Okwu mmalite
Ndewo, unu niile! Aha m bụ Sasha, a na m anwale azụ azụ (ọrụ Linux na API) ihe karịrị afọ isii. Echiche maka akụkọ ahụ bịakwutere m mgbe arịrịọ ọzọ onye enyi onye nyocha gwara ya ihe ọ nwere ike ịgụ gbasara iwu Linux tupu ajụjụ ọnụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, achọrọ onye na-achọ ọkwa injinia QA ka ọ mara iwu ndị bụ isi (ma ọ bụrụ na, n'ezie, ha gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ na Linux), mana kedu ka ị ga-esi mara iwu ndị kwesịrị ịgụ na mgbe ị na-akwadebe maka ajụjụ ọnụ ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ntakịrị. ma ọ bụ enweghị ahụmịhe na Linux?
Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na e deelarị nke a ọtụtụ ugboro, m ka kpebiri ide edemede ọzọ "Linux for beginners" ma depụta ebe a iwu ndị bụ isi nke ị kwesịrị ịma tupu ajụjụ ọnụ ọ bụla na ngalaba (ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ) na-eji Linux. Echere m banyere iwu na akụrụngwa na nke paramita m na-ejikarị, anakọtara nzaghachi sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe m, wee chịkọta ya niile n'otu isiokwu. E kewara akụkọ ahụ n'ime akụkụ atọ: nke mbụ, ozi dị nkenke gbasara isi nke I/O na Linux Terminal, wee nyocha nke iwu kachasị mkpa, akụkụ nke atọ na-akọwa otu esi edozi nsogbu nkịtị na Linux.
Iwu ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ, a gaghị edepụta ha niile ebe a. Ị nwere ike ịbanye 'nwoke <iwu>` ma ọ bụ `<iwu> --enyere akaỊmụtakwuo maka otu.
Ihe nlele:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Ọ bụrụ na iwu na-ewe ogologo oge iji wuchaa, ị nwere ike ịkwụsị ya site na ịpị na njikwa Ctrl + C (a na-eziga mgbama na usoro AKARA).
Obere maka mmepụta iwu
Mgbe usoro malitere na Linux, a na-emepụta iyi data ọkọlọtọ 3 maka usoro ahụ: Igha, zọọ и Onyedika. A na-agụ ha 0, 1 na 2 n'otu n'otu. Ma ugbu a, anyị nwere mmasị zọọ na, n'ókè nke nta, Onyedika. Site na aha ndị ahụ ọ dị mfe ịkọ nke ahụ zọọ a na-eji emepụta data, na Onyedika - iji gosi njehie ozi. Site na ndabara mgbe ị na-eme iwu na Linux zọọ и Onyedika wepụta ozi niile na njikwa, agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mmepụta iwu buru ibu, ọ nwere ike ịdị mma ibugharị ya na faịlụ. Enwere ike ime nke a, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka nke a:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Ọ bụrụ na anyị wepụta ọdịnaya nke faịlụ ahụ mmadụ_signal, mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-ahụ na ọ bụ otu ihe ọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-agba ọsọ 'iwu'akara nwoke`.
Ọrụ ntụgharị '>` adabara na zọọ. Ị nwere ike ịkọwapụta ntụgharị zọọ hoo haa: `1>' N'otu aka ahụ, ị nwere ike ịkọwapụta ntụgharị Onyedika:'2>' Ị nwere ike ijikọ ọrụ ndị a wee kewaa mmepụta iwu nkịtị na mmepụta ozi njehie:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Redirect na zọọna Onyedika n'ime otu faịlụ dị ka ndị a:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Ọrụ ntụgharị '2> & 1` pụtara redirect Onyedika gaa n'otu ebe dịka a gwara ya zọọ.
Ọzọ adaba ngwá ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na I / O (ma ọ bụ kama, ọ bụ a adaba ngwá ọrụ maka interprocess nkwurịta okwu) bụ ọkpọkọ (ma ọ bụ ebuka). A na-ejikarị pipeline akọwa ọtụtụ iwu: zọọ na-ibugharị iwu na Igha na-esote, na ndị ọzọ na yinye:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Iwu Linux bụ isi
pwd
Gosipụta ndekọ ndekọ (na-arụ ọrụ) ugbu a.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
ụbọchị
Gosipụta ụbọchị na oge sistemụ dị ugbu a.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Iwu a na-egosi onye abanyela na sistemụ. Na mgbakwunye, uptime na LA (nkezi ibu) na-egosipụtakwa na ihuenyo.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Bipụta ọdịnaya nke ndekọ aha. Ọ bụrụ na ịgafeghị ụzọ ahụ, a ga-egosipụta ọdịnaya nke ndekọ aha ugbu a.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Onwe m, m na-ejikarị nhọrọ -l (usoro ndepụta ogologo - mmepụta na kọlụm nwere ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara faịlụ), -t (ịhazi site na faịlụ / akwụkwọ ndekọ oge mgbanwe) na -r (ịgbanwe nhazi - na ngwakọta na -t faịlụ kacha ọhụrụ ga-adị na ala):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
Enwere aha ndekọ aha pụrụ iche 2:"."Na"..". Nke mbụ pụtara akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ugbu a, nke abụọ pụtara ndekọ ndekọ aha nne na nna. Ha nwere ike ịdị mma iji na otu dị iche iche, ọkachasị ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
Enwekwara nhọrọ bara uru iji gosipụta faịlụ zoro ezo (malite na ".") - -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Ị nwekwara ike iji nhọrọ -h - mmepụta n'ụdị mmadụ nwere ike ịgụ (leba anya na nha faịlụ):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Gbanwee ndekọ aha ugbu a.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Ọ bụrụ na ịgafeghị aha ndekọ aha dịka arụmụka, a ga-eji mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi $ OMLỌ, ya bụ, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ụlọ. Ọ nwekwara ike ịdị mma iji `~`bụ agwa pụrụ iche pụtara $ OMLỌ:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Mepụta ndekọ.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
Mgbe ụfọdụ, ịkwesịrị ịmepụta usoro ndekọ aha kpọmkwem: dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ ndekọ aha n'ime ndekọ na-adịghị adị. Iji zere ịbanye ọtụtụ oge n'usoro mkdir, ị nwere ike iji nhọrọ -p - ọ na-enye gị ohere ịmepụta akwụkwọ ndekọ aha niile na-efu na ọkwa. Ọzọkwa na nke a nhọrọ mkdir agaghị eweghachi mperi ma ọ bụrụ na ndekọ dị.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Hichapụ faịlụ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Nhọrọ -r na-enye gị ohere ihichapụ ndekọ aha na ọdịnaya ha niile, nhọrọ -f na-enye gị ohere ileghara njehie anya mgbe ị na-ehichapụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, gbasara faịlụ na-adịghị adị). Nhọrọ ndị a na-enye ohere, n'ikwu okwu n'ụzọ siri ike, ihichapụ usoro niile nke faịlụ na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha (ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ nwere ikike ime otú ahụ), ya mere, a ga-eji nlezianya mee ya (ihe atụ egwuregwu ama ama bụ "rm-rf /", n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ga-ehichapụ gị, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị usoro dum, mgbe ahụ ọtụtụ faịlụ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ ya).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Detuo faịlụ ma ọ bụ ndekọ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
Iwu a nwekwara nhọrọ -r и -f, enwere ike iji ha hụ na e depụtaghachiri ndị isi nke akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na nchekwa na ebe ọzọ.
mv
Bugharịa ma ọ bụ nyegharịa faịlụ ma ọ bụ ndekọ aha.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
cat
Bipụta ọdịnaya nke faịlụ (ma ọ bụ faịlụ).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
Ọ dịkwa mma ịṅa ntị na iwu isi (mmepụta n ahịrị mbụ ma ọ bụ bytes nke faịlụ) na ọdụ (ihe gbasara ya ma emechaa).
ọdụ
Wepụ n ahịrị ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ bytes nke faịlụ ahụ.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
Nhọrọ ahụ bara uru nke ukwuu -f - ọ na-enye gị ohere igosipụta data ọhụrụ na faịlụ ozugbo.
Mpekarị
Mgbe ụfọdụ faịlụ ederede buru oke ibu ma ọ naghị adị mfe iji iwu ahụ gosi ya cat. Mgbe ahụ ị nwere ike imepe ya site na iji iwu ahụ Mpekarị: faịlụ ga-apụta na akụkụ; igodo site na akụkụ ndị a, ọchụchọ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mfe dị.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
Ọ nwekwara ike ịdị mma iji Mpekarị ya na ebu (ọkpọkọ):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Usoro ndepụta.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Mụ onwe m na-ejikarị nhọrọ BSD "na"- gosipụta usoro niile dị na sistemụ (ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ usoro, egosipụtara m naanị 5 mbụ n'ime ha site na iji pipeline).ọkpọkọ) na otu isi):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
Ọtụtụ ndị na-ejikwa nhọrọ BSD"axjf", nke na-enye gị ohere igosipụta osisi usoro (ebe a, m wepụrụ akụkụ nke mmepụta maka ngosi):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
Iwu a nwere ọtụtụ nhọrọ dị iche iche, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ana m akwado ka ị gụọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ naanị ịmara "ps agba".
igbu
Zipu mgbaama na usoro. Site na ndabara, ezipụ mgbaama ỌR, nke na-akwụsị usoro ahụ.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
Ebe ọ bụ na usoro nwere ike ịnwe ndị na-ahụ maka mgbaàmà, igbu ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-eduga na nsonaazụ a na-atụ anya ya - ngwa ngwa imecha usoro ahụ. Iji "gbuo" usoro n'ezie, ịkwesịrị iziga mgbaàmà na usoro ahụ DIG MMA. Otú ọ dị, nke a nwere ike iduga ọnwụ data (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na usoro ahụ kwesịrị ịchekwa ụfọdụ ozi na diski tupu akwụsị), yabụ ịkwesịrị iji nlezianya mee iwu a. Nọmba mgbaàmà DIG MMA - 9, yabụ ụdị obere iwu ahụ dị ka nke a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
Na mgbakwunye na ndị a kpọtụrụ aha ỌR и DIG MMA Enwere ọtụtụ akara ngosi dị iche iche; enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta ha n'ụzọ dị mfe na ịntanetị. Echefula na akara ngosi DIG MMA и Kwụsịa enweghị ike ijide ma ọ bụ leghara ya anya.
ping
Zipu ngwugwu ICMP na onye nnabata ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
ndabara ping na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbe ejiri aka kwụsị ya. Ya mere nhọrọ ahụ nwere ike ịba uru -c - ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwugwu mgbe izipu ping ga-emecha n'onwe ya. Nhọrọ ọzọ m na-eji mgbe ụfọdụ bụ -i, etiti etiti n'etiti izipu ngwugwu.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
ssh
Onye ahịa OpenSSH SSH na-enye gị ohere ijikọ na onye ọbịa dịpụrụ adịpụ.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
Enwere ọtụtụ nuances na iji SSH, onye ahịa a nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ikike, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ (ma ọ bụ mkpa) ị nwere ike ịgụ banyere ya. .
scp
Detuo faịlụ n'etiti ndị ọbịa (maka ojiji a ssh).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Ịnwekwara ike iji mekọrịta ndekọ aha n'etiti ndị ọbịa rsync (-a - Archive mode, na-enye gị ohere iṅomi dum ọdịnaya nke ndekọ "dị ka ọ dị", -v - mmepụta na console nke ozi ndị ọzọ):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
nkuzi mgbamejije
Gosipụta ahịrị ederede.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Nhọrọ ndị kwesịrị ịtụle ebe a -n - etinyela ahịrị ahụ na nkwụsịtụ akara na njedebe, na -e - mee ka ntụgharị okwu gbanarị site na iji "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Ị nwekwara ike igosipụta ụkpụrụ nke mgbanwe site na iji iwu a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Linux, a na-echekwa koodu ọpụpụ nke iwu ikpeazụ na mgbanwe pụrụ iche $?, na n'ụzọ dị otú a ị nwere ike chọpụta kpọmkwem ihe njehie mere na ikpeazụ na-agba ọsọ ngwa:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Onye ahịa maka protocol TELNET. Eji ya na onye ọbịa ọzọ kparịta ụka.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ iji protocol TLS (ka m chetara gị na SSL adịla agadi), mgbe ahụ telnet adịghị mma maka ebumnuche ndị a. Ma onye ahịa ga-abịa openssl:
Ihe atụ nke iji openssl na iwepụta nzaghachi nye arịrịọ GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Ịdozi nsogbu nkịtị na Linux
Gbanwee onye nwe faịlụ
Ị nwere ike ịgbanwe onye nwe faịlụ ma ọ bụ ndekọ site na iji iwu ahụ chown:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
A ga-enyerịrị onye nwe ya na otu ọhụrụ (nhọrọ), nke eriri eriri kewapụrụ. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ị na-agbanwe onye nwe ndekọ aha, nhọrọ ahụ nwere ike ịba uru -R - mgbe ahụ, ndị nwe ya ga-agbanwe maka ọdịnaya niile nke akwụkwọ ndekọ aha.
Gbanwee ikike faịlụ
Enwere ike idozi nsogbu a site na iji iwu chmod. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, m ga-enye ntọala ikike "onye nwe ya ka ọ gụọ, dee na mebie, a na-ahapụ otu ahụ ka ọ gụọ ma dee, a naghị ekwe onye ọ bụla ọzọ ihe ọ bụla":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Nke mbụ 7 (nke a bụ 0b111 na bit nnọchite anya) na paramita pụtara "ikike niile maka onye nwe", nke abụọ 6 (nke a bụ 0b110 na bit nnọchite) pụtara "gụọ na dee", na 0 pụtara ihe ọ bụla maka ndị ọzọ. . A bitmask nwere ibe n'ibe atọ: nke kacha nta dị ịrịba ama ("aka nri") bụ maka igbu, nke na-esote ("etiti") bụ maka ide ihe, na nke kachasị mkpa ("aka ekpe") bụ maka ịgụ ihe.
Ị nwekwara ike ịtọ ikike site na iji mkpụrụedemede pụrụ iche (mnemonic syntax). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe atụ na-esonụ na-ebu ụzọ wepụ ikike igbu onye ọrụ ugbu a wee gbanwee ha azụ:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Iwu a nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, yabụ ana m adụ gị ọdụ ka ị gụọkwu gbasara ya (karịsịa gbasara syntax mnemonic, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ).
Bipụta ọdịnaya nke faịlụ ọnụọgụ abụọ
Enwere ike ime nke a site na iji akụrụngwa hexdump. N'okpuru bụ ihe atụ nke ojiji ya.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Iji nke a ịba uru, ị nwere ike mmepụta data na ndị ọzọ formats, ma ndị a bụ ndị kasị bara uru nhọrọ maka iji ya.
Chọọ faịlụ
Ị nwere ike ịchọta faịlụ site na akụkụ nke aha ya na osisi ndekọ site na iji iwu ahụ chọta:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Nhọrọ ọchụchọ na nzacha ndị ọzọ dịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu a ka ị ga-esi chọta faịlụ na nchekwa ulekere ihe karịrị ụbọchị 5 gara aga:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Chọọ ederede na faịlụ
Ndị otu ahụ ga-enyere gị aka ịnagide ọrụ a grep. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ ojiji, a na-enye nke kachasị mfe ebe a dịka ọmụmaatụ.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Otu n'ime ụzọ ewu ewu iji iwu grep - eji ya na pipeline (ọkpọkọ):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Nhọrọ -v na-enye gị ohere ịme mmetụta grep'na azu - naanị ahịrị ndị na-enweghị ụkpụrụ gafere grep.
Lelee ngwugwu arụnyere
Enweghị iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ, n'ihi na ihe niile dabere na nkesa Linux na onye njikwa ngwugwu ejiri. O yikarịrị ka otu n'ime iwu ndị a ga-enyere gị aka:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Hụ ole ohere osisi ndekọ aha na-ewe
Otu nhọrọ maka iji iwu ahụ du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Ị nwere ike ịgbanwe uru oke -diji nweta ozi zuru ezu gbasara osisi ndekọ. Ịnwekwara ike iji iwu na-ejikọta ya na ụdị:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Nhọrọ -h otu ahụ ụdị na-enye gị ohere ịhazi nha edere n'ụdị mmadụ nwere ike ịgụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 1K, 2G), nhọrọ -r na-enye gị ohere ịhazi data n'usoro ọzọ.
"Chọta na dochie" na faịlụ, na faịlụ na ndekọ
A na-arụ ọrụ a site na iji akụrụngwa sed (enweghị ọkọlọtọ g na njedebe, ọ bụ naanị ihe omume mbụ nke "ederede ochie" na ahịrị ka a ga-edochi):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Ị nwere ike iji ya maka ọtụtụ faịlụ n'otu oge:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
See otu kọlụm site na mmepụta
Ọ ga-enyere aka ịnagide ọrụ a ukwa. Ihe atụ a na-egosiputa kọlụm nke abụọ nke mmepụta iwu `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
N'otu oge ahụ, a ghaghị iburu n'uche na ukwa nwere ọrụ bara ụba nke ukwuu, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ iji ederede rụọ ọrụ na ahịrị iwu, ị kwesịrị ịgụkwu gbasara iwu a.
Chọta adreesị IP site na aha nnabata
Otu n'ime iwu ndị a ga-enyere aka na nke a:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Ozi netwọkụ
Nwere ike iji ifconfig:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Ma ọ bụ ikekwe ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ị nwere mmasị naanị na IPv4, mgbe ahụ ị nwere ike itinye nhọrọ ahụ -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Lelee ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mepere emepe
Iji mee nke a, jiri akụrụngwa netstat. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji lelee ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri niile TCP na UDP na ngosipụta nke PID nke usoro na-ege ntị na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwesịrị iji ya na nhọrọ ndị a:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Ozi sistemu
Ị nwere ike nweta ozi a site na iji iwu ahụ sonye m.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Iji ghọta usoro nke mmepụta mmepụta, ị nwere ike na-ezo aka Enyemaka'maka iwu a:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Ozi ebe nchekwa
Iji ghọta ole RAM nwere ma ọ bụ n'efu, ịnwere ike iji iwu ahụ free.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Ozi gbasara sistemụ faịlụ (ohere diski efu)
otu df na-enye gị ohere ịhụ ole ohere dị n'efu ma nọrọ na sistemụ faịlụ agbakwunyere.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Nhọrọ -T na-akọwapụta na ekwesịrị ịtụle ụdị sistemụ faịlụ.
Ozi gbasara ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na usoro
Iji mee nke a, jiri iwu ahụ n'elu. Ọ nwere ike igosipụta ozi dị iche iche: dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro kachasị elu site na iji RAM ma ọ bụ usoro kachasị elu site na iji oge CPU. Ọ na-egosiputa ozi gbasara ebe nchekwa, CPU, uptime na LA (nkezi ibu).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
Ngwa a nwere ọrụ bara ụba, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ iji ya eme ihe mgbe mgbe, ọ ka mma ịgụ akwụkwọ ya.
Mkpofu okporo ụzọ netwọkụ
Iji gbochie okporo ụzọ netwọkụ na Linux, a na-eji akụrụngwa cma. Iji tufuo okporo ụzọ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 12345, ị nwere ike iji iwu a:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Nhọrọ -A na-ekwu na anyị chọrọ ịhụ mmepụta na ASCII (ya mere ọ dị mma maka usoro ederede), - m ọ bụla na-egosi na anyị enweghị mmasị na interface netwọk, n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri - nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-atụfu. Kama n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri enwere ike iji ya usu, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta usu и n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (onye ọbịa A na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri X). Nhọrọ ọzọ bara uru nwere ike ịbụ -n - agbanwela adreesị ka ọ bụrụ aha nnabata na mmepụta.
Gịnị ma ọ bụrụ na okporo ụzọ bụ ọnụọgụ abụọ? Mgbe ahụ nhọrọ ga-enyere anyị aka -X - mmepụta data na hex na ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na n'ime ihe eji eme ihe abuo a ga-aputa ihe ngwugwu IP, ya mere na mmalite nke nke ọ bụla n'ime ha ga-enwe ọnụọgụ abụọ IP na TCP nkụnye eji isi mee. Nke a bụ mmepụta ihe atụ maka ajụjụ a "123ezigara na ihe nkesa na-ege ntị na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Kama mmepụta
N'ezie, enwere ọtụtụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Linux nke ị nwere ike ịgụ banyere Habré, StackOverflow na saịtị ndị ọzọ (M ga-enye gị ihe atụ. , nke bụkwa ). Ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ na DevOps na-eji ọtụtụ iwu na akụrụngwa iji hazie sava, mana ọbụlagodi ndị nyocha nwere ike ha agaghị ezuru iwu ndị edepụtara. Ị nwere ike ịchọ ịlele izi ezi nke oge nkwụsịtụ dị egwu n'etiti onye ahịa na ihe nkesa, ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke ihe nkesa mgbe enweghị ohere diski efu. Anaghị m ekwu maka, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Docker, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ugbu a. Ọ ga-adọrọ mmasị, dịka akụkụ nke n'ihu nke akụkọ ntụaka a, ileba anya n'ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke iji ngwa ngwa ngwa Linux dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ nnwale? Kekọrịtakwa ndị otu gị kachasị na nkwupụta :)
isi: www.habr.com