaz\u00e1sok szenvedtek, amelyek k\u00e9t sz\u00e1mjegy\u0171 form\u00e1tumban t\u00e1rolt\u00e1k az \u00e9veket, tal\u00e1lkoztak a d\u00e1tumok null\u00e1z\u00e1s\u00e1val. Sok fejleszt\u0151 v\u00e9gzett extra munk\u00e1t, hogy biztos\u00edtsa, hogy alkalmaz\u00e1saik ne \u00e9rintettek a Y2K probl\u00e9m\u00e1ban.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Amikor <\/strong><strong>a Unix probl\u00e9m\u00e1kkal fog szembes\u00fclni?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hasonl\u00f3 neh\u00e9zs\u00e9gek v\u00e1rnak a Unix rendszerekre legkor\u00e1bban 2038-ban, amikor a fent eml\u00edtett form\u00e1tumban t\u00e1rolt d\u00e1tumok t\u00fall\u00e9pik a 32 bites teret. M\u00e9g 18 \u00e9v van h\u00e1tra, de a kernel fejleszt\u0151i m\u00e1r dolgoznak a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151 hib\u00e1k elker\u00fcl\u00e9s\u00e9n.<\/p>\n<p>A 2038-as probl\u00e9m\u00e1t n\u00e9ha Y2K38 probl\u00e9mak\u00e9nt emlegetik. Ha nem siker\u00fcl megoldani 2038. janu\u00e1r 19., kedd el\u0151tt, akkor ezut\u00e1n a rendszerek \u00fagy gondolhatj\u00e1k, hogy 1901-et \u00edrtunk. Az egyik lehets\u00e9ges megold\u00e1s erre a probl\u00e9m\u00e1ra, hogy 64 bites id\u0151- \u00e9s d\u00e1tumreprezent\u00e1ci\u00f3ra v\u00e1ltunk. Egyesek \u00fagy v\u00e9lik, hogy ez sokkal bonyolultabb lesz, mint ami els\u0151re t\u0171nik.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><center><center><iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/gfycat.com\/ifr\/SereneGorgeousIcelandichorse\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/center><\/center><\/p>\n<p>Mindenesetre m\u00e9g korai p\u00e1nikba esni. Ma igaz\u00e1n fontos dolog az Unix rendszerek 50. \u00e9vfordul\u00f3ja, amelyeket a t\u00f6rt\u00e9nelem egyik legfontosabb oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer\u00e9nek tartanak.<\/p>\n<p><center><\/p>\n<p><\/center><\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t<center><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/center><br \/>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.3dnews.ru\/1000521\">3dnews.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f Unix: \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f Unix, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a &laquo;\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438&raquo;, &mdash; \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441 1 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1970 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0435\u043c Unix? \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a Unix \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0435\u0433\u043e &laquo;\u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438&raquo;, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f Unix: \u0432 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f Unix, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043f\u043e\u0445\u0438\u00bb, \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0441 1 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1970 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/unix-ispolnilos-50-let-chto-eto-znachit\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.3\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47Unix \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442? 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Mit jelent ez? | ProHoster","description":"2020 jelent\u0151s \u00e9v a Unix sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra: az \u00e9v elej\u00e9n az eredeti oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer 50 \u00e9ves lett. Az Unix id\u0151, m\u00e1s n\u00e9ven \"epoch id\u0151\", az az id\u0151 m\u00e1sodperc\u00e9nek mennyis\u00e9ge, amely 1970. janu\u00e1r 1. \u00f3ta eltelt.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/unix-ispolnilos-50-let-chto-eto-znachit","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"hu_HU","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47Unix \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c 50 \u043b\u0435\u0442. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442? | ProHoster","og:description":"2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434 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