{"id":75250,"date":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","date_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas"},"modified":"2020-03-24T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2020-03-24T17:42:19","slug":"obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/obsuzhdenie-standartnye-unix-utility-kotorye-malo-kto-ispolzoval-i-ispolzuet-sejchas","title":{"rendered":"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Egy h\u00e9ttel ezel\u0151tt Douglas McIlroy, a UNIX cs\u0151vezet\u00e9k fejleszt\u0151je \u00e9s a \"komponens alap\u00fa programoz\u00e1s\" fogalm\u00e1nak megalkot\u00f3ja, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/minnie.tuhs.org\/pipermail\/tuhs\/2020-March\/020664.html\">elmondta<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9rdekes \u00e9s szokatlan UNIX programokr\u00f3l besz\u00e9lt, amelyek nem nyertek sz\u00e9les k\u00f6r\u0171 elterjed\u00e9st. A publik\u00e1ci\u00f3 akt\u00edv diskurzust ind\u00edtott el a Hacker News-on. \u00d6sszegy\u0171jt\u00f6tt\u00fck a leg\u00e9rdekesebb dolgokat, \u00e9s \u00f6r\u00f6mmel v\u00e1rjuk, hogy csatlakozzon a vit\u00e1hoz.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/1cloud\/blog\/493718\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/718c9fbcd3e2608b4079aa16e0ccf7f7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>Fot\u00f3 \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/QmNnZj_Ok-M\">Virginia Johnson<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Sz\u00f6veggel val\u00f3 munka<\/h2>\n<p>\nA UNIX-szer\u0171 oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszerekben van egy szabv\u00e1nyos eszk\u00f6zk\u00e9szlet a sz\u00f6vegform\u00e1z\u00e1shoz. Az eszk\u00f6z <b><i>typo<\/i><\/b> lehet\u0151v\u00e9 tette a dokumentum helyes\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1nak ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9t \u00e9s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81\">hapax legomena<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 olyan szavak, amelyek csak egyszer fordulnak el\u0151 a sz\u00f6vegben. \u00c9rdekes m\u00f3don a program <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/man.cat-v.org\/unix-6th\/1\/typo\">nem haszn\u00e1l<\/a><\/noindex> sz\u00f3t\u00e1rakat haszn\u00e1lt. Csak a f\u00e1jlban tal\u00e1lhat\u00f3 inform\u00e1ci\u00f3kra t\u00e1maszkodott, \u00e9s trigramok (h\u00e1rom karakterb\u0151l \u00e1ll\u00f3 sorozatok) gyakoris\u00e1gi elemz\u00e9s\u00e9t v\u00e9gezte. Mindez sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3kat <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/minnie.tuhs.org\/pipermail\/tuhs\/2020-March\/020664.html\">26x26x26-os t\u00f6mbben t\u00e1rolt\u00e1k. Douglas McIlroy elmond\u00e1sa szerint ez a mem\u00f3ria mennyis\u00e9g \u00e9ppen el\u00e9g volt n\u00e9h\u00e1ny egyb\u00e1jtos sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3hoz. Ez\u00e9rt a mem\u00f3ria megtakar\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben logaritmikus form\u00e1ban \u00edrt\u00e1k \u0151ket.<\/a><\/noindex> Ma a typ\u00f3t modernebb \u00e9s pontosabb sz\u00f3t\u00e1r-alap\u00fa helyes\u00edr\u00e1sellen\u0151rz\u0151 programok v\u00e1ltott\u00e1k fel. Az eszk\u00f6z azonban m\u00e9g mindig eml\u00e9kezetben van \u2014 n\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e9vvel ezel\u0151tt egy lelkesed\u00e9s<\/p>\n<p>megval\u00f3s\u00edtotta a typ\u00f3t Go nyelven. A k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r m\u00e9g mindig friss\u00fcl. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/robpike\/typo\">bemutatott<\/a><\/noindex> Egy m\u00e1sik, az 1980-as \u00e9vekb\u0151l sz\u00e1rmaz\u00f3 dokumentummal foglalkoz\u00f3 eszk\u00f6z a<\/p>\n<p>Writer\u2019s Workbench <b><i>\u00cdr\u00f3i M\u0171hely<\/i><\/b> voltak <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Writer%27s_Workbench#Package_contents\">eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k a besz\u00e9dtagok \u00e9s a dokumentum st\u00edlus\u00e1nak meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1ra, tautol\u00f3gi\u00e1k keres\u00e9s\u00e9re \u00e9s t\u00falbonyolult mondatokra. Az eszk\u00f6z\u00f6ket hallgat\u00f3knak k\u00e9sz\u00edtett\u00e9k, \u00e9s egy id\u0151ben ezek<\/a><\/noindex> a Colorado \u00c1llami Egyetem di\u00e1kjai voltak. De az 1990-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9re a Writer\u2019s Workbench feled\u00e9sbe mer\u00fclt, mert nem \u00e9p\u00edtett\u00e9k be a 7-es verzi\u00f3j\u00fa Unix-ba. Az eszk\u00f6z azonban tov\u00e1bb \u00e9lt ut\u00e1nz\u00f3k form\u00e1j\u00e1ban \u2014 p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/2U9mSjT\">haszn\u00e1lt\u00e1k<\/a><\/noindex> a Colorado \u00c1llami Egyetem hallgat\u00f3i az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamokban. De az 1990-es \u00e9vek elej\u00e9re a Writer's Workbenchr\u0151l elfeledkeztek, mert nem ker\u00fclt be a Version 7 Unixba. Azonban ez az eszk\u00f6z ut\u00f3dai sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra tov\u00e1bbra is jelen volt \u2014 p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grammatik\">IBM PC-re.<\/a><\/noindex> A UNIX-ban emellett vannak olyan szabv\u00e1nyos eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k is, amelyek egyszer\u0171s\u00edtik a k\u00e9pletekkel val\u00f3 munk\u00e1t. Van egy el\u0151feldolgoz\u00f3 nyelv a matematikai kifejez\u00e9sek megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re, az<\/p>\n<p>eqn <b><i>. Ez figyelembe vehet\u0151, mert a k\u00e9plet megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez a fejleszt\u0151nek csak egyszer\u0171 szavakkal \u00e9s szimb\u00f3lumokkal kell le\u00edrnia azt. A kulcsszavak lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a matematikai jelek f\u00fcgg\u0151leges \u00e9s v\u00edzszintes eltol\u00e1s\u00e1t, m\u00e9ret\u00fck \u00e9s egy\u00e9b param\u00e9tereik megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ha az eszk\u00f6znek \u00e1tad egy sort:<\/i><\/b>. Kiemelked\u0151 abban a tekintetben, hogy a fejleszt\u0151nek elegend\u0151 a k\u00e9pletet egyszer\u0171 szavakkal \u00e9s szimb\u00f3lumokkal le\u00edrni. A kulcsszavak lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a matematikai jelek f\u00fcgg\u0151leges \u00e9s v\u00edzszintes eltol\u00e1s\u00e1t, m\u00e9ret\u00fck \u00e9s egy\u00e9b param\u00e9tereik megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ha \u00e1tadunk a seg\u00e9dprogramnak egy sort:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\u00f6sszeg { k = 1 }-t\u0151l N-ig { k sup 2 }<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAz al\u00e1bbi k\u00e9plet gener\u00e1l\u00f3dik:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/afa0c33387f077ea8540be7961dd741d.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\nAz 1980\u20131990-es \u00e9vekben eqn <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=22582548\">seg\u00edtett<\/a><\/noindex> az IT-szakembereknek dokument\u00e1ci\u00f3t \u00edrni a szoftverekhez. De k\u00e9s\u0151bb a LaTeX rendszer v\u00e1ltotta fel azt, amit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/docs\/help\/posts\/#allowed_tags_formulae\">haszn\u00e1lja<\/a><\/noindex> m\u00e9g a Habr is. De az eqn az els\u0151 ilyen eszk\u00f6z, amely a UNIX-szer\u0171 oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszerek r\u00e9sz\u00e9v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt.<\/p>\n<h2>Munka a f\u00e1jlokkal<\/h2>\n<p>\nA Hacker News tematikus besz\u00e9lget\u00e9s\u00e9ben a tagok t\u00f6bb ritk\u00e1n haszn\u00e1lt seg\u00e9dprogramot eml\u00edtettek f\u00e1jlokkal val\u00f3 munk\u00e1ra. Az egyik <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=22583046\">volt<\/a><\/noindex> <b><i>comm<\/i><\/b> ezek \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra. Ez egy egyszer\u0171s\u00edtett anal\u00f3g <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diff\">diff<\/a><\/noindex>, amely a szkriptekkel val\u00f3 munk\u00e1ra lett optimaliz\u00e1lva. Az <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.die.net\/man\/1\/comm\">\u00edrt<\/a><\/noindex> Richard Stallman (Richard Stallman) \u00e9s David MacKenzie (David MacKenzie) maga \u00edrta.<\/p>\n<p>A program kimenete h\u00e1rom oszlopb\u00f3l \u00e1ll. Az els\u0151 oszlopba azok az \u00e9rt\u00e9kek ker\u00fclnek, amelyek egyediek az els\u0151 f\u00e1jl sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra, a m\u00e1sodikba pedig azok, amelyek egyediek a m\u00e1sodik f\u00e1jl sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. A harmadik oszlop k\u00f6z\u00f6s \u00e9rt\u00e9keket tartalmaz. A comm helyes m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9hez a hasonl\u00edtott dokumentumoknak lexik\u00e1lisan rendezettnek kell lenni\u00fck. Ez\u00e9rt az egyik tag <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=22583686\">aj\u00e1nlotta<\/a><\/noindex> a seg\u00e9dprogramot a k\u00f6vetkez\u0151k\u00e9ppen haszn\u00e1lja:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">comm &lt;(sort fileA.txt) &lt;(sort fileB.txt)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA Comm hasznos szavak \u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1nak ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9re. El\u00e9g \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edtani \u0151ket egy referencia dokumentum-sz\u00f3t\u00e1rral. Figyelembe v\u00e9ve a f\u00e1jlok rendez\u00e9s\u00e9hez kapcsol\u00f3d\u00f3 finoms\u00e1gokat, van <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090402013730\/http:\/apicom.org.ua\/blog\/2009\/02\/16\/komanda-comm\/\">v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy Stallman \u00e9s MacKenzie ezt a seg\u00e9dprogramot kifejezetten erre az esetlegess\u00e9gre \u00edrt\u00e1k.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/ad90deb64ab4fd2215cd0c47299102eb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Fot\u00f3 \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/VB1XqDcp6sc\">Marnix Hogendoorn<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Szint\u00e9n r\u00e9sztvev\u0151 a HN besz\u00e9lget\u00e9s\u00e9ben <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=22583803\">egy \u00f6nk\u00e9ntes megjegyezte, aki t\u00e1mogatja a magyar lokaliz\u00e1l\u00e1st, az \u00edr\u00e1studatlan v\u00e1ltozat elterjedtebb \u00e9s ismertebb a legt\u00f6bb felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a macOS fel\u00fclet\u00e9n az Apple \"M\u00e1sol\u00e1s\"-t haszn\u00e1l, m\u00edg a Windows alatt a Microsoft, amelynek felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i sz\u00e1ma sokkal nagyobb, mint a macOS felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3k\u00e9, \"M\u00e1solni\"-t haszn\u00e1l). A ukr\u00e1n \u00e9s belorusz lokaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3kban is a \"M\u00e1solni\"-t haszn\u00e1lj\u00e1k. Emellett a nyelv nem statikus, folyamatosan fejl\u0151dik \u00e9s v\u00e1ltozik, a szab\u00e1lyai pedig a nyelvet besz\u00e9l\u0151k t\u00f6bbs\u00e9g\u00e9hez igazodnak.<\/a><\/noindex> az operator <i><b>paste<\/b><\/i>, amely neki nem volt nyilv\u00e1nval\u00f3. Lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszi az adatfolyamok v\u00e1ltakoz\u00e1s\u00e1t vagy egy adatfolyam k\u00e9t oszlopra bont\u00e1s\u00e1t a kimenetben:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ paste &lt;( echo -e &#039;foonbar&#039; ) &lt;( echo -e &#039;baznqux&#039; )\nfoo     baz\nbar     qux\n$ echo -e &#039;foonbarnbaznqux&#039; | paste - -\nfoo     bar\nbaz     qux\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAz egyik felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=22585103\">\u00e9szrevettem<\/a><\/noindex>, hogy gyakran ezeknek az egyszer\u0171 m\u0171veleteknek a v\u00e9grehajt\u00e1s\u00e1hoz nem a legoptim\u00e1lisabb megold\u00e1sokat alkalmazz\u00e1k: kezdve a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fmt\">fmt<\/a><\/noindex>, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ex_(Unix)\">ex<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9s befejezve a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/johnkerl\/miller\">mlr<\/a><\/noindex> a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nsc.ru\/cgi-bin\/www\/unix_help\/unix-man?jot\">jot<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.freebsd.org\/cgi\/man.cgi?query=rs&amp;sektion=1&amp;apropos=0&amp;manpath=freebsd\">rs<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p><i>Melyek azok a UNIX-szer\u0171 oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszerek alapvet\u0151 lehet\u0151s\u00e9gei, amelyek felfedez\u00e9snek sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak \u00d6n sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra?<\/i><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Mir\u0151l \u00edrunk v\u00e1llalati blogunkban:<\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/db0656feed61e91b940671b37ab5f985.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/1cloud.ru\/blog\/era-arpanet?utm_source=habrahabr&amp;utm_medium=cpm&amp;utm_campaign=unixtools&amp;utm_content=blog\">Hogyan fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt a domain n\u00e9vrendszer: az ARPANET korszaka<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/63e6e0e03ebc4a3e19021bc3b0d2056b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/1cloud.ru\/blog\/pervie-dns-serveri?utm_source=habrahabr&amp;utm_medium=cpm&amp;utm_campaign=unixtools&amp;utm_content=blog\">A dom\u00e9nnevek rendszer\u00e9nek t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: az els\u0151 DNS-szerverek<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/b6f82ebfbd4f15956665983a173f3918.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/1cloud.ru\/blog\/platnie-dns-imena?utm_source=habrahabr&amp;utm_medium=cpm&amp;utm_campaign=unixtools&amp;utm_content=blog\">A DNS t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: mikor v\u00e1ltak a domainnevek p\u00e9nzess\u00e9<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Vita: standard UNIX-eszk\u00f6z\u00f6k, amelyeket alig haszn\u00e1ltak \u00e9s haszn\u00e1lnak manaps\u00e1g\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/a275e20583822938ec87cf580228dce6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/1cloud.ru\/blog\/voini-protokolov-dns?utm_source=habrahabr&amp;utm_medium=cpm&amp;utm_campaign=unixtools&amp;utm_content=blog\">A domain n\u00e9vrendszer t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete: a protokoll \u201eh\u00e1bor\u00fak\u201d<\/a><\/noindex><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" 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\u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 UNIX-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 Hacker News. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u2014 Virginia Johnson \u2014 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