{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"A legcsod\u00e1latosabb Unix programok","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i>A cikk szerz\u0151je Douglas McIlroy \u2013 amerikai matematikus, m\u00e9rn\u00f6k \u00e9s programoz\u00f3. Legink\u00e1bb az Unix oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer cs\u0151vezet\u00e9k\u00e9nek, a komponens-orient\u00e1lt programoz\u00e1s elveinek \u00e9s sz\u00e1mos eredeti seg\u00e9dprogramnak, p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a spell, diff, sort, join, speak \u00e9s tr fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l ismert.<\/i> <\/p>\n<p>N\u00e9ha t\u00e9nyleg csod\u00e1latos programokba botlik az ember. Eml\u00e9keimet kutatva \u00f6ssze\u00e1ll\u00edtottam az \u00e9vek alatt val\u00f3di gy\u00f6ngyszemek list\u00e1j\u00e1t Unix alatt. F\u0151leg viszonylag ritk\u00e1n haszn\u00e1lt \u00e9s nem annyira n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00f6zhetetlen programokr\u00f3l van sz\u00f3. De ami megk\u00fcl\u00f6nb\u00f6zteti \u0151ket, az az eredetis\u00e9g. El sem tudom k\u00e9pzelni, hogy nekem magamt\u00f3l eszembe jutott volna b\u00e1rmelyik\u00fck \u00f6tlete.<\/p>\n<p>Oszd meg, hogy mely programok hatottak r\u00e1d ennyire?<\/p>\n<h1>PDP-7 Unix<\/h1>\n<p>\nKezd\u00e9sk\u00e9nt mag\u00e1nak a PDP-7 Unix rendszernek az egyszer\u0171s\u00e9ge \u00e9s ereje arra k\u00e9sztetett, hogy egy er\u0151teljes f\u0151g\u00e9pr\u0151l \u00e1tv\u00e1ltjak egy apr\u00f3 g\u00e9pre. Itt van a hierarchikus f\u00e1jlrendszer kvintesszenci\u00e1ja, a k\u00fcl\u00f6n shell \u00e9s a folyamatkezel\u00e9s felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3i szinten, amit a Multics f\u0151g\u00e9pek eset\u00e9n nem tudtak megval\u00f3s\u00edtani t\u00f6bb sz\u00e1z ember\u00e9ves fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n. Az Unix h\u00e1tr\u00e1nyai (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a f\u00e1jlrendszer fel\u00e9p\u00edt\u00e9se) \u00e9ppolyan tanuls\u00e1gosak \u00e9s felszabad\u00edt\u00f3ak voltak, mint az \u00faj\u00edt\u00e1sai (p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a bemeneti \u00e9s kimeneti ir\u00e1ny\u00edt\u00e1s a shellben).<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>dc<\/h1>\n<p>\nRobert Morris v\u00e1ltoz\u00f3 pontoss\u00e1g\u00fa asztali sz\u00e1mol\u00f3g\u00e9p\u00e9nek matematikai k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1ra a hiba visszafel\u00e9 elemz\u00e9s\u00e9t haszn\u00e1lta annak meghat\u00e1roz\u00e1s\u00e1hoz, hogy az egyes l\u00e9p\u00e9sekben mekkora pontoss\u00e1gra van sz\u00fcks\u00e9g a felhaszn\u00e1l\u00f3 \u00e1ltal megadott eredm\u00e9ny el\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9hez. Az 1968-as NATO szoftverfejleszt\u00e9si konferenci\u00e1n a szoftverkomponensekr\u0151l tartott el\u0151ad\u00e1somban aj\u00e1nlottam olyan referenciaelj\u00e1r\u00e1sokat, amelyek b\u00e1rmilyen k\u00edv\u00e1nt pontoss\u00e1got ny\u00fajthatnak, de nem tudtam, hogyan kellene ezeket gyakorlatban megval\u00f3s\u00edtani. A dc m\u00e9g mindig az egyetlen program, amelyr\u0151l tudom, hogy k\u00e9pes r\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h1>typo<\/h1>\n<p>\nA typo organizes words in the text according to their similarity to the rest of the text. Mistakes like 'hte' tend to appear at the end of the list. Robert Morris proudly stated that the program would work equally well for any language. Although a typo does not help find phonetic errors, it has become a real discovery for anyone typing text and has brought a lot of benefits before the much less interesting but more accurate dictionary spell checking became available.<\/p>\n<p>A hiba annyira v\u00e1ratlanul van kialak\u00edtva bel\u00fcl, mint k\u00edv\u00fcl. A hasonl\u00f3s\u00e1g m\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9nek algoritmus\u00e1t a trigramok el\u0151fordul\u00e1s\u00e1nak gyakoris\u00e1ga alapj\u00e1n dolgozt\u00e1k ki, amelyeket egy 26\u00d726\u00d726-os t\u00f6mbben sz\u00e1m\u00edtanak. A kicsi mem\u00f3ri\u00e1ban alig volt elegend\u0151 hely az egyb\u00e1jtos sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3knak, ez\u00e9rt egy s\u00e9m\u00e1t val\u00f3s\u00edtottak meg a nagy sz\u00e1mok kicsi sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3kk\u00e1 t\u00f6m\u00f6r\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9re. A t\u00falcsordul\u00e1s elker\u00fcl\u00e9se \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben a sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3k val\u00f3sz\u00edn\u0171s\u00e9g alap\u00fa friss\u00edt\u00e9seket kaptak, meg\u0151rizve a sz\u00e1ml\u00e1l\u00f3 \u00e9rt\u00e9k\u00e9nek logaritmus\u00e1nak becsl\u00e9s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n<h1>. Ez figyelembe vehet\u0151, mert a k\u00e9plet megjelen\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9hez a fejleszt\u0151nek csak egyszer\u0171 szavakkal \u00e9s szimb\u00f3lumokkal kell le\u00edrnia azt. A kulcsszavak lehet\u0151v\u00e9 teszik a matematikai jelek f\u00fcgg\u0151leges \u00e9s v\u00edzszintes eltol\u00e1s\u00e1t, m\u00e9ret\u00fck \u00e9s egy\u00e9b param\u00e9tereik megv\u00e1ltoztat\u00e1s\u00e1t. Ha az eszk\u00f6znek \u00e1tad egy sort:<\/h1>\n<p>\nA fot\u00f3gy\u0171jt\u00e9s megjelen\u00e9s\u00e9vel lehet\u0151v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, de borzaszt\u00f3an f\u00e1raszt\u00f3 volt a klasszikus matematikai jel\u00f6l\u00e9s kifejez\u00e9se. Lorinda Cherry \u00fagy d\u00f6nt\u00f6tt, hogy kidolgoz egy magasabb szint\u0171 le\u00edr\u00e1si nyelvet, \u00e9s nem sokkal k\u00e9s\u0151bb csatlakozott hozz\u00e1 Brian Kernighan. Pomp\u00e1s l\u00e9p\u00e9s\u00fck az volt, hogy a sz\u00f3beli hagyom\u00e1nyt \u00edr\u00e1sos form\u00e1ba \u00f6nt\u00f6tt\u00e9k, \u00edgy az eqn meglep\u0151en egyszer\u0171v\u00e9 v\u00e1lt a tanul\u00e1s szempontj\u00e1b\u00f3l. Az els\u0151 ilyen jelleg\u0171 matematikai kifejez\u00e9sek le\u00edr\u00e1s\u00e1hoz k\u00e9sz\u00fclt preprocesszor az\u00f3ta alig fejl\u0151d\u00f6tt.<\/p>\n<h1>strukt\u00fara<\/h1>\n<p>\nBrenda Baker a Fortan-to-Ratfor konverter\u00e9nek fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9be kezdett, a f\u0151n\u00f6k\u00e9nek \u2014 nekem \u2014 ellen\u00e9re. Gondoltam, hogy ez k\u00fcl\u00f6nleges \u00fajrarendez\u00e9shez vezethet az eredeti sz\u00f6vegben. Szabad lesz az oper\u00e1torok sz\u00e1m\u00e1t\u00f3l, de egy\u00e9bk\u00e9nt nem olvashat\u00f3bb, mint egy j\u00f3l struktur\u00e1lt Fortran k\u00f3d. Brenda bebizony\u00edtotta, hogy t\u00e9vedtem. Felfedezte, hogy minden Fortran programnak van egy kanonikus strukt\u00far\u00e1j\u00fa form\u00e1ja. A programoz\u00f3k a kanonikus form\u00e1t r\u00e9szes\u00edtett\u00e9k el\u0151nyben, \u00e9s nem azt, amit eredetileg \u00edrtak.<\/p>\n<h1>pascal<\/h1>\n<p>\nA szintaxis diagnosztika a Sue Graham \u00e1ltal Berkeley-ben k\u00e9sz\u00edtett ford\u00edt\u00f3ban volt a leghasznosabb az \u00f6sszes k\u00f6z\u00fcl, amit valaha l\u00e1ttam \u2014 \u00e9s automatikusan t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt. Szintaktikai hiba eset\u00e9n a ford\u00edt\u00f3 javasolja egy lex\u00e9ma besz\u00far\u00e1s\u00e1t a szintaktikai elemz\u00e9s folytat\u00e1s\u00e1hoz. Nincs k\u00eds\u00e9rlet a hiba magyar\u00e1zat\u00e1ra. Ezzel a ford\u00edt\u00f3val egy este alatt megtanultam Pascal-t \u00fagy, hogy nem volt n\u00e1lam semmif\u00e9le k\u00e9zik\u00f6nyv.<\/p>\n<h1>alkatr\u00e9szek<\/h1>\n<p>\nA module hidden inside the WWB (Writer's Workbench) package <code>alkatr\u00e9szek<\/code> Lorinda Cherry a meghat\u00e1rozza a szavak sz\u00f3fajait az angol nyelv\u0171 sz\u00f6vegben egy kis sz\u00f3t\u00e1r, helyes\u00edr\u00e1si \u00e9s nyelvtani szab\u00e1lyok alapj\u00e1n. Ebb\u0151l az annot\u00e1ci\u00f3b\u00f3l a WWB program stilometriai mutat\u00f3kat szolg\u00e1ltat a sz\u00f6vegr\u0151l, mint p\u00e9ld\u00e1ul a mell\u00e9knevek, az al\u00e1rendelt mondatok \u00e9s a bonyolult mondatok t\u00fals\u00faly\u00e1t. Amikor Lorinda interj\u00fat adott a NBC Today c\u00edm\u0171 m\u0171sor\u00e1ban, \u00e9s besz\u00e9lt a WWB sz\u00f6vegek innovat\u00edv nyelvtani ellen\u0151rz\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l, ez volt az els\u0151 Unix eml\u00edt\u00e9s a telev\u00edzi\u00f3ban.<\/p>\n<h1>egrep<\/h1>\n<p>\nAl Aho azt rem\u00e9lte, hogy a determinisztikus regul\u00e1ris kifejez\u00e9s felismer\u0151je megel\u0151zi Ken klasszikus nem determinisztikus felismer\u0151j\u00e9t. Sajnos az ut\u00f3bbi m\u00e1r befejezte a bonyolult regul\u00e1ris kifejez\u00e9sek \u00e1tj\u00e1r\u00e1s\u00e1t, am\u00edg <code>egrep<\/code> az \u0151 determinisztikus automat\u00e1j\u00e1t \u00e9p\u00edtette. Annak \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben, hogy v\u00e9g\u00fcl gy\u0151ztes legyen ebben a versenyben, Al Aho megker\u00fclte az automata \u00e1llapotainak exponenci\u00e1lis n\u00f6veked\u00e9s\u00e9nek \u00e1tk\u00e1t, kifejlesztve egy m\u00f3dszert, amellyel menet k\u00f6zben csak azokat a t\u00e1bl\u00e1zatbejegyz\u00e9seket hozta l\u00e9tre, amelyeket val\u00f3ban l\u00e1togatnak a felismer\u00e9s sor\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<h1>r\u00e1kok<\/h1>\n<p>\nLuca Cardelli b\u00e1jos meta-programja a Blit ablakos rendszerhez virtu\u00e1lis r\u00e1kokat gener\u00e1lt, amelyek bej\u00e1rtak a k\u00e9perny\u0151 \u00fcres ter\u00e9ben, egyre ink\u00e1bb harapva az akt\u00edv ablakok sz\u00e9leit.<\/p>\n<h1>N\u00e9h\u00e1ny \u00e1ltal\u00e1nos gondolat<\/h1>\n<p>\nB\u00e1r ez k\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l nem l\u00e1that\u00f3, a te\u00f3ria \u00e9s az algoritmusok d\u00f6nt\u0151 szerepet j\u00e1tszottak e programok t\u00f6bbs\u00e9g\u00e9nek l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1ban: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. Val\u00f3j\u00e1ban legink\u00e1bb a te\u00f3ria szokatlan alkalmaz\u00e1sa meglep\u0151.<\/p>\n<p>A lista majdnem fel\u00e9nek eredeti szerz\u0151i \u2014 pascal, struct, parts, eqn \u2014 n\u0151k voltak, ami jelent\u0151sen meghaladja a n\u0151i ar\u00e1nyt a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1stechnikai ter\u00fcleten.<\/p>\n<p><i>Douglas Macilroy<br \/>\n2020 m\u00e1rcius<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Forr\u00e1s: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/495550\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 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