Isiokwu nke ndetu a na-emepụta ogologo oge. Ma ọ bụ ezie na arịrịọ nke ndị na-agụ ọwa , Achọrọ m ide banyere ọrụ nchekwa na hydrogen peroxide, ma n'ikpeazụ, n'ihi ihe ndị m na-amaghị (ebe a, ee!), E guzobere ọzọ ogologo oge. Ngwakọta popsci, mmanụ rọketi, “ọrịa coronavirus” na titration permanganometric. Kedu nri na-echekwa hydrogen peroxide, kedu ihe nchebe iji mee ihe mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na otu esi agbapụ ma ọ bụrụ na nsị - anyị na-ele anya n'okpuru ịkpụ.
ps a na-akpọ ebe dị na foto a "bombardier". Ọ tụfurukwa ebe n'etiti kemịkalụ :)
Raara onwe ya nye "ụmụ peroxide" ...
Nwanne anyi huru hydrogen peroxide n'anya, oh, ka o siri hu ya n'anya. M na-eche banyere nke a mgbe ọ bụla m zutere ajụjụ dị ka " karama hydrogen peroxide na-agbaze. ihe a ga-eme?" Site n'ụzọ, m na-ezute gị ọtụtụ mgbe :)
Ọ bụghị ihe mgbagwoju anya na na mpaghara post-Soviet, hydrogen peroxide (3% ngwọta) bụ otu n'ime ndị antiseptik "ndị mmadụ" ọkacha mmasị. Na wụsa na ọnya, na disinfect mmiri, na ibibi coronavirus (na-adịbeghị anya). Ma n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị mfe na ịnweta ya, reagent dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya, nke m ga-ekwu banyere ya n'ihu.
N'ịbụ onye jere ije n'akụkụ "elu" ndu...
Ugbu a ihe niile nwere prefix eco bụ ihe ejiji: ngwaahịa enyi na enyi, shampoos enyi na enyi, ihe enyi na enyi. Dị ka m ghọtara, ndị mmadụ na-achọ iji adjectives ndị a ịmata ọdịiche dị na ihe ndị bụ biogenic (ya bụ, ndị a na-ahụ na mbụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ) site na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe ("kemistrị siri ike"). Ya mere, nke mbụ, obere okwu mmeghe, nke m na-atụ anya na ọ ga-emesi mmekọrịta enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi nke hydrogen peroxide ma tinye obi ike na ya n'etiti ọha mmadụ :)
Ya mere, gịnị bụ hydrogen peroxide? Nke a kacha mfe Ngwakọta peroxide, nke nwere ikuku oxygen abụọ n'otu oge (ha jikọtara ya na njikọ -OO-). N'ebe enwere ụdị njikọ a, enwere enweghị ntụkwasị obi, enwere oxygen atomic, na akụrụngwa oxidizing siri ike na ihe niile, ihe niile. Mana n'agbanyeghị oke oxygen atomic, hydrogen peroxide dị n'ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ, gụnyere. na n'ime mmadu. A na-emepụta ya n'ọtụtụ micro n'oge usoro biochemical dị mgbagwoju anya na oxidizes protein, membrane lipids na ọbụna DNA (n'ihi radicals peroxide na-esi na ya pụta). Ahụ anyị, na usoro evolushọn, amụtala ime ihe na peroxide nke ọma. Ọ na-eme nke a site n'enyemaka nke enzyme superoxide dismutase, nke na-ebibi ogige peroxide na oxygen na hydrogen peroxide, gbakwunyere enzyme. nke na-eme ka peroxide ghọọ oxygen na mmiri otu ugboro ma ọ bụ abụọ.
Enzymes mara mma na ụdị 3D
Zoo ya n'okpuru ihe mkpofu. Ọ na-amasị m ilele ha anya, mana na mberede mmadụ anaghị amasị ya ...
Site n'ụzọ, ọ bụ ekele maka ọrụ nke catalase, nke dị na anụ ahụ nke ahụ anyị, na ọbara "na-esi" mgbe a na-agwọ ọnyá (a ga-enwe akwụkwọ dị iche iche banyere ọnyá n'okpuru).
Hydrogen peroxide nwekwara “ọrụ nchekwa” dị mkpa n'ime anyị. Ọtụtụ ndụ ntule nwere ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpali organelle (a Ọdịdị dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke a ndụ cell) dị ka . Ihe owuwu ndị a bụ vesicles lipid nke nwere isi dị ka kristal nke nwere tubular ndu "". Usoro biochemical dị iche iche na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime oghere, n'ihi ya ... a na-emepụta hydrogen peroxide site na ikuku oxygen na ogige organic mgbagwoju anya nke ọdịdị lipid!
Ma ihe kacha adọrọ mmasị ebe a bụ ihe a na-eji peroxide a eme ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime sel nke imeju na akụrụ, a na-eji H2O2 emebere ebibi ma wepụ nsị na-abanye n'ọbara. Acetaldehyde, nke a na-emepụta n'oge metabolism nke ihe ọṅụṅụ mmanya na-aba n'anya.) - nke a bụkwa uru nke obere ndị ọrụ peroxisomes na-adịghị agwụ agwụ, na "nne" hydrogen peroxide.
Ka ihe niile ghara ịdị ka rosy na peroxides, na mberede Ka m chetara gị banyere usoro nke omume nke radieshon na ndụ anụ ahụ. Molecules nke anụ ahụ dị ndụ na-enweta ike radieshon wee ghọọ ionized, ya bụ. gafere n'ime steeti na-eme ka e guzobe ogige ọhụrụ (ọtụtụ mgbe kpamkpam adịghị mkpa n'ime ahụ). Mmiri na-adịkarị mfe ma dị mfe ịnweta ionization; ọ na-eme . Na ọnụnọ nke oxygen, n'okpuru mmetụta nke ionizing radieshon, dị iche iche free radicals (OH- na ndị ọzọ dị ka ha) na peroxide ogige (H2O2 akpan akpan) bilie.
Ihe ndị na-akpata peroxides na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ogige kemịkalụ n'ime ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na, ọ bụrụ na anyị ewere dị ka ihe atụ nke superoxide anion (O2-) nke a na-emepụta mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge radiolysis, ọ bara uru ịsị na ion a na-etolitekwa n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, na ahụ zuru oke, na-enweghị free radicals. и mgbochi anyị enweghị ike ibibi ọrịa nje. Ndị ahụ. na-enweghị ihe ndị a ma ọlị Nke a agaghị ekwe omume kpamkpam - ha na-eso mmeghachi omume oxidation biogenic. Nsogbu na-abịa mgbe enwere ọtụtụ n'ime ha.
Ọ bụ ịlụso ogige peroxide “ọtụtụ” ọgụ ka mmadụ chepụtara ihe ndị dị ka antioxidants. Ha na-egbochi usoro oxidation nke organics dị mgbagwoju anya na nguzobe nke peroxides, wdg. free radicals ma si otú ibelata larịị .
Nchegbu oxidative bụ usoro mmebi mkpụrụ ndụ n'ihi oxidation (= ọtụtụ radicals efu na ahụ)
Ọ bụ ezie na, n'eziokwu, njikọ ndị a adịghị agbakwunye ihe ọhụrụ na ihe dị adị, ya bụ. "Akụkụ ndị dị n'ime" - superoxide dismutase na catalase. Na n'ozuzu, ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya mee ihe na-ezighi ezi, antioxidants sịntetik ọ bụghị nanị na ọ gaghị enyere aka, ma otu nrụgide oxidative ga-abawanye.
Okwu banyere "peroxide na ọnya". Ọ bụ ezie na hydrogen peroxide bụ ihe nkwụnye n'ime ụlọ (na ọrụ) ụlọ ọgwụ, e nwere ihe àmà na-egosi na iji H2O2 na-egbochi ọgwụgwọ ọnya ma na-akpata ọnya n'ihi na peroxide . Naanị mkpokọta dị ala nwere mmetụta dị mma (0,03% ngwọta, nke pụtara na ị ga-atụgharị 3% ọgwụ ngwọta 100 ugboro), na naanị otu ojiji. Site n'ụzọ, "coronavirus dị njikere" ngwọta 0,5% kwa . Yabụ, dịka ha na-ekwu, tụkwasị obi, mana nyochaa.
Hydrogen peroxide na ndụ kwa ụbọchị yana "megide coronavirus"
Ọ bụrụ na hydrogen peroxide nwere ike ịtụgharị ethanol ka ọ bụrụ acetaldehyde n'ime imeju, mgbe ahụ ọ ga-abụ ihe ijuanya ịghara iji ihe ndị a magburu onwe ya na-eme ihe na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. A na-eji ha eme ihe n'ụzọ ndị a:
A na-eji ọkara nke hydrogen peroxide na-emepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na-eme ka ịchacha cellulose na ụdị akwụkwọ dị iche iche. Ebe nke abụọ (20%) na-achọ bụ mmepụta nke ịcha ọcha dị iche iche dabere na peroxides inorganic (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, wdg, wdg). Ndị a peroxides (mgbe a na-ejikọta ya na iji belata okpomọkụ ịcha ọcha, n'ihi na peroxo salts anaghị arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ n'okpuru ogo 60) na-eji ụdị "Persol", wdg. (ị nwere ike ịhụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ ). Mgbe ahụ, na-abịa, site na ntakịrị oke, ịcha akwa na eriri (15%) na nchacha mmiri (10%). N'ikpeazụ, òkè nke fọdụrụ na-ekewa n'otu aka ahụ n'etiti ihe ndị kemịkal dị ọcha na iji hydrogen peroxide maka ebumnuche ahụike. M ga-eleba anya na nke ikpeazụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka ọrịa ọrịa coronavirus ga-agbanwe ọnụọgụ dị na eserese (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbanweebeghị).
A na-eji hydrogen peroxide na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji mee ka ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche (gụnyere ngwá ọrụ ịwa ahụ) na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nakwa n'ụdị uzuoku (nke a na-akpọ. - hydrogen peroxide vaporized) maka igba ogwu nke ogige. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi ihe atụ nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta peroxide vapor. Mpaghara na-ekwe nkwa nke na-erubeghị ụlọ ọgwụ ụlọ ...
N'ozuzu, peroxide na-egosiputa irè disinfection dị elu megide ọtụtụ nje, nje bacteria, yist na nje spores. Ọ dị mma ịmara na maka microorganisms dị mgbagwoju anya, n'ihi ọnụnọ nke enzymes nke na-emebi peroxide (nke a na-akpọ peroxidases, nke pụrụ iche bụ catalase nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu), enwere ike ịhụ ndidi (~ iguzogide). Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa maka ngwọta na ntinye uche n'okpuru 1%. Ma ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla, ọ bụghị nje, ọ bụghị nje bacteria, nwere ike iguzogide 3%, na ọbụna karịa 6-10%.
N'ezie, yana mmanya ethyl na isopropyl na sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide nọ na ndepụta ọgwụ mgbochi mberede "dị mkpa" maka ịgbasa elu megide COVID-19. Agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị naanị site na COVID-19. na mmalite nke coronavirus bacchanalia dum, anyị na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eji nkwanye si . Ndụmọdụ ndị a metụtara coronaviruse n'ozuzu, yana COVID-19 karịsịa. Ya mere ana m akwado nbudata na ibipụta akụkọ (maka ndị nwere mmasị na mbipụta a).
Ihe ịrịba ama dị mkpa maka ndị na-eto eto disinfectant
N'ime oge gafere kemgbe ntiwapụ nke ọrịa a, ọ nweghị ihe gbanwere n'ihe gbasara mkpokọta ọrụ. Ma ihe gbanwere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ ụdị nke a pụrụ iji hydrogen peroxide mee ihe. N'ebe a, ọ ga-amasị m icheta akwụkwọ ahụ ozugbo ya na ihe mejupụtara ọgwụ akwadoro maka disinfection. Enwere m mmasị n'ọdịnala na nhichapụ na ndepụta a (omenala, n'ihi na ọ na-amasị m ikpochapụ ọgwụ nje, ndị hypochlorite. , ma enwere m afọ ojuju 100% na ha). N'okwu a, enwere m mmasị na ngwaahịa America dị ka Oxivir na-ehichapụ (ma ọ bụ otu ya Oxivir 1 na-ehichapụsitere na Diversey Inc.
Enwere ihe ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ edepụtara:
Hydrogen peroxide 0.5%
Dị mfe ma na-atọ ụtọ. Ma maka ndị chọrọ ikwugharị ihe mejupụtara a ma mebie omenala ha na-ehichapụ mmiri mmiri, m ga-ekwu na na mgbakwunye na hydrogen peroxide, ngwọta impregnating nwekwara:
Phosphoric acid (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) 0,1-1,5%
Ihe kpatara na "adịghị ọcha" ndị a niile ga-edo anya mgbe ị na-agụ na ngalaba nke nkwụsi ike.
Na mgbakwunye na ihe mejupụtara, ọ ga-amasị m ichetara gị ihe ọ na-ekwu maka Oxivir a kpọtụrụ aha. Ọ dịghị ihe fundamentally ọhụrụ (ikwu na nke mbụ table), ma m mmasị nso nke nje nwere ike disinfected.
Kedu nje virus nwere ike imeri peroxide?
Ma agaghị m abụ onwe m ma ọ bụrụ na echeghị m gị ọzọ banyere ikpughe n'oge nhazi. Dị ka ọ dị na mbụ (= dị ka mgbe niile) a na-atụ aro ime nke ahụ Mgbe a na-ehicha ya na mmiri mmiri, ebe niile siri ike, nke na-adịghị agbaji na-anọgide na-ekpori ọkụ nke ọma ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30 sekọnd. (ma ọ bụ ka mma, otu nkeji!) imetọ ihe niile na onye ọ bụla (gụnyere nke a COVID-19 nke gị).
Hydrogen peroxide dị ka chemical
Anyị agagharịala n'ime ohia, ugbu a oge eruola ide banyere hydrogen peroxide site n'echiche ndị chemist. Ọ dabara nke ọma, ọ bụ ajụjụ a (ọ bụghịkwa ihe peroxisome dị ka) na-amasịkarị onye ọrụ na-enweghị ahụmahụ nke kpebiri iji H2O2 maka ebumnuche nke ya. Ka anyị malite n'usoro akụkụ atọ (dịka m na-ahụ ya):
Kedu ka nwa agbọghọ Sasha si ahụ ihe owuwu ahụ, onye na-atụ egwu na peroxide nwere ike ịgbawa (ọzọ na nke a n'okpuru)
"Ele ọkpa na-agba ọsọ si n'okpuru"
Peroxid dị ọcha bụ mmiri mmiri doro anya (nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka oke mkpokọta). Njupụta nke ngwọta dilute dị nso na njupụta nke mmiri (1 g / cm3), ngwọta na-etinye uche na-adịwanye njọ (35% - 1,13 g / cm3 ... 70% - 1,29 g / cm3, wdg). Site na njupụta (ọ bụrụ na ị nwere hydrometers), ị nwere ike ikpebi nke ọma itinye uche nke ngwọta gị (ozi sitere na ).
Hydrogen peroxide teknụzụ ụlọ nwere ike ịbụ akara ule atọ: A = ntinye 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. A na-ahụkarị aha "perhydrol" (enwere mgbe ọbụna okwu "perhydrol blonde"). N'ezie, ọ ka bụ otu "akara A", ya bụ. hydrogen peroxide ngwọta na ịta ihe dị ka 30%.
Okwu gbasara ịcha ọcha. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị chetara banyere blondes, enwere ike ịhụ na a na-eji hydrogen peroxide diluted (2-10%) na amonia mee ihe dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha maka ntutu "operhydrolyzing". Nke a na-adịkarị ụkọ ugbu a. Ma e nwere peroxide ezé ọcha. Site n'ụzọ, ịcha akpụkpọ anụ aka mgbe emechara ya na peroxide bụkwa ụdị "arụ ọrụ" nke ọtụtụ puku mmadụ kpatara. , i.e. mgbochi nke capillaries site na ikuku oxygen na-etolite n'oge ire ere nke peroxide.
Medical teknụzụ peroxide na-aghọ mgbe demineralized mmiri na-agbakwunyere peroxide na a ịta nke 59-60%, diluting na uche na chọrọ larịị (3% na mba anyị, 6% na USA).
Na mgbakwunye na njupụta, oke dị mkpa bụ ọkwa pH. Hydrogen peroxide bụ acid na-adịghị ike. Foto dị n'okpuru na-egosi ndabere pH nke ngwọta hydrogen peroxide na mkpokọta mkpokọta:
Ka ihe ngwọta na-emewanyewanye, otú ahụ ka pH ya na-abịaru nso na pH mmiri. Opekempe pH (= nke kachasị acidic) na-apụta na mkpokọta 55-65% (ọkwa B dịka nhazi ụlọ).
Okwesiri iburu n'uche ebe a, n'ebumnobi, na enweghi ike iji pH mee onu ogugu n'ihi otutu ihe kpatara ya. Nke mbụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ peroxide ọgbara ọhụrụ na-enweta site na oxidation nke anthraquinones. Usoro a na-emepụta acidic byproducts nke nwere ike ejedebe na peroxide okokụre. Ndị ahụ. PH nwere ike ịdị iche na nke egosiri na tebụl dị n'elu dabere na ịdị ọcha nke H2O2. Ultra-dị ọcha peroxide (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke a na-eji mmanụ rọketi na nke m ga-ekwu maka ya iche) enweghị ihe adịghị ọcha. Nke abuo, a na-agbakwunye acid stabilizers na hydrogen peroxide azụmahịa (peroxide na-akwụsi ike na pH dị ala), nke ga-abụ "mmanu" agụ. Na nke atọ, chelate stabilizers (maka njide metal adịghị ọcha, ihe banyere ha n'okpuru) nwekwara ike ịbụ alkaline ma ọ bụ acidic na-emetụta pH nke ikpeazụ ngwọta.
Ụzọ kacha mma isi chọpụta itinye uche bụ (). Usoro bụ nnọọ otu, ma niile reagents dị mkpa maka ule dị nnọọ mfe dị. Ị chọrọ sulfuric acid (batrị electrolyte) na potassium permanganate nkịtị. Dị ka B. Gates kwuru otu oge, "640 kb nke ebe nchekwa ezuru onye ọ bụla!", M ga-eti mkpu ugbu a, "Onye ọ bụla nwere ike titrate peroxide!" :). N'agbanyeghị eziokwu na echiche m na-agwa m na ọ bụrụ na ịzụrụ hydrogen peroxide na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ ma ghara ịchekwa ya ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, mgbe ahụ mgbanwe nke ịta ahụhụ agaghị agafe ± 1%, m ga-akọwapụta usoro nyocha, ebe ọ bụ na reagents bụ. dị na algọridim dị nnọọ mfe.
Na-enyocha hydrogen peroxide azụmahịa maka ịnwụ
Dị ka ị nwere ike iche, anyị ga-elele iji titration. Usoro a na-enye ohere ka mmadụ chọpụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi ịta site na 0,25 ruo 50%.
Algọridim nkwenye bụ nke a:
1. Kwadebe ngwọta 0,1N nke potassium permanganate. Iji mee nke a, igbari 3,3 grams nke potassium permanganate na 1 liter mmiri. Kpoo ihe ngwọta na obụpde na obụpde 15 nkeji.
2. Họrọ olu achọrọ nke peroxide a ga-anwale (dabere na ntinye uche a na-atụ anya ya, ya bụ, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere 3%, na-atụ anya na ọ ghọrọ na mberede 50% bụ nzuzu):
Anyị na-ebufe olu ahọpụtara n'ime karama ahụ wee tụọ ya na akpịrịkpa (cheta na pịa bọtịnụ Tara ka ị ghara iburu n'uche ịdị arọ nke karama ahụ n'onwe ya)
3. Wunye ihe nlele anyị n'ime 250 ml volumetric flask (ma ọ bụ karama nwa nwere akara olu) ma tinye ya na akara ("250") na mmiri distilled. Ngwakọta.
4. Wunye 500 ml nke mmiri mmiri n'ime 250 ml conical flask (=" ọkara liter"), tinye 10 ml nke sulfuric acid concentrated na 25 ml nke ngwọta anyị site na nzọụkwụ 3.
5. Dobe dobe site na dobe (ọkacha mma site na pipette nwere akara olu) ihe ngwọta nke 0,1N potassium permanganate n'ime ite ọkara liter anyị site na nzọụkwụ 4. Awụda - agwakọta, daa - agwakọta. Ya mere, anyị na-anọgide ruo mgbe uzo ngwọta na-enweta a ubé pinkish tint. N'ihi mmeghachi omume ahụ, peroxide na-aghọ oxygen na mmiri, na manganese (VI) na potassium permanganate na-ebelata ka manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Anyị na-agbakọ mkpokọta peroxide anyị: C H2O2 (mass%) = [Mpịakọta nke ngwọta potassium permanganate na ml * 0,1 * 0,01701 * 1000] / [ọtụtụ ihe nlele na gram, site na nzọụkwụ 2]. Uru!!!
Mkparịta ụka efu na nkwụsi ike nchekwa
A na-ewere hydrogen peroxide dị ka ihe na-adịghị akwụsi ike nke na-enwekarị ire ere ozugbo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ire ere na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-abawanye, itinye uche na pH. Ndị ahụ. N'ozuzu, iwu na-arụ ọrụ:
... oyi, itughari, ngwọta acidic na-egosi nkwụsi ike kacha mma ...
A na-akwalite nbibi site na: okpomọkụ na-abawanye (ịbawanye ọsọ site na 2,2 ugboro maka ogo Celsius 10 ọ bụla, na na okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka ogo 150, na-etinye uche n'ozuzu ya). ire ere dị ka oké mmiri ozuzo na mgbawa), mmụba na pH (karịsịa na pH> 6-8)
Okwu banyere iko: Naanị acidified peroxide nwere ike ịchekwa na karama iko, n'ihi na iko na-eche na ọ na-emepụta ebe alkaline mgbe ọ na-akpakọrịta na mmiri dị ọcha, nke pụtara na ọ ga-enye aka na ire ere ngwa ngwa.
Na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ire ere na ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha (karịsịa ọla mgbanwe dị ka ọla kọpa, manganese, ígwè, ọlaọcha, platinum), ikpughe na radieshon ultraviolet. Ọtụtụ mgbe, isi ihe kpatara mgbagwoju anya bụ mmụba nke pH na ọnụnọ nke adịghị ọcha. Na nkezi, na Ọnọdụ nke 30% hydrogen peroxide na-atụfu ihe dịka .
Iji wepụ adịghị ọcha, a na-eji ultrafine filtration (mwepu nke ahụ) ma ọ bụ chelates (ihe mgbagwoju anya) na-ejikọta ion ígwè. Enwere ike iji dị ka chelates , colloidal ma ọ bụ sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, nitrates (+ pH regulators na corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (stabilizer).
Mmetụta nke radieshon ultraviolet na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ire ere abụghị nke a na-akpọ maka pH ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-emekwa (lee foto):
Enwere ike ịhụ na ọnụọgụ mkpochapụ molekụla na-abawanye site na mbelata ultraviolet wavelength.
Ọnụọgụ mkpochapụ molar bụ ihe nleba anya ka kemịkalụ siri amịkọrọ ìhè n'otu ogologo oge.
Site n'ụzọ, a na-akpọ usoro nbibi nke photons malitere: photolysis:
Photolysis (nke a makwaara dị ka photodissociation na photodecomposition) bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ nke foton na-emebi ihe kemịkalụ (inorganic ma ọ bụ organic) site na photons mgbe ha na molecule lekwasịrị anya mekọrịta. Photon ọ bụla nwere ike zuru oke (dị elu karịa ike nkesa nke njikọ ebumnuche) nwere ike ibute ire ere. Enwere ike nweta mmetụta yiri nke radieshon ultraviolet nakwa x-ray na γ-ray.
Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ikwu n'ozuzu? Na eziokwu ahụ bụ na peroxide kwesịrị ịchekwa n'ime akpa opaque, ma ọ bụ ka mma, na karama iko agba aja aja nke na-egbochi oke ọkụ (n'agbanyeghị na ọ "na-aṅụ"! = "decomposes ozugbo"). I kwesịghị idowe karama peroxide n'akụkụ igwe X-ray :) Ọfọn, site na nke a (UR 203Ex (?):
... si""Peroxide (na onye ị hụrụ n'anya, n'eziokwu) kwesịkwara ịhapụ ya.
Ọ dị mkpa na mgbakwunye na ịbụ opaque, akpa / karama kwesịrị iji ihe "peroxide na-eguzogide", dị ka igwe anaghị agba nchara ma ọ bụ iko (nke ọma, + ụfọdụ plastik na aluminum alloys). Ihe ịrịba ama nwere ike ịba uru maka nhazigharị (ọ ga-abakwa uru maka ndị dọkịta na-aga ịhazi ngwa ha):
Akụkọ akụkọ labelụ dị ka ndị a: A - ezigbo ndakọrịta, B - ndakọrịta dị mma, obere mmetụta (micro-corrosion or discoloration), C - ndakọrịta na-adịghị mma (anaghị akwado ya maka iji ogologo oge, enweghị ike nwere ike ime, wdg). D - enweghị ndakọrịta (= enweghị ike iji). Dash pụtara "enweghị ozi dị." Indices dijitalụ: 1 - afọ ojuju na 22 ° C, 2 - afọ ojuju na 48 ° C, 3 - afọ ojuju mgbe ejiri gaskets na akara.
Nchekwa nchekwa mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen peroxide
O yikarịrị ka onye ọ bụla gụrụ akwụkwọ a doro anya na peroxide bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ike, nke pụtara na ọ dị mkpa ka echekwara ya pụọ na ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ / ọkụ na ndị na-ebelata ihe. H2O2, ma n'ụdị dị ọcha na nke diluted, nwere ike ịmalite mgbe kọntaktị na organic ogige. N'ịtụle ihe niile dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ide dị ka nke a
Hydrogen peroxide ekwekọghị na ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ, mmiri ọ bụla na-ere ọkụ na ọla na nnu ha (iji belata mmetụta catalytic) - osmium, palladium, platinum, iridium, gold, silver, manganese, cobalt, ọla kọpa, lead.
N'ikwu okwu banyere ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ígwè, mmadụ enweghị ike ịghara ịkọ aha iche iche . Ọbụghị naanị na ọ bụ ọla kachasị oke n'ụwa, ọ bụkwa ngwa ọgụ kacha mma n'ụwa maka ịkụda hydrogen peroxide.
A na-ahụ mmetụta nke ịgbasa ire ere nke hydrogen peroxide maka ọla a n'ọtụtụ nke na-enweghị ike ịchọpụta ya site na usoro nyocha ọ bụla - iji mee nke ọma (oge x3-x5 metụtara peroxide na-enweghị ihe na-akpali akpali) decompose peroxide n'ime oxygen na mmiri. ị chọrọ naanị gram 1 nke osmium kwa tọn 1000 nke hydrogen peroxide.
Okwu gbasara "agwa mgbawa": (Achọrọ m ozugbo dee "Abụ m peroxide", mana ihere mere m). N'ihe banyere hydrogen peroxide, nwa agbọghọ ahụ gburugburu Sasha, bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na peroxide a, na-atụkarị egwu mgbawa. Na ụkpụrụ, egwu Alexandra nwere ezi uche. E kwuwerị, peroxide nwere ike ịgbawa n'ihi ihe abụọ. Nke mbụ, site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'ime akpa a na-emechi emechi, a ga-enwe nbibi nke H2O2 nke nta nke nta, ntọhapụ na nchịkọta oxygen. Nrụgide dị n'ime akpa ahụ ga-abawanye ma na-abawanye ma mechaa BOOM! Nke abuo, enwere ike na mgbe hydrogen peroxide batara na ihe ụfọdụ, nhazi nke ogige peroxide na-ejighị n'aka ga-eme, nke nwere ike imebi mmetụta, kpo oku, wdg. N'akwụkwọ mpịakọta dị mma Ekwuwo ọtụtụ ihe banyere nke a na m kpebiri na m ga-ezobe ya n'okpuru onye na-emebi ihe. Ozi na-emetụta hydrogen peroxide gbadoro anya> = 30% na <50%:
Enweghị ndakọrịta zuru oke
na-agbawa na kọntaktị: alcohols + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + okpomọkụ, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (n’elu 50 Celsius C), aromatic hydrocarbons + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (ihe dị ka 45 Celsius C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid. , carboxylic acid (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (n'elu 53 Celsius C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + okpomọkụ, gallium + hydrochloric acid, ígwè (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethylcellulose, nitric acid + ketones (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), nitrogenous bases (amonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), organic ogige (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, coal ájá), organic ihe + sulfuric. acid (karịsịa na oghere akpọchiri), mmiri + oxygen nwere organics (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + tin chloride, phosphorus oxide (V), phosphorus, nitric acid, stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, ọla kọpa sulfide, iron (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- na monoxide, lead (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. , Mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid.
ọkụ na kọntaktị nammanya furfuryl, ọla ntụ ntụ (magnesium, zinc, iron, nickel), sawdust
ime ihe ike na: aluminum isopropoxide + nnukwu metal salts, unyi, coal, lithium tetrahydroaluminate, alkali ọla, methanol + phosphoric acid, unsaturated organic ogige, tin (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide
Na ụkpụrụ, ọ bụrụ na ị na-emeso peroxide na-atụgharị uche na nkwanye ùgwù ma ghara ijikọta ya na ihe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, mgbe ahụ ị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma ruo ọtụtụ afọ ma ghara ịtụ egwu ihe ọ bụla. Ma Chineke na-echebe ihe kasị mma, ya mere, anyị ji nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu na ngwá ọrụ nchebe.
PPE na nzaghachi
Echiche nke ide akụkọ bilitere mgbe m kpebiri idetu ihe n'ime , raara onwe ya nye okwu nke ọrụ nchekwa yana ngwọta H2O2 gbadoro anya. N'ụzọ dị mma, ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ zụtara canisters nke perhydrol (ọ bụrụ na "ọ dịghị ihe dị na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ" / "anyị enweghị ike ịbanye na ụlọ ahịa ọgwụ") na ọbụna jisiri ike nweta ọkụ ọkụ na oge okpomọkụ. Ya mere, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị e dere n'okpuru (na n'elu) na-emetụta tumadi na ngwọta na mkpokọta n'elu 6%. Ka ntinye uche dị elu, ka ọ dị mkpa ka nnweta PPE dị.
Maka ọrụ nchekwa, ihe niile ị chọrọ dị ka ihe nchebe onwe onye bụ uwe aka nke polyvinyl chloride/butyl roba, polyethylene, polyester na plastik ndị ọzọ iji chebe akpụkpọ ahụ nke aka gị, enyo ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi nchebe nke ejiri ihe polymer transperent mee iji chebe anya gị. Ọ bụrụ na emepụtara aerosols, gbakwunye respirator nwere mgbochi aerosol na ngwa ahụ (ma ọ bụ nke ka mma, carbon ABEK filter cartridge nwere nchedo P3). Mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwọta adịghị ike (ruo 6%), uwe aka zuru oke.
M ga-elekwasị anya na "mmetụta pụtara ìhè" n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Hydrogen peroxide bụ ihe dị oke ize ndụ nke na-ebute ọkụ ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bata na akpụkpọ ahụ na anya. Na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ kuruo ume ma ọ bụ ilo. Lee foto sitere na SDS ("Oxidizer" - "Corrodes" - "Irritant"):
Ka ị ghara ịkụ aka n'ime ohia, m ga-ede ozugbo banyere ihe m ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na hydrogen peroxide na ntinye nke> 6% na-abanye na kọntaktị ụfọdụ na-enweghị ihe nchebe onwe ya.
na kọntaktị na akpụkpọ ahụ - hichaa na akwa akọrọ ma ọ bụ swab moisted na mmanya. Mgbe ahụ ịkwesịrị ịsacha akpụkpọ ahụ mebiri emebi na mmiri buru ibu maka nkeji iri.
na kọntaktị na anya - ozugbo kpochaa anya mepere emepe, yana n'okpuru nkuchianaya, na mmiri na-adịghị ike (ma ọ bụ 2% ngwọta nke soda soda) ma ọ dịkarịa ala minit 15. Kpọtụrụ onye na-ahụ maka anya.
Ọ bụrụ na iloro - na-aṅụ ọtụtụ mmiri (= mmiri nkịtị na lita), carbon arụ ọrụ (1 mbadamba kwa kilogram 10 arọ), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Ewelitela ịgba agbọ (= ịsacha gastric naanị site n'aka dọkịta, na-eji nyocha, na enweghị "mkpịsị aka abụọ n'ọnụ"). enyela onye amaghị ihe ọ bụla n'ọnụ.
General iri nri dị ize ndụ karịsịa, ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ire ere n'ime afọ na-emepụta nnukwu gas (ugboro 10 nke ngwọta 3%), nke na-eduga na bloating na mkpakọ nke akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime. Nke a bụ ihe carbon arụ ọrụ bụ maka ...
Ọ bụrụ na ihe niile doro anya na ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ga-esi na ahụ pụta, mgbe ahụ, ọ bara uru ikwu okwu ole na ole banyere mkpofu nke ngafe / ochie / wụfuru hydrogen peroxide n'ihi enweghị ahụmahụ.
... A na-emegharị hydrogen peroxide ma ọ bụrụ na a) jiri mmiri na-agbaze ya ma wụsa ya n'ime mmiri, ma ọ bụ b) ire ere site na iji ihe na-akpata (sodium pyrosulfite, wdg), ma ọ bụ c) ire ere site na ikpo ọkụ (gụnyere esi).
Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke ka ihe niile si dị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime ụlọ nyocha, awụsara m otu liter nke 30% hydrogen peroxide na mberede. Anaghị m ehichapụ ihe ọ bụla, mana gbakwunye mmiri mmiri na ngwakọta nke nha nha (1: 1: 1). + ájá + (=” bentonite filler maka trays”). Mgbe ahụ, m na-eji mmiri na-agbakọta ngwakọta a ruo mgbe slurry na-etolite, gbanye slurry n'ime akpa ma nyefee ya na ịwụ mmiri (n'ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ atọ zuru ezu). Ma ugbua na ịwụ mmiri, m ji nwayọọ nwayọọ tinye ihe ngwọta nke sodium pyrosulfite na ngafe 20%. Iji mebie ihe a niile site na mmeghachi omume:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Ọ bụrụ na ị na-agbaso ọnọdụ nke nsogbu (a liter nke 30% ngwọta), mgbe ahụ, ọ na-apụta na maka neutralization ị chọrọ 838 grams nke pyrosulfite (a kilogram nke nnu na-apụta). Solubility nke ihe a na mmiri bụ ~ 650 g / l, i.e. Ihe dị ka otu lita na ọkara nke ngwọta gbadoro ụkwụ ga-achọ. Omume ahụ bụ nke a: ma ọ bụ awụsa perhydrol n'ala, ma ọ bụ gbanye ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụghị na ị gaghị enweta nkwụsịtụ zuru oke :)
Mgbe ị na-achọ ihe nwere ike dochie anya pyrosulfite, Captain Obvious na-atụ aro iji reagents ndị na-adịghị emepụta nnukwu gas mgbe ị na-eji hydrogen peroxide na-emeghachi omume. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iron (II) sulfate. A na-ere ya na ụlọ ahịa ngwaike na ọbụna na Belarus. Iji kpochapụ H2O2, a chọrọ ngwọta acidified na sulfuric acid:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4) 3 + 2H2O
Ị nwekwara ike iji potassium iodide (nakwa acid nke sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Ka m chetara gị na echiche niile dabere na nsogbu mmeghe (30% ngwọta); ọ bụrụ na ị wụsara peroxide na obere mkpokọta (3-7%), ị nwekwara ike iji potassium permanganate acidified na sulfuric acid. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ahapụ ikuku oxygen n'ebe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, n'ihi obere mkpokọta ọ gaghị enwe ike "ime ihe" ọ bụrụgodị na ọ chọrọ.
Banyere ebe
Ma echefubeghị m ya, ezigbo. Ọ ga-abụ ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị gụchara akwụkwọ m ọzọ ogologo oge. Amaghị m ma ọ bụrụ ezigbo Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka banyere m jetpacks, ma enwere m ụfọdụ echiche dị otú ahụ. Karịsịa mgbe m nwere ohere ikiri (ma ọ bụ ọbụna rewatch) ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo Disney dị ọkụ na teepu VHS." (na mbụ Rocketeer).
Njikọ ebe a bụ nke a. Dị ka m dere na mbụ, hydrogen peroxide nke nnukwu mkpokọta (dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ B) na ọkwa dị elu nke ịdị ọcha (dee - nke a na-akpọ elu-ule peroxide ma ọ bụ ) enwere ike iji dị ka mmanụ ọkụ na akụ ụta (na torpedoes). Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji ya ma dị ka oxidizer na engines abụọ mejupụtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka nnọchi maka mmiri oxygen), na n'ụdị nke a na-akpọ. mmanụ ụgbọala. N'okwu nke ikpeazụ, a na-agbanye H2O2 n'ime "ụlọ combustion", ebe ọ na-agbaze na ihe na-emepụta ígwè (ihe ọ bụla n'ime ọla ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ n'isiokwu ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọlaọcha ma ọ bụ platinum) na, n'okpuru nrụgide, n'ụdị uzuoku. na okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka 600 Celsius C, na-apụ na nozzle, na-emepụta traction.
Ihe kacha adọrọ mmasị bụ na obere ebe sitere na ezinụlọ ebe beetle nwere otu ihe dị n'ime ya ("ụlọ ọkụ", nozzles, wdg) n'ime ahụ ya. A na-akpọ ya n'ihu ọha, mana nye m usoro ime ya (= foto dị na mmalite nke isiokwu ahụ) na-echetara m nkeji sitere na ihe nkiri 1991 a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu :)
A na-akpọ ahụhụ ahụ bombardier n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịgbanye mmiri na-esi esi mmiri ma ọ bụ na-erughị ya nke ọma na ísì ọjọọ sitere na glands dị n'azụ afọ.
Okpomọkụ ọpụpụ nwere ike iru ogo Celsius 100, yana ọsọ ọpụpụ bụ 10 m / s. Otu ogbugba na-adị site na 8 ruo 17 ms, ma mejupụtara 4-9 pulses ozugbo na-eso ibe ha. Ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi azụ na mbido, m ga-emegharị foto a ebe a (ọ dị ka ewepụtara ya na magazin. site na isiokwu nke otu aha).
Ebe ahụ na-emepụta "ihe akụrụngwa mmanụ rọketi" abụọ n'ime onwe ya (ya bụ, ọ ka na-abụghị "monopropellant"). Ndị ọrụ na-ebelata ike - (ejibu ya dị ka onye nrụpụta na foto). Na ike oxidizing gị n'ụlọnga bụ hydrogen peroxide. Mgbe egwu, ebe ahụ na-agbakọ akwara nke na-ebugharị reagents abụọ site na tubes valve n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ngwakọta nwere mmiri na ngwakọta nke enzymes (peroxidases) nke na-emebi peroxide. Mgbe ejikọtara ya, ndị reagents na-emepụta mmeghachi omume exothermic na-eme ihe ike, mmiri mmiri na-esi ísì wee ghọọ gas (= "nbibi"). N'ozuzu, ebe ahụ na-ekpochapụ onye iro nwere iyi nke mmiri esi mmiri (ma o doro anya na ezughị ezu maka ntinye oghere mbụ). Ma ... Ma ọ dịkarịa ala, a pụrụ iwere ebe ahụ dị ka ihe atụ maka akụkụ ahụ Nchekwa nchekwa mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na hydrogen peroxide. Ụkpụrụ omume bụ nke a:
% USERNAME%, adịla ka ebe a na-atụ bọmbụ, ejikọtala peroxide na onye na-ebelata ihe na-enweghị nghọta! 🙂
Addendum banyereт : "Ọ dị ka ebe ogbugba ogbunigwe nke ụwa sitere na ebe plasma sitere na Starship Troopers." Ọ nwere oke ọkụ zuru oke (ọ bụghị ịkwanye!) iji zụlite ọsọ mgbapụ mbụ; emepụtara usoro ahụ n'oge evolushọn wee jiri tụba spores n'ime orbit iji gbasaa oke ya, ọ bakwara uru dị ka ngwa ọgụ megide ndị iro na-anya ụgbọ mmiri. ”
Ọfọn, m gwara ya banyere ebe na dozie peroxide. Ka anyị kwụsị ebe ahụ ugbu a.
Ihe dị mkpa! Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ọ bụla ọzọ (gụnyere mkparịta ụka nke ndetu, ihe odide etiti na akwụkwọ m niile) na ọwa telegram. . Denye aha ma soro ọkwa ndị a.
Ihe na-esote maka nlebara anya bụ sodium dichloroisocyanurate na "mbadamba chlorine."
Nkwenye: Onye edemede na-egosipụta ekele miri emi nye ndị niile sonyere na ya obodo LAB-66 - ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụzọ ego na-akwado "akụkụ sayensị na teknụzụ" (= ọwa telegram), nkata anyị (na ndị ọkachamara na ya na-enye nkwado ọrụ elekere elekere (!!!)), na onye edemede ikpeazụ n'onwe ya. Daalụ maka ihe a niile, ụmụ okorobịa, si !
"osmium catalyst" maka uto na mmepe nke obodo a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu: ===>
1. kaadị ukwu 5536 0800 1174 5555
2. Yandex ego
3. ego webụ 650377296748
4. crypt BTC: 3QRyF2UwcKECVtk1Ep8scndmCBoRATvZkx, ETH: 0x3Aa313FA17444db70536A0ec5493F3aaA49C9CBf
5. Bụrụ
Isi mmalite ejiri
Shandala M.G. Okwu disinfectology n'ozuzu ugbu a. Okwu nkuzi ahọpụtara. - M.: Ọgwụ, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Njirimara Sax dị ize ndụ nke akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ. Mbipụta nke iri na abụọ. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 12., p. V2012: 4
Haynes, W.M. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Mbipụta nke 95. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (Isi nke anọ). New York: Wiley. (4). pp. 1995–961.
C.W. Jones, J.H. Clark. Ngwa nke hydrogen peroxide na ihe mmepụta. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Ngwa Lienke nke Ntugharị-Ọla Ọla na-eme ka akwa akwa na ịcha akwa osisi. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (2): 206–222 . (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Ebe bombardier na mgbawa kemịkal ya. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1–7 . (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Ngwa nke hydrogen peroxide na mmepụta ya. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goor, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka disinfectants na antiseptik. New York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, DJ Disinfection na sterilization na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike: Ihe ndị dọkịta kwesịrị ịma. Ọrịa na-efe efe nke ụlọ ọgwụ. 39 (5): 702–709 . (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Isi nke 9: Ngwakọta Peroxygen. Ngwọta, sterilization, na nchekwa (edemede nke ise). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 5–185. (204).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck Index—An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Chemical Condensed Hawley 16th. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Sittig, M. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Kemịkalụ nsi na nke dị ize ndụ na Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Chemical Condensed Hawley 16th. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Mkpokọta nke ihe ndị kasị mkpa ukara ihe na okwu nke disinfection, sterilization, disinfestation, deratization: Na 5 mpịakọta / Inform.-ed. etiti nke Kọmitii State maka Sanitary na Epidemiological Supervision nke Russia. Federation, Research Institute of Prevention. toxicology na disinfection; N'okpuru izugbe ed. M.G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka m chefuo, ịdọ aka ná ntị maka ndị enyi na-enweghị isi :)
Disclaimer: ozi niile ewepụtara n'isiokwu a bụ naanị maka ebumnuche ozi ọ bụghị oku na-aga ime. Ị na-eji kemịkalụ reagents na akụrụngwa na-eme mgbanwe niile n'ihe egwu na ihe egwu nke gị. Onye ode akwụkwọ anaghị ebu ọrụ ọ bụla maka iji nlezianya na-ahụ maka ngwọta ike ike, agụghị akwụkwọ, enweghị ihe ọmụma ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ isi, wdg. Ọ bụrụ na ị naghị enwe obi ike ịghọta ihe edere, jụọ onye ikwu / enyi / enyi gị nwere agụmakwụkwọ pụrụ iche iji nyochaa omume gị. Ma jide n'aka na ị na-eji PPE nwere nchekwa nchekwa kachasị elu.
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