Ụbọchị ole na ole gara aga, ekpebiri m iji binwalk tụgharịa engineer firmware nke rawụta m.
Azụtara m onwe m . Ọ bụghị rawụta kacha mma, mana ezuru m mkpa m.
Oge ọ bụla m zụtara rawụta ọhụrụ, m na-etinye ya . Maka gịnị? Dị ka a na-achị, ndị na-emepụta ihe anaghị eche banyere ịkwado ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala ha na ka oge na-aga, software na-aghọ ihe ochie, adịghị ike na-apụta, na ihe ndị ọzọ, n'ozuzu, ị ga-enweta echiche ahụ. Ya mere, a masịrị m ngwa ngwa OpenWRT, nke ndị obodo mepere emepe na-akwado nke ọma.
Mgbe ebudatara OpenWRT, m nwekwara n'okpuru Archer C7 ọhụrụ m sitere na webụsaịtị gọọmentị wee kpebie inyocha ya. Naanị maka ntụrụndụ ma kwuo maka binwalk.
Kedu ihe bụ binwalk?
bụ ngwá ọrụ mepere emepe maka nyocha, ntụgharị injinia na mmịpụta onyonyo firmware.
Emebere na 2010 site na Craig Heffner, binwalk nwere ike nyochaa onyonyo firmware wee chọta faịlụ, chọpụta ma wepụta onyonyo sistemụ faịlụ, koodu arụrụ arụ ọrụ, ebe nchekwa abịakọrọ, bootloaders na kernels, ụdị faịlụ dị ka JPEG na PDF, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
Ị nwere ike iji binwalk tụgharịa engineer firmware iji ghọta ka ọ si arụ ọrụ. Chọọ faịlụ ọnụọgụ abụọ maka adịghị ike, wepụ faịlụ, wee chọọ azụ azụ ma ọ bụ asambodo dijitalụ. Ị nwekwara ike ịchọta opcodes maka ụyọkọ CPU dị iche iche.
Ị nwere ike wepụ foto sistemụ faịlụ ka ịchọọ faịlụ paswọọdụ akọwapụtara (passwd, onyinyo, wdg) wee gbalịa imebi okwuntughe hashes. Ị nwere ike ịme nyocha ọnụọgụ abụọ n'etiti faịlụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ị nwere ike ịme nyocha entropy na data iji chọọ data abịakọrọ ma ọ bụ igodo nzuzo ezoro ezo. Ihe a niile na-enweghị mkpa ịnweta koodu isi mmalite.
N'ozuzu, ihe niile ị chọrọ bụ ebe ahụ :)
Kedu ka binwalk si arụ ọrụ?
Isi ihe dị na binwalk bụ nyocha mbinye aka ya. Binwalk nwere ike nyochaa onyonyo ngwa ngwa ka ịchọọ ụdị faịlụ arụnyere n'ime yana sistemụ faịlụ.
Ị maara uru ahịrị iwu file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedotu filena-ele anya na nkụnye eji isi mee faịlụ wee chọọ mbinye aka (nọmba anwansi) iji chọpụta ụdị faịlụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na faịlụ na-amalite site na usoro nke bytes 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, ọ maara na ọ bụ faịlụ PNG. Gbanye Enwere ndepụta mbinye aka faịlụ nkịtị.
Binwalk na-arụ ọrụ otu ụzọ ahụ. Mana kama ịchọ mbinye aka naanị na mmalite faịlụ ahụ, binwalk ga-enyocha faịlụ niile. Na mgbakwunye, binwalk nwere ike wepụ faịlụ ndị dị na foto a.
Ngwaọrụ file и binwalk jiri ụlọ akwụkwọ libmagic iji chọpụta mbinye aka faịlụ. Ma binwalk na-akwadokwa ndepụta nke mbinye aka anwansi omenala iji chọọ faịlụ abịakọrọ/zipped, nkụnye eji isi mee firmware, Linux kernels, bootloaders, filesystems na ndị ọzọ.
Ka anyị kporie ndụ?
Ntinye Binwalk
A na-akwado Binwalk n'ọtụtụ nyiwe gụnyere Linux, OSX, FreeBSD na Windows.
Iji wụnye ụdị binwalk kachasị ọhụrụ ị nwere ike ma soro ma ọ bụ , dị na webụsaịtị ọrụ.
Binwalk nwere ọtụtụ paramita dị iche iche:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portNyocha onyonyo
Ka anyị bido site n'ịchọ mbinye aka faịlụ n'ime onyonyo (onyinyo sitere na saịtị ).
Na-agba ọsọ binwalk na --mbinye aka oke:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Ugbu a, anyị nwere ọtụtụ ozi gbasara onyonyo a.
Ihe onyonyo eji dị ka bootloader (isi ihe oyiyi na 0x5AC0 na foto bootloader abịakọrọ na 0x5B00). Dabere na isi isi uImage na 0x13270, anyị maara na nhazi nhazi bụ MIPS na Linux kernel bụ ụdị 3.3.8. Na dabere na onyonyo a chọtara na adreesị 0x11CEA5, anyị nwere ike ịhụ nke ahụ rootfs bụ usoro faịlụ squashfs.
Ka anyị wepụ bootloader (U-Boot) site na iji iwu ahụ dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sEbe ọ bụ na ejiri LZMA ejikọta ihe oyiyi ahụ, anyị kwesịrị ịkwatu ya:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaUgbu a, anyị nwere foto U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binKedu maka ịchọta uru ndabara maka bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Environment agbanwe agbanwe bootargs eji nyefee paramita na kernel Linux. Na site na nke dị n'elu, anyị nwere nghọta ka mma nke ebe nchekwa flash nke ngwaọrụ ahụ.
Kedu maka ịwepụ onyonyo kernel Linux?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sAnyị nwere ike lelee na ewepụtara onyonyo a nke ọma site na iji iwu ahụ file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Ụdị faịlụ uImage bụ isi ihe oyiyi kernel Linux nwere isi ihe ọzọ. Ka anyị wepụ isi okwu a ka ị nweta onyonyo kernel Linux ikpeazụ:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sIhe onyonyo a gbakọtara, yabụ ka anyị bupụ ya:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaUgbu a anyị nwere onyonyo kernel Linux:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageKedu ihe anyị nwere ike iji onyinyo kernel mee? Dịka ọmụmaatụ, anyị nwere ike mee nyocha eriri na onyonyo a wee chọta ụdị Linux kernel wee mụta maka gburugburu ebe eji arụ kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Agbanyeghị na ewepụtara firmware n'afọ gara aga (2019), ka m na-ede akụkọ a, ọ na-eji ụdị ochie nke Linux kernel (3.3.8) ewepụtara na 2012, ejiri ụdị GCC ochie chịkọtara (4.6) kemgbe 2012. !
(approx. transl. Ị ka tụkwasịrị ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala gị obi n'ọfịs na n'ụlọ?)
Na nhọrọ --opcodes anyị nwekwara ike iji binwalk lelee ntuziaka igwe wee chọpụta nhazi nhazi nke onyonyo a:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueKedu maka sistemụ faịlụ mgbọrọgwụ? Kama iji aka wepụta ihe onyonyo a, ka anyị jiri nhọrọ ahụ binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binA ga-ewepụta sistemụ faịlụ mgbọrọgwụ zuru oke na akwụkwọ ndekọ aha:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Ugbu a, anyị nwere ike ime ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche.
Anyị nwere ike ịchọ faịlụ nhazi, hashes okwuntughe, igodo cryptographic na asambodo dijitalụ. Anyị nwere ike nyochaa ọnụọgụ abụọ faịlụ maka na adịghị ike.
Site n'enyemaka nke и anyị nwere ike ọbụna na-agba ọsọ (emulate) ihe executable si oyiyi:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatNnukwu! Mana biko mara na ụdị BusyBox bụ 1.19.4. Nke a bụ ụdị BusyBox ochie, wepụtara na Eprel 2012.
Yabụ TP-Link weputara onyonyo firmware na 2019 site na iji ngwanrọ (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, wdg) site na 2012!
Ugbu a ị ghọtara ihe kpatara m na-etinye OpenWRT mgbe niile na ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala m?
Ọ bụghị naanị nke ahụ
Binwalk nwekwara ike ime nyocha entropy, bipụta data entropy raw, ma mepụta eserese entropy. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ahụ entropy ka ukwuu mgbe bytes dị na onyonyo a na-enweghị usoro. Nke a nwere ike ịpụta na onyonyo a nwere faịlụ ezoro ezo, abịakọrọ, ma ọ bụ nke akpọchiri akpọchi. Igodo nzuzo siri ike? Gịnị mere.
Anyị nwekwara ike iji paramita ahụ --raw ịchọta usoro nke raw byte omenala na onyonyo ma ọ bụ oke --hexdump iji mee mkpofu hex na-atụnyere faịlụ ntinye abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa.
enwere ike ịgbakwunye na binwalk site na faịlụ mbinye aka omenala akọwapụtara na ahịrị iwu site na iji paramita --magic, ma ọ bụ site n'ịgbakwunye ha na ndekọ $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Ị nwere ike ịchọta ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara binwalk na .
binwalk ndọtị
Enwere binwalk, emejuputa atumatu dị ka Python modul nke Python ọ bụla script nwere ike iji mee ihe na mmemme na-eme nyocha binwalk, yana ọrụ ahịrị iwu binwalk nwere ike bụrụ nke ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị ahịrị abụọ nke koodu Eke Ọgba!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Iji Python API ị nwekwara ike ịmepụta iji hazie ma gbasaa binwalk.
E nwekwara na ụdị igwe ojii .
Yabụ kedu ihe ị naghị ebudata onyonyo firmware na ịntanetị wee nwaa binwalk? M na-ekwe gị nkwa na ị ga-enwe obi ụtọ :)
isi: www.habr.com