Ụbọchị ole na ole fọdụụrụ mmalite nke mgbaba ọhụrụ na ọnụego sitere na OTUS. N'akụkụ a, anyị ga-achọ ịkọrọ gị ntụgharị asụsụ nke ihe bara uru na isiokwu a.
Usoro nke blọọgụ na ndụmọdụ na aghụghọ maka nchọpụta nsogbu IPv6 ping (ICMPv6 Echo Arịrịọ/Azịza Echo)
Biko mara na m na-eji Linux (kpọmkwem Fedora 31), agbanyeghị na ping iwu syntax maka sistemụ arụmọrụ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ịtụ anya iyi.
Ping niile IPv6 ọnụ na ọwa
Ndụmọdụ mbụ na nke kachasị mfe bụ ping niile IPv6 nodes na njikọ ahụ.
IPv6 na-eji adreesị multicast maka ụdị nkwukọrịta otu-na-ọtụtụ. Enweghị mgbasa ozi (ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi) adreesị IPv6. Nke a na-ekewa IPv6 na IPv4, ebe enwere ọtụtụ ụdị adreesị mgbasa ozi, dịka ọmụmaatụ, adreesị "mgbasa ozi nwere oke" 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Agbanyeghị, enwere adreesị IPv6 “ọnụọgụ niile”, yabụ anyị ga-eji nke ahụ ping niile IPv6 ọnụ na njikọ ahụ. (Adreesi "broadcast" bụ n'ezie adreesị multicast akpọrọ aha pụrụ iche, nke bụ otu multicast nke gụnyere ọnụ ọnụ niile. Rịba ama na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "otu" ma ọ bụ adreesị multicast na-agbanye na adreesị mgbasa ozi Ethernet na oyi akwa njikọ. ).
All-nodes multicast IPv6 maka ọwa: ff02::1. ff na-egosi adreesị IPv6 multicast. 0 na-esote bụ akụkụ nke ọkọlọtọ nwere mpe mpe akwa edobere.
n'ihu 2 na-akọwa mpaghara nke otu multicast. N'adịghị ka adreesị IPv4 multicast, adreesị IPv6 multicast nwere oke. Ọnụ ahịa obosara na-egosi akụkụ netwọkụ nke ekwere ka ibugharịa ngwugwu multicast. Ozugbo otu ngwugwu ruru ókèala mpaghara akọwapụtara, a ga-ahapụrịrị ngwugwu ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ma mpaghara Hop Count ọ bụghị efu. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ hop erute efu tupu erute oke otu multicast akọwapụtara, a na-emegharị ya ozugbo. Nke a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke IPv6 multicast.
N’ikpeazụ ::1 ezipụta otu niile-ọnụ ọnụ multicast otu.
Banyere adreesị ff02::1 Ekwesiri ighota na o doro anya. Na onye ọbịa IPv6 nwere ọtụtụ oghere, dị ka rawụta ma ọ bụ onye ọbịa ọtụtụ, adreesị ff02::1 Enweghị ihe ọ bụla ị nwere ike ịkọwapụta nke interface iji zipu arịrịọ ICMPv6 ma ọ bụ tụọ anya ịnata nzaghachi ICMPv6 echo mgbe ha rutere. ff02::1 dị irè ma enwere ike iji ya na oghere ọ bụla na ọwa nke agbakwunyere na ọnụ ọnụ ọtụtụ interface.
Yabụ mgbe anyị na-etinye ọnụ IPv6 niile na njikọ, anyị kwesịrị ịgwakwa uru ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ping maka IPv6, nke interface iji.
Ịkọwapụta ihu igwe - Nhọrọ Line Command
Dị ka anyị hụburu, adreesị multicast nke ọnụ niile anyị chọrọ iji bụ - ff02::1 - anaghị enye ozi ọ bụla gbasara interface nke izipu ma nata arịrịọ ICMPv6 na ngwugwu nzaghachi echo.
Yabụ, kedu ka anyị ga-esi akọwapụta interface a ga-eji maka oghere adreesị multicast ma ọ bụ oghere adreesị Njikọ-Local?
Ụzọ mbụ na nke pụtara ìhè bụ ịnye ya dị ka ihe ngbanwe na ngwa anyị na-eji.
Maka ịba uru ping anyị na-enye ya site na nhọrọ -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$N'iji ping multicast a niile, anyị nwetara nzaghachi site na ọnụ ọnụ IPv6 6. Azịza ya sitere na adreesị ọnụ njikọ Njikọ-Local IPv6, malite na nganiihu fe80::/10.
na ping anaghị aga n'ihu na-eziga arịrịọ ICMPv6 echo ruo mgbe ebighị ebi ruo mgbe anyị kwụsịrị ya, anyị na-akọwakarị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwugwu iji zipu site na nhọrọ -c. Otú ọ dị, nke a na-egbochikwa ping ịnakwere na igosipụta ihe karịrị otu nzaghachi nzaghachi ICMPv6 mgbe ị na-eziga arịrịọ ICMPv6 multicast. Kama, anyị jiri nhọrọ -w kọwaa na ping kwesịrị imecha mgbe 1 sekọnd, n'agbanyeghị ole ICMPv6 echo arịrịọ ma ọ bụ nzaghachi echo ezigara ma ọ bụ nata.
Ihe ọzọ ị ga-aṅa ntị bụ (DUP!) wepụta na azịza nke abụọ na nke sochirinụ. Achọpụtara ngwugwu ndị a dị ka nzaghachi oyiri n'ihi na ha nwere otu uru usoro ICMP dị ka arịrịọ ICMPv6 n'otu n'otu ezigara na mbụ. Ha na-apụta n'ihi na arịrịọ ICMPv6 multicast echo rụpụtara n'ọtụtụ nzaghachi unicast n'otu n'otu. E gosikwara ọnụọgụ nke oyiri na nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ.
Na-akọwapụta ihu igwe - NJ mpaghara
Ụzọ ọzọ ị ga-esi kpughee interface maka ojiji bụ akụkụ nke adreesị IPv6.
Anyị nwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke a na mmepụta ping, ebe adreesị nke ndị ọbịa IPv6 na-aza nwekwara suffix. %enp3s2, dịka ọmụmaatụ:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msA kọwapụtara usoro a nke ịkọwapụta ihu na [RFC4007], "IPv6 Defined Address Architecture." Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọkarị ha interface interface nke sistemụ arụmọrụ, ha na-akọwa n'ezie ihe ka n'ozuzu ya - "mpaghara" ma ọ bụ "scope."
Ihe kpatara inwe mpaghara izugbe ma ọ bụ mpaghara obosara bụ na, dịka ekwuru na [RFC4007], oghere IPv6 nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ oghere IPv6 dị iche iche jikọtara na otu ọwa. Oghere ndị a bụ ndị otu mpaghara.
Ọ ga-ekwe omume ikpokọta ọtụtụ oghere n'ime mpaghara n'okpuru sistemụ arụmọrụ; Ugbu a amataghị m ma nke a ga-ekwe omume n'okpuru Linux ma ọ bụ otu esi eme ya.
Iji suffix %<zone_id>, anyị nwere ike wepu nhọrọ ahịrị iwu -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Azịza adreesị Njikọ-Mpaghara
Site na nke a niile-nodes multicast ping anyị nwetara ngụkọta nke nzaghachi 6 pụrụ iche.
Nzaghachi ndị a sitere na adreesị nnabata Unicast Link-Local IPv6. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe a bụ azịza mbụ:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msNjikọ Unicast-Local IPv6 adreesị ka achọrọ na oghere niile enyere IPv6 aka [RFC4291], “IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture”. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na ọnụ IPv6 na-enwe adreesị IPv6 unicast na-akpaghị aka, nke ọ nwere ike ma ọ dịkarịa ala iji soro ọnụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwurịta okwu na njikọ njikọ ya. Nke a gụnyere ịkọrọ ngwa na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ site na adreesị nnabata Link-Local.
Nke a na-eme ka nhazi na mmejuputa ụkpụrụ dị ka IPv6 Neighbor Discovery na OSPFv3 dị mfe. Ọ na-enye ohere ngwa ndị ọrụ njedebe na ndị ọbịa ka ha kwurịta okwu na ọwa na-achọghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ na-akwado IPv6 akụrụngwa na ọwa. Nzikọrịta ozi ozugbo n'etiti ndị ọbịa IPv6 ejikọrọ anaghị achọ ihe rawụta IPv6 ma ọ bụ sava DHCPv6 na njikọ ahụ.
Adreesị njikọ-Local na-amalite site na nganiihu 10-bit fe80, sochiri 54 efu bits wee bụrụ ihe nchọpụta interface 64-bit (IID). Na azịza mbụ dị n'elu 2392:6213:a15b:66ff bụ 64-bit IID.
Multicast looped
Site na ndabara, a na-eweghachite ngwugwu multicast n'ime ọnụ nke zitere ha. Nke a na-eme maka ma adreesị IPv6 na IPv4.
Ihe kpatara omume ndabara a bụ na mgbe ezigara ngwugwu multicast, enwere ike ịnwe ngwa multicast mpaghara na-ege ntị na-agba ọsọ na onye na-ezigara onwe ya, yana ebe na netwọk. Ngwa mpaghara a ga-enwerịrị ike ịnweta ngwugwu multicast.
Anyị nwere ike ịhụ loop mpaghara multicast a na mmepụta ping anyị:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...Nzaghachi mbụ na ngwa ngwa (0,106 ms ma e jiri ya tụnyere 0,453 ms) sitere na adreesị Njikọ-Local ahaziri na interface n'onwe ya. enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Ịbara uru ping na-enye ụzọ iji kwụsị nzaghachi multicast mpaghara site na iji oke -L. Ọ bụrụ na anyị ezipụ ọnụ ọnụ niile nwere ping multicast na ọkọlọtọ a, mgbe ahụ azịza ga-ejedebe na ọnụ ọnụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Anyị anaghị enweta nzaghachi site na adreesị Njikọ-Local nke interface izipu.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Njikọ Ping-Adresị mpaghara
Dị ka ị nwere ike iche, unicast adreesị Njikọ-Local n'onwe ha adịghị enye ozi zuru oke iji gosi interface nke ị ga-eji ruo ha. Dị ka ọ bụla-nodes multicast ping, anyị kwesịkwara ịkọwapụta interface dị ka akara ahịrị iwu ping ma ọ bụ NJ mpaghara nwere adreesị mgbe ị na-atụgharị adreesị njikọ-Local.
Oge a anyị nwere ike iji -ciji kpachie ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwugwu na nzaghachi ezitere na natara ping, ebe ọ bụ na anyị na-eme unicast ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (niile) adreesị IPv6 ndị ọzọ?
N'isiokwu a, anyị hụrụ ka esi ping niile IPv6 ọnụ na ọwa site na iji ihe niile-nodes multicast IPv6 adreesị ff02::1. Anyị hụkwara ka esi akọwapụta interface nke ị ga-eji na adreesị IPv6 multicast niile nwere ọnụ, ebe ọ bụ na adreesị ahụ n'onwe ya enweghị ike ịnye ozi a. Anyị jiri ma nhọrọ ahịrị iwu ping, ma ọ bụ kọwaa interface site na iji suffix %<zone_id>.
Mgbe ahụ, anyị mụtara banyere unicast Link-Local addresses, nke bụ adreesị eji zaghachi niile-nodes multicast ICMPv6 echo arịrịọ.
Anyị hụkwara ka esi eweghachi ngwungwu multicast n'ọnụ ụzọ izipu na ndabara yana otu esi ewepụ nke a maka ịba uru. ping.
N'ikpeazụ, anyị debere otu adreesị Njikọ-Local site na iji suffix %<zone_id>, ebe ọ bụ na adreesị Link-Local onwe ha adịghị enye ozi gbasara ihe na-apụ apụ.
Yabụ kedu maka ping ndị ọzọ niile wee nweta adreesị unicast zuru ụwa ọnụ (GUAs) (ya bụ, adreesị ọha ha na ịntanetị) ma ọ bụ adreesị mpaghara unicast pụrụ iche (ULAs)? Anyị ga-elele nke a na blọọgụ na-esote.
Nke ahụ bụ ihe niile.
Ị nwere ike ịmatakwu gbasara nkuzi anyị na.
isi: www.habr.com