{"id":92270,"date":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let"},"modified":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","modified_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/hu\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","title":{"rendered":"A Linux kernel 29 \u00e9ves lett","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>1991. augusztus 25-\u00e9n, \u00f6t h\u00f3napos fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n a 21 \u00e9ves Linus Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~awb\/linux.history.html\">bejelentette<\/a><\/noindex> a comp.os.minix h\u00edrlev\u00e9lben bemutatta egy \u00faj oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer, a Linux munkap\u00e9ld\u00e1ny\u00e1nak elk\u00e9sz\u00edt\u00e9s\u00e9t, amelyr\u0151l bejelentett\u00e9k a bash 1.08 \u00e9s gcc 1.40 port\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1t. Az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos kiad\u00e1sa a Linux kernelnek 1991. szeptember 17-\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt. A kernel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.linuxgrill.com\/anonymous\/kernel\/Archive\/historic\/\">0.0.1<\/a><\/noindex> \u00f6sszesen 62 KB m\u00e9ret\u0171 volt t\u00f6m\u00f6r\u00edtett form\u00e1ban, \u00e9s mintegy 10 ezer sor forr\u00e1sk\u00f3dot tartalmazott. A modern Linux kernel t\u00f6bb mint 26 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3dot tartalmaz. Egy 2010-ben az Eur\u00f3pai Uni\u00f3 megb\u00edz\u00e1s\u00e1b\u00f3l v\u00e9gzett tanulm\u00e1ny szerint a modern Linux kernelhez hasonl\u00f3 projekt null\u00e1r\u00f3l t\u00f6rt\u00e9n\u0151 kifejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9nek k\u00f6r\u00fcbel\u00fcl <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=25560\">t\u00f6bb mint egymilli\u00e1rd<\/a><\/noindex> amerikai doll\u00e1rra lenne sz\u00fcks\u00e9ge (a sz\u00e1m\u00edt\u00e1sok akkor t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt, amikor a kernel 13 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3dot tartalmazott), m\u00e1s <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dwheeler.com\/essays\/linux-kernel-cost.html\">becsl\u00e9sek szerint pedig \u2014<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9sek \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linuxcost.blogspot.ru\/2011\/03\/cost-of-linux.html\">A Linux kernelt a MINIX oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszer ihlette, amelynek korl\u00e1tozott licencje miatt Linus nem volt el\u00e9gedett. K\u00e9s\u0151bb, amikor a Linux egy n\u00e9pszer\u0171 projektt\u00e9 v\u00e1lt, az ellens\u00e9gei megpr\u00f3b\u00e1lt\u00e1k Linust v\u00e1dolni a MINIX n\u00e9h\u00e1ny alrendszer\u00e9nek k\u00f6zvetlen lem\u00e1sol\u00e1s\u00e1val. Andrew Tanenbaum, a MINIX szerz\u0151je visszav\u00e1gott, megb\u00edzva egyik di\u00e1kj\u00e1t, hogy v\u00e9gezzen r\u00e9szletes \u00f6sszehasonl\u00edt\u00e1st a Minix \u00e9s az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos Linux verzi\u00f3k k\u00f3dja k\u00f6z\u00f6tt.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>A vizsg\u00e1latok sor\u00e1n mind\u00f6ssze n\u00e9gy l\u00e9nyegtelen k\u00f3dr\u00e9szlet-egyez\u00e9st tal\u00e1ltak, amelyek a POSIX \u00e9s ANSI C k\u00f6vetelm\u00e9nyeivel voltak \u00f6sszef\u00fcgg\u00e9sben. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.vu.nl\/~ast\/brown\/codecomparison\/alexey.html\">Eredm\u00e9nyek<\/a><\/noindex> Eredetileg Linus a kernelt Freax-nak nevezte volna, a \u201efree\u201d, \u201efreak\u201d \u00e9s az X (Unix) szavakb\u00f3l. A \u201eLinux\u201d nevet a n\u00e9pszer\u0171s\u00edt\u0151 Ari Lemmke adta, aki Linus k\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re tette k\u00f6zz\u00e9 a kernelt a<\/p>\n<p>Kezdetben Linus azt tervezte, hogy az oper\u00e1ci\u00f3s rendszert Freaxnak nevezi, a \u00abfree\u00bb, \u00abfreak\u00bb \u00e9s X (Unix) szavakb\u00f3l. De a \u00abLinux\u00bb nevet Ari Lemke k\u00f6nnyed\u00e9n adta a kernnek, aki Linus k\u00e9r\u00e9s\u00e9re elhelyezte a kernet a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/linux\/\">FTP szerveren<\/a><\/noindex> egyetem arch\u00edvum\u00e1nak k\u00f6nyvt\u00e1r\u00e1ba nem \u00abfreax\u00bb n\u00e9ven, ahogy Torvalds k\u00e9rte, hanem \u00ablinux\u00bb n\u00e9ven. \u00c9rdekes, hogy az \u00fczleti ember William Della Croce be tudta jegyezni a Linux v\u00e9djegyet, \u00e9s id\u0151vel d\u00edjat akart beszedni, de k\u00e9s\u0151bb meggondolta mag\u00e1t, \u00e9s \u00e1tadta az \u00f6sszes jogot Linusnak. A Linux kernel hivatalos kabal\u00e1ja, a Tux nev\u0171 pingvin, az <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.earlham.edu\/%7Ejeremiah\/linux-pix\/linux-logo.html\">A k\u00f3dalap n\u00f6veked\u00e9si dinamik\u00e1ja (a forr\u00e1sk\u00f3d sorainak sz\u00e1ma) a kernel eset\u00e9ben:<\/a><\/noindex>0.0.1 \u2014 1991 szeptember, 10 ezer sor k\u00f3d;<\/p>\n<p>1.0.0 \u2014 1994 m\u00e1rcius, 176 ezer sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2014 1991 szeptember, 10 ezer sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2014 1994 m\u00e1rcius, 176 ezer sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2014 1995 m\u00e1rcius, 311 ezer sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2014 1996 j\u00fanius, 778 ezer sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2014 1999 janu\u00e1r, 1,8 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2014 2001 janu\u00e1r, 3,4 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2014 2003 december, 5,9 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2014 2008 december, 10,2 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2014 2010 augusztus, 13,4 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.0 \u2013 2011. augusztus, 14,6 milli\u00f3 k\u00f3d sor.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.5 \u2013 2012. j\u00falius, 15,5 milli\u00f3 k\u00f3d sor.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2014 2013 j\u00falius, 15,8 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2014 2014 augusztus, 17,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2014 2015 j\u00fanius, 19,5 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2014 2016 j\u00falius, 21,7 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2014 2017 j\u00falius, 24,1 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.18 \u2013 2018. augusztus, 25,3 milli\u00f3 k\u00f3d sor.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.2 \u2013 2019. j\u00falius, 26,55 milli\u00f3 k\u00f3d sor.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.8 \u2014 2020 augusztus, 28,36 milli\u00f3 sor k\u00f3d.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A kernel fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9nek el\u0151rehalad\u00e1sa:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2013 1991. szeptember, az els\u0151 nyilv\u00e1nos kiad\u00e1s, amely csak az i386 CPU-t t\u00e1mogatja \u00e9s floppy lemezr\u0151l t\u00f6lthet\u0151 be;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2013 1992. janu\u00e1r, a k\u00f3d GPLv2 licenc alatt kezdett el terjedni;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2013 1992. m\u00e1rcius, lehet\u0151s\u00e9g biztos\u00edt\u00e1sa az X Window System ind\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ra, virtu\u00e1lis mem\u00f3ria \u00e9s swap part\u00edci\u00f3 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s\u00e1nak bevezet\u00e9se.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2013 1992-1993, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati stack fejleszt\u00e9se elkezd\u0151d\u00f6tt. Az Ext2 f\u00e1jlrendszer bemutat\u00e1sa, az ELF f\u00e1jlform\u00e1tum t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, hangk\u00e1rtya- \u00e9s SCSI vez\u00e9rl\u0151 meghajt\u00f3k bevezet\u00e9se, kernelm\u00f3dulok \u00e9s a \/proc f\u00e1jlrendszer bet\u00f6lt\u00e9s\u00e9nek megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sa.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1992-ben jelentek meg az els\u0151 SLS \u00e9s Yggdrasil disztrib\u00faci\u00f3k. 1993 nyar\u00e1n megalakult a Slackware \u00e9s a Debian projektek.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 m\u00e1rcius 1994, az els\u0151 hivatalosan stabil kiad\u00e1s;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 m\u00e1rcius 1995, jelent\u0151s n\u00f6veked\u00e9s a meghajt\u00f3k sz\u00e1m\u00e1ban, Alpha, MIPS \u00e9s SPARC platformok t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, a h\u00e1l\u00f3zati verem b\u0151v\u00edt\u00e9se, csomagsz\u0171r\u0151 megjelen\u00e9se, NFS t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 1996 j\u00fanius\u00e1ban, t\u00f6bbprocesszoros rendszerek t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1997 m\u00e1rcius: megalap\u00edtva a LKML, a Linux kernel fejleszt\u0151inek levelez\u0151list\u00e1ja;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1998: megjelent az els\u0151 Linux alap\u00fa klaszter a Top500-on, amely 68 Alpha CPU-b\u00f3l \u00e1llt;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 \u2014 1999 janu\u00e1r, a mem\u00f3ria-kezel\u0151 rendszer hat\u00e9konys\u00e1g\u00e1nak n\u00f6vel\u00e9se, IPv6 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s bevezet\u00e9se, \u00faj t\u0171zfal megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1sa, \u00faj hangalrendszer bemutat\u00e1sa;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 2001 febru\u00e1r, 8-processzoros rendszerek \u00e9s 64 GB RAM t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sa, Ext3 f\u00e1jlrendszer, USB, ACPI t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 2003 december, SELinux t\u00e1mogat\u00e1s, kernel param\u00e9terek automatikus be\u00e1ll\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1nak eszk\u00f6zei, sysfs, \u00e1tdolgozott mem\u00f3ria kezel\u00e9s;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2005-ben bemutat\u00e1sra ker\u00fclt a Xen hipervizor, amely megnyitotta a virtualiz\u00e1ci\u00f3 kor\u00e1t;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2008 szeptember\u00e9ben alakult meg az els\u0151 Android platform kiad\u00e1s, amely a Linux kernel alapjaira \u00e9p\u00fclt;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2011 j\u00falius\u00e1ban, 10 \u00e9v fejleszt\u00e9s ut\u00e1n a 2.6.x \u00e1gban <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=31259\">megval\u00f3sult<\/a><\/noindex> a 3.x sz\u00e1mol\u00e1sra val\u00f3 \u00e1t\u00e1ll\u00e1s. A Git-t\u00e1rh\u00e1zban l\u00e9v\u0151 objektumok sz\u00e1ma el\u00e9rte a 2 milli\u00f3t;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2015-ben <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=42029\">megt\u00f6rt\u00e9nt<\/a><\/noindex> megjelenik a Linux 4.0 mag. A git-objektumok sz\u00e1ma a rep\u00f3ban el\u00e9rte a 4 milli\u00f3t;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2018 \u00e1prilis\u00e1ban <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48447\">t\u00fall\u00e9pve<\/a><\/noindex> a 6 milli\u00f3s git-objektum hat\u00e1rt a kernel rep\u00f3j\u00e1ban.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2019 janu\u00e1rj\u00e1ban l\u00e9trej\u00f6tt a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50201\">Linux 5.0<\/a><\/noindex>. A rep\u00f3 el\u00e9rte a 6,5 milli\u00f3 git-objektumot.\n<li class=\"l\"> A 2020. augusztus\u00e1ban k\u00f6zz\u00e9tett 5.8-as kernel <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53479\">lett<\/a><\/noindex> a projekt t\u00f6rt\u00e9nete sor\u00e1n a legnagyobb m\u00f3dos\u00edt\u00e1si sz\u00e1m\u00fa kernel.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Forr\u00e1s: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53593\">opennet.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.3 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 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