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akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

Ndewo, Habr!

N'isiokwu a, anyị ga-achọ ikwu maka akpaaka nke akụrụngwa netwọkụ. A ga-ewepụta eserese na-arụ ọrụ nke netwọkụ na-arụ ọrụ n'otu obere ụlọ ọrụ dị mpako ma dị mpako. Egwuregwu niile nwere ezigbo akụrụngwa netwọkụ enweghị usoro. Anyị ga-eleba anya n'okwu ikpe mere na netwọk a, nke nwere ike ime ka azụmahịa kwụsị ogologo oge na nnukwu mfu ego. Ngwọta maka ikpe a dabara nke ọma n'echiche nke "Automation nke akụrụngwa netwọkụ". N'iji ngwaọrụ akpaaka, anyị ga-egosi otu ị nwere ike isi dozie nsogbu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya n'oge dị mkpirikpi, anyị ga-atụgharị uche na ihe kpatara a ga-eji dozie nsogbu ndị a n'ụzọ dị otú a ọ bụghị n'ụzọ ọzọ (site na njikwa).

Disclaimer

Ngwá ọrụ anyị bụ isi maka akpaaka bụ ike (dị ka ngwa akpaaka) na Git (dị ka ebe nchekwa akwụkwọ egwuregwu enwere ike). Ọ ga-amasị m ịme ndoputa ozugbo na nke a abụghị edemede mmeghe, ebe anyị na-ekwu maka mgbagha nke Ansible ma ọ bụ Git, ma kọwaa ihe ndị bụ isi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe bụ roletaskimodules, faịlụ ngwa ahịa, mgbanwe dị na ike, ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme mgbe ị tinye git push ma ọ bụ git eme iwu). Akụkọ a abụghị maka otu ị ga-esi na-eme nke ọma ma hazie NTP ma ọ bụ SMTP na akụrụngwa gị. Nke a bụ akụkọ gbasara otu ị nwere ike isi dozie nsogbu netwọk ngwa ngwa na enweghị mmejọ. Ọ dịkwa mma inwe nghọta nke ọma ka netwọk ahụ si arụ ọrụ, ọkachasị ihe TCP/IP, OSPF, BGP protocol stack bụ. Anyị ga-ewepụkwa nhọrọ nke Ansible na Git na nhata. Ọ bụrụ na ị ka chọrọ ịhọrọ otu ngwọta, anyị na-akwado nke ukwuu ịgụ akwụkwọ "Network Programmability and Automation. Skills for the Next-Generation Network Engineer" nke Jason Edelman, Scott S. Lowe, na Matt Oswalt dere.

Ugbu a ruo n'ókè.

Ulationkpụzi nsogbu a

Ka anyị were echiche otu ọnọdụ: elekere 3 nke ụtụtụ, ị na-ehi ụra ma na-arọ nrọ. Oku ekwentị. Onye nduzi teknụzụ na-akpọ:

- Ee?
— ###, ####, #####, ụyọkọ firewall adaala ma ọ naghị ebili !!!
Ị na-ehichapụ anya gị, na-agbalị ịghọta ihe na-eme ma chee otú nke a nwere ike isi mee. Na ekwentị ị nwere ike ịnụ ntutu dị n'isi onye nduzi na-adọwa, ọ rịọkwara ka ọ kpọọ azụ n'ihi na onye isi na-akpọ ya n'ahịrị nke abụọ.

Ọkara awa ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ị chịkọtara akwụkwọ mmeghe nke mbụ site na ọrụ ọrụ, kpọtere onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpọte. N'ihi ya, onye nduzi nkà na ụzụ adịghị agha ụgha, ihe niile dị ka ọ dị, isi ụyọkọ nke firewalls adawo, ọ dịghịkwa mmegharị ahụ bụ isi na-eme ka ọ mata ya. Ọrụ niile ụlọ ọrụ na-enye anaghị arụ ọrụ.

Họrọ nsogbu na mmasị gị, onye ọ bụla ga-echeta ihe dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe mmelite abalị gasịrị na enweghị ibu dị arọ, ihe niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, onye ọ bụla wee lakpuo ụra na-enwe obi ụtọ. Okporo ụzọ malitere na-asọ, na interface buffers malitere jupụta n'ihi ahụhụ dị na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala kaadị netwọk.

Jackie Chan nwere ike ịkọwa ọnọdụ ahụ nke ọma.

akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

Daalụ, Jackie.

Ọ bụghị ọnọdụ na-atọ ụtọ nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ya?

Ka anyị hapụ netwọk anyị bro na echiche mwute ya nwa oge.

Ka anyị tụlee otú ihe omume ga-esi malitekwuo.

Anyị na-atụ aro usoro ngosi nke ihe a

  1. Ka anyị leba anya na eserese netwọkụ wee hụ ka ọ si arụ ọrụ;
  2. Anyị ga-akọwa otu anyị si ebufe ntọala site na otu rawụta gaa na nke ọzọ site na iji ike;
  3. Ka anyị kwuo maka akpaaka nke akụrụngwa IT n'ozuzu ya.

Eserese netwọkụ na nkọwa

Atụmatụ ahụ

akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

Ka anyị tụlee ihe osise ezi uche dị na ya nke nzukọ anyị. Anyị agaghị akpọ ndị na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ kpọmkwem; maka ebumnuche nke isiokwu a ọ dịghị mkpa (Onye na-agụ nke ọma ga-eche ụdị ngwa eji eme ihe). Nke a bụ naanị otu n'ime uru dị mma nke ịrụ ọrụ na Ansible; mgbe ị na-ahazi, anyị anaghị eche banyere ụdị akụrụngwa ọ bụ. Naanị ịghọta, nke a bụ akụrụngwa sitere na ndị na-ere ahịa a ma ama, dị ka Cisco, Juniper, Check Point, Fortinet, Palo Alto ... ị nwere ike dochie nhọrọ nke gị.

Anyị nwere isi ọrụ abụọ maka ịkwagharị okporo ụzọ:

  1. Gbaa mbọ hụ na mbipụta nke ọrụ anyị, nke bụ azụmahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ;
  2. Nye nkwurịta okwu na alaka, ebe data dịpụrụ adịpụ na òtù ndị ọzọ (ndị mmekọ na ndị ahịa), yana ịnweta alaka na Ịntanetị site na ụlọ ọrụ etiti.

Ka anyị malite n'ihe ndị bụ isi:

  1. Ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala abụọ (BRD-01, BRD-02);
  2. Ụyọkọ Firewall (FW-CLUSTER);
  3. Mgbanwe isi (L3-CORE);
  4. Onye rawụta nke ga-aghọ usoro ndụ ndụ (ka anyị na-edozi nsogbu ahụ, anyị ga-ebufe ntọala netwọk site na FW-CLUSTER gaa na Mberede) (MMEERGENCY);
  5. Mgbanwe maka njikwa akụrụngwa netwọkụ (L2-MGMT);
  6. Igwe mebere nke nwere Git na ihe nwere ike ime (VM-AUTOMATION);
  7. Laptọọpụ nke a na-eme nnwale na mmepe nke akwụkwọ egwu maka Ansible (Laptop-Automation).

A na-ahazi netwọk ahụ site na iji usoro mgbagharị OSPF dị ike yana mpaghara ndị a:

  • Mpaghara 0 - mpaghara nke gụnyere ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụ maka ịkwaga okporo ụzọ na mpaghara Mgbanwe;
  • Mpaghara 1 - mpaghara nke gụnyere ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ;
  • Mpaghara 2 - mpaghara nke gụnyere ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụ maka njikwa okporo ụzọ;
  • Mpaghara N - mpaghara netwọk alaka.

Na ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala, a na-emepụta rawụta mebere (VRF-INTERNET), nke etinyere nlele zuru ezu eBGP yana AS ekenyere kwekọrọ. A haziri iBGP n'etiti VRF. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri nke adreesị ọcha na-ebipụta na VRF-INTERNET ndị a. A na-ebufe ụfọdụ adreesị ọcha ozugbo na FW-CLUSTER (adreesị nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ), ụfọdụ na-agafe na mpaghara EXCHANGE (ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ime nke chọrọ adreesị IP mpụga, na adreesị NAT mpụga maka ụlọ ọrụ). Na-esote, okporo ụzọ na-aga na ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala mebere na L3-CORE nwere adreesị ọcha na isi awọ (mpaghara nchekwa).

Netwọk njikwa na-eji mgba ọkụ raara onwe ya nye ma na-anọchi anya netwọkụ raara onwe ya nye. E kewara netwọk njikwa ahụ na mpaghara nchekwa.
Onye rawụta EMERGENCY n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na ezi uche na-emegharị FW-CLUSTER. Akwụsịghị oghere niile dị na ya ma e wezụga ndị na-eleba anya na netwọk njikwa.

Akpaaka na nkọwa ya

Anyị chọpụtara ka netwọk ahụ si arụ ọrụ. Ugbu a, ka anyị leba anya n'otu n'otu ihe anyị ga-eme iji bufee okporo ụzọ site na FW-CLUSTER gaa na Mberede:

  1. Anyị na-ewepụ oghere ndị dị na isi mgba ọkụ (L3-CORE) na-ejikọta ya na FW-CLUSTER;
  2. Anyị na-ewepụ oghere ndị dị na L2-MGMT kernel switch nke jikọtara ya na FW-CLUSTER;
  3. Anyị na-ahazi router EMERGENCY (site na ndabara, enwere nkwarụ niile na ya, belụsọ ndị metụtara L2-MGMT):

  • Anyị na-eme ka ọnyà dị na mberede;
  • Anyị na-ahazi adreesị IP mpụga (maka NAT) nke dị na FW-Cluster;
  • Anyị na-ewepụta arịrịọ gARP ka e wee gbanwee adreesị poppy dị na tebụl L3-CORE arp site na FW-Cluster gaa na Mberede;
  • Anyị na-edebanye aha ụzọ ndabara dị ka static na BRD-01, BRD-02;
  • Mepụta iwu NAT;
  • Bulite n'ọnọdụ mberede OSPF Mpaghara 1;
  • Bulite n'ọnọdụ mberede OSPF Mpaghara 2;
  • Anyị na-agbanwe ọnụ ahịa ụzọ na Mpaghara 1 ruo 10;
  • Anyị na-agbanwe ego nke ụzọ ndabara na Mpaghara 1 ruo 10;
  • Anyị na-agbanwe adreesị IP jikọtara ya na L2-MGMT (na ndị nọ na FW-CLUSTER);
  • Anyị na-ewepụta arịrịọ gARP ka e wee gbanwee adreesị poppy dị na tebụl L2-MGMT arp site na FW-CLUSTER gaa na EMEERGENCY.

Ọzọ, anyị na-alaghachi na nhazi mbụ nke nsogbu ahụ. N'elekere atọ nke ụtụtụ, oke nrụgide, mmejọ n'oge ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọhụrụ. Ị dịla njikere pịnye iwu site na CLI? Ee? Ọ dị mma, opekata mpe, sachaa ihu gị, ṅụọ kọfị ma kpokọta ikike gị.
Bruce, biko nyere ụmụ okorobịa aka.

akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

Ọfọn, anyị na-aga n'ihu na-emeziwanye akpaaka anyị.
N'okpuru ebe a bụ eserese nke ka akwụkwọ egwuregwu si arụ ọrụ n'usoro enwere ike. Atụmatụ a na-egosipụta ihe anyị kọwara n'elu, ọ bụ naanị mmejuputa a kapịrị ọnụ na ike.
akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

N'oge a, anyị ghọtara ihe kwesịrị ime, mepụta akwụkwọ egwuregwu, na-eduzi ule, ma ugbu a anyị dị njikere ịmalite ya.

Obere egwu egwu ọzọ. Ịdị mfe nke akụkọ ekwesịghị iduhie gị. Usoro nke ide akwụkwọ egwuregwu adịghị mfe na ngwa ngwa dịka ọ pụrụ iyi. Nnwale were ogologo oge, emepụtara ihe nrụnye nke ọma, nwalere azịza ya ọtụtụ oge, emere ihe dị ka 100 ule.

Ka anyị malite ... Enwere mmetụta na ihe niile na-eme nwayọọ nwayọọ, enwere njehie ebe, ihe agaghị arụ ọrụ na njedebe. Mmetụta nke ịwụ elu na parachute, ma parachute achọghị imeghe ozugbo ... nke a bụ ihe nkịtị.

Ọzọ, anyị na-agụ nsonaazụ arụrụ arụrụ nke akwụkwọ egwuregwu enwere ike (a dochiri adreesị IP maka ebumnuche nzuzo):

[xxx@emergency ansible]$ ansible-playbook -i /etc/ansible/inventories/prod_inventory.ini /etc/ansible/playbooks/emergency_on.yml 

PLAY [------->Emergency on VCF] ********************************************************

TASK [vcf_junos_emergency_on : Disable PROD interfaces to FW-CLUSTER] *********************
changed: [vcf]

PLAY [------->Emergency on MGMT-CORE] ************************************************

TASK [mgmt_junos_emergency_on : Disable MGMT interfaces to FW-CLUSTER] ******************
changed: [m9-03-sw-03-mgmt-core]

PLAY [------->Emergency on] ****************************************************

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Enable EXT-INTERNET interface] **************************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Generate gARP for EXT-INTERNET interface] ****************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Enable static default route to EXT-INTERNET] ****************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Change NAT rule to EXT-INTERNET interface] ****************
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=12)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=14)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=15)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=16)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=17)

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Enable OSPF Area 1 PROD] ******************************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Enable OSPF Area 2 MGMT] *****************************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Change OSPF Area 1 interfaces costs to 10] *****************
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1001)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1002)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1003)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1004)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1005)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1006)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1007)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1008)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1009)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1010)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1011)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1012)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1013)
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item=VLAN-1100)

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Change OSPF area1 default cost for to 10] ******************
changed: [m9-04-r-04]

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Change MGMT interfaces ip addresses] ********************
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n.254', u'name': u'VLAN-803'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+1.254', u'name': u'VLAN-805'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+2.254', u'name': u'VLAN-807'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+3.254', u'name': u'VLAN-809'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+4.254', u'name': u'VLAN-820'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+5.254', u'name': u'VLAN-822'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+6.254', u'name': u'VLAN-823'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+7.254', u'name': u'VLAN-824'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+8.254', u'name': u'VLAN-850'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+9.254', u'name': u'VLAN-851'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+10.254', u'name': u'VLAN-852'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+11.254', u'name': u'VLAN-853'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+12.254', u'name': u'VLAN-870'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+13.254', u'name': u'VLAN-898'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+14.254', u'name': u'VLAN-899'})

TASK [mk_routeros_emergency_on : Generate gARPs for MGMT interfaces] *********************
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n.254', u'name': u'VLAN-803'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+1.254', u'name': u'VLAN-805'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+2.254', u'name': u'VLAN-807'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+3.254', u'name': u'VLAN-809'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+4.254', u'name': u'VLAN-820'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+5.254', u'name': u'VLAN-822'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+6.254', u'name': u'VLAN-823'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+7.254', u'name': u'VLAN-824'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+8.254', u'name': u'VLAN-850'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+9.254', u'name': u'VLAN-851'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+10.254', u'name': u'VLAN-852'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+11.254', u'name': u'VLAN-853'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+12.254', u'name': u'VLAN-870'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+13.254', u'name': u'VLAN-898'})
changed: [m9-04-r-04] => (item={u'ip': u'х.х.n+14.254', u'name': u'VLAN-899'})

PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************

Emela!

N'ezie, ọ bụghị nnọọ njikere, echefula banyere convergence nke ike routing protocol na loading a ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụzọ n'ime FIB. Anyị enweghị ike imetụta nke a n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Anyị chere. Ọ rụpụtara ya. Ugbu a ọ dịla njikere.

Na n'ime obodo Vilabajo (nke na-achọghị imezi ntọala netwọkụ) ha na-aga n'ihu na-asa efere. Bruce (n'ezie, dị iche iche, ma ọ dịghị obere jụụ) na-agbalị ịghọta otú ihe ọzọ ntuziaka reconfiguration nke akụrụngwa ga-ebe.

akpaaka netwọkụ. Okwu sitere na ndụ mmadụ

Ọ ga-amasịkwa m ilekwasị anya n'otu isi ihe dị mkpa. Kedu ka anyị ga-esi nwetaghachi ihe niile? Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gachara, anyị ga-akpọlite ​​FW-CLUSTER anyị na ndụ. Nke a bụ isi akụrụngwa, ọ bụghị ndabere, netwọk ga-agba ọsọ na ya.

Ọ dị gị ka ndị netwọk na-amalite ịgba ọkụ? Onye na-ahụ maka nkà na ụzụ ga-anụ otu puku arụmụka mere na e kwesịghị ime nke a, gịnị kpatara nke a nwere ike ime mgbe e mesịrị. N'ụzọ dị mwute, otu a ka netwọk si arụ ọrụ site na ụyọkọ patches, iberibe, na ihe fọdụrụ nke okomoko mbụ ya. Ọ na-apụta na ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi patchwork. Ọrụ anyị n'ozuzu, ọ bụghị na nke a kpọmkwem ọnọdụ, ma n'ozuzu na ụkpụrụ, dị ka IT ọkachamara, bụ na-eweta ọrụ nke netwọk na mara mma English okwu "consistency", ọ bụ nnọọ multifaceted, ọ nwere ike ịsụgharị dị ka: coherence. , anọgidesi ike, mgbagha, ịdị n'otu, usoro, ntụnyere, ịdị n'otu. Ọ bụ ya niile. Naanị na steeti a nwere ike ijikwa netwọkụ, anyị ghọtara nke ọma ihe na-arụ ọrụ na otu esi eme ya, anyị ghọtara nke ọma ihe kwesịrị ịgbanwe, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, anyị maara nke ọma ebe anyị ga-ele anya ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbu bilitere. Na naanị na netwọkụ dị otú ahụ ị nwere ike ịme aghụghọ dị ka ndị anyị kọwarala.

N'ezie, akwadoro akwụkwọ egwuregwu ọzọ, nke weghachiri ntọala ahụ na ọnọdụ mbụ ha. Echiche nke ọrụ ya bụ otu (ọ dị mkpa icheta na usoro nke ọrụ dị ezigbo mkpa), ka ọ ghara ịgbatị isiokwu dị ogologo oge, anyị kpebiri na anyị agaghị ebipụ ndepụta nke mkpochapụ nke akwụkwọ egwuregwu. Mgbe ịmechara mmega ahụ dị otú ahụ, ị ​​ga-enwekwu obi iru ala na obi ike n'ọdịnihu, na mgbakwunye, ihe ọ bụla crutches ị kpokọtara n'ebe ahụ ga-ekpughe onwe ha ozugbo.

Onye ọ bụla nwere ike degara anyị akwụkwọ wee nata isi mmalite nke koodu ederede niile, yana akwụkwọ palybook niile. Ndi ana-akpo na profaịlụ.

Nchoputa

N'echiche anyị, usoro ndị nwere ike ịmegharị akpaghị aka ka kristal. Dabere na ihe anyị zutere na ihe ndị ọrụ ibe anyị Western na-atụle, a na-ahụ isiokwu ndị a ugbu a:

  • Ntinye ngwaọrụ;
  • Nchịkọta data;
  • Ịkọ akụkọ;
  • Mgbapụ nsogbu;
  • Nnabata.

Ọ bụrụ na enwere mmasị, anyị nwere ike ịga n'ihu na mkparịta ụka n'otu n'ime isiokwu ndị e nyere.

Ọ ga-amasị m ikwu ntakịrị gbasara akpaaka. Ihe o kwesịrị ịbụ na nghọta anyị:

  • Usoro ahụ ga-adị ndụ na-enweghị mmadụ, ebe mmadụ na-emeziwanye ya. Usoro ekwesịghị ịdabere na mmadụ;
  • Arụ ọrụ ga-abụ ọkachamara. Enweghị otu ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ oge niile. Enwere ndị ọkachamara na-akpaghị aka na-eme ihe niile na-edozi naanị nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya;
  • A na-arụ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ oge niile na akpaghị aka "na ịpị bọtịnụ", ọ nweghị akụrụngwa na-efunahụ ya. Nsonaazụ nke ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya mgbe niile na nghọta.

Na gịnị ka isi ihe ndị a kwesịrị ibute:

  • Nghọta nke akụrụngwa IT (Obere ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụ ọrụ, imeziwanye ihe, mmejuputa. Obere oge nkwụsị kwa afọ);
  • Ikike ịhazi akụrụngwa IT (Ikike-usoro atụmatụ - ị nwere ike ịhụ ego ole a na-eri, ị nwere ike ịhụ ego ole achọrọ na otu sistemụ, ọ bụghị site na akwụkwọ ozi na nleta na ngalaba ndị dị elu);
  • Enwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ IT.

Ndị edemede nke akụkọ: Alexander Chelovekov (CCIE RS, CCIE SP) na Pavel Kirillov. Anyị nwere mmasị n'ịkparịta ụka na ịtụpụta azịza na isiokwu nke IT akụrụngwa akpaaka.


isi: www.habr.com

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