Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-edekọ oge. Anyị na-ebili n'oge iji mezue emume ụtụtụ anyị wee gaa ọrụ, nweta ezumike nri ehihie, zute oge mmemme, mee ememe ụbọchị ọmụmụ na ezumike, banye ụgbọ elu, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
Ọzọkwa: ụfọdụ n'ime anyị na-achọsi oge ike. Ike anyanwụ na-akwado elekere m wee nweta oge ziri ezi site na National Institute of Standards and Technology (National Institute of Standards and Technology).) gaa Fort Collins, Colorado site na redio ogologo oge . A na-ejikọta akara oge na elekere atọm, dịkwa na Fort Collins. My Fitbit na ekwentị m na-emekọrịta ihe na ihe nkesa , nke na-emecha mekọrịta na elekere atọm.
Ngwaọrụ na-echekwa oge
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe mere ngwaọrụ na kọmputa anyị ji achọ oge ziri ezi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ụlọ akụ, ahịa ngwaahịa, na azụmahịa ego ndị ọzọ, a ghaghị ime azụmahịa n'usoro kwesịrị ekwesị, na usoro oge ziri ezi dị oke mkpa na nke a.
Ekwentị anyị, mbadamba, ụgbọ ala, sistemụ GPS na kọmpụta anyị niile chọrọ ntọala oge na ụbọchị ziri ezi. Achọrọ m ka elekere na desktọpụ kọmputa m gosi oge ziri ezi. Achọrọ m ka ncheta pụta na kalenda mpaghara m n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Oge ziri ezi na-ahụkwa na cron na ọrụ sistemu na-agba ọsọ n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị.
Ụbọchị na oge dịkwa mkpa maka ịkụ osisi, ya mere ọ dị ntakịrị mfe ịchọta ụfọdụ ndekọ dabere na ụbọchị na oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu oge m rụrụ ọrụ na DevOps (a naghị akpọ ya n'oge ahụ) ma na-edozi usoro email na steeti North Carolina. Anyị na-ahazi ihe karịrị nde 20 ozi-e kwa ụbọchị. Isochi ozi-e site na usoro nke sava, ma ọ bụ chọpụta kpọmkwem usoro mmemme site na iji faịlụ ndekọ na ndị ọbịa gbasasịrị na mpaghara, nwere ike ịdị mfe karị ma ọ bụrụ na emekọrịtara kọmputa ndị ahụ n'oge.
Otu oge - ọtụtụ awa
Ndị ọbịa Linux ga-eburu n'uche na enwere oge sistemụ yana oge RTC. RTC (Real Time Clock) bụ ihe dị ịtụnanya na ọ bụghị ezigbo aha maka elekere ngwaike.
Elekere ngwaike na-aga n'ihu ọbụlagodi mgbe agbanyụrụ kọmpụta ahụ, na-eji batrị na sistemụ motherboard. Isi ọrụ nke RTC bụ ịchekwa oge mgbe njikọ na ihe nkesa oge adịghị. N'oge ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ijikọ na ihe nkesa oge na ịntanetị, kọmpụta ọ bụla ga-enwerịrị elekere ime ya nke ọma. Sistemu eji arụ ọrụ kwesịrị ịnweta RTC n'oge buut na onye ọrụ ga-eji aka ya dozie oge usoro site na iji nhazi nhazi ngwaike BIOS iji jide n'aka na ọ bụ eziokwu.
Elekere ngwa ngwa anaghị aghọta echiche nke mpaghara oge; RTC na-echekwa naanị oge ahụ, ọ bụghị mpaghara oge ma ọ bụ nkwụsị site na UTC (Achịkọta Oge Universal, makwaara dị ka GMT ma ọ bụ Greenwich Mean Time). Ị nwere ike ịwụnye RTC site na iji ngwá ọrụ m ga-ekpuchi ma emechaa n'isiokwu a.
Oge usoro bụ oge OS na-egosipụta na elekere GUI na desktọpụ gị, na mmepụta nke ụbọchị iwu, na timestamps nke ndekọ. Nke a na-emetụtakwa mgbe emepụtara, gbanwee ma mepee faịlụ.
Na ibe enwere nkọwa zuru oke nke RTC na elekere sistemụ.
Kedu ihe dị na NTP?
Kọmputa n'ụwa niile na-eji NTP (Network Time Protocol) mekọrịta oge ha na elekere ọkọlọtọ na ịntanetị site na iji usoro sava NTP. Sava oge dị na oyi akwa 1 na-ejikọta ya na ọrụ oge nke mba dị iche iche na oyi akwa 0 site na satịlaịtị, redio ma ọ bụ ọbụna modems n'elu ekwentị. Ọrụ oge Layer 0 nwere ike ịbụ elekere atọm, ihe nnata redio na-ege ntị na mgbama na-ebufe site na elekere atọm, ma ọ bụ ihe nnata GPS nke na-eji akara elekere ziri ezi nke satịlaịtị GPS na-ebufe.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke sava ntụaka nwere ọtụtụ puku sava NTP stratum 2 ọha na-emeghe ọha. Ọtụtụ òtù na ndị ọrụ (gụnyere m onwe m) na ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa chọrọ ihe nkesa NTP na-ahọrọ ịtọlite sava nke oge ha ka ọ bụrụ naanị otu onye ọbịa mpaghara na-enweta stratum 2 ma ọ bụ 3. Ha na-ahazi oghere ndị fọdụrụ na netwọk iji jiri mpaghara. ihe nkesa oge . N'ihe gbasara netwọkụ ụlọ m, nke a bụ ihe nkesa oyi akwa 3.
Nrụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke NTP
Mmejuputa mbụ nke NTP bụ ntpd. Ndị ọhụrụ abụọ jikọtara ya, chronyd na systemd-timesyncd. Ha atọ na-emekọrịta oge nnabata mpaghara na ihe nkesa oge NTP. Ọrụ sistemu-timesyncd abụghị ntụkwasị obi ka chronyd, mana ọ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche. Ọ bụrụ na RTC enweghị mmekọrịta, ọ nwere ike jiri nwayọ dozie oge sistemụ ka ọ ga-emekọrịta na sava NTP mgbe oge sistemụ mpaghara na-agafe ntakịrị. Enweghị ike iji ọrụ systemd-timesync dị ka ihe nkesa oge.
bụ mmejuputa NTP nke nwere mmemme abụọ: chronyd daemon na interface-line interface a na-akpọ chronyc. Chrony nwere ụfọdụ atụmatụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ:
- Chrony nwere ike imekọrịta ya na ihe nkesa oge ngwa ngwa karịa ọrụ ntpd ochie. Nke a dị mma maka laptọọpụ ma ọ bụ desktọpụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe niile.
- Ọ nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ mgbanwe elekere, dị ka mgbe onye ọbịa na-arahụ ụra ma ọ bụ na-abanye na ọnọdụ ụra, ma ọ bụ mgbe elekere gbanwere n'ihi nkwụsịtụ ugboro ugboro, nke na-eme ka elekere na-ebelata na obere ibu.
- Ọ na-edozi nsogbu oge metụtara njikọ netwọk na-adịghị akwụsi ike ma ọ bụ mkpọkọ netwọkụ.
- Ọ na-achịkwa igbu oge netwọk.
- Mgbe mmekọrịta oge mbụ gasịrị, Chrony anaghị akwụsị elekere. Nke a na-enye oge kwụsiri ike ma na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ọtụtụ ọrụ na ngwa sistemụ.
- Chrony nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ọbụlagodi na enweghị njikọ netwọkụ. N'okwu a, onye ọbịa ma ọ bụ ihe nkesa mpaghara nwere ike iji aka meelite ya.
- Chrony nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe nkesa NTP.
Ọzọkwa, NTP bụ protocol nke enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ na onye ọbịa Linux site na iji Chrony ma ọ bụ systemd-timesyncd.
NTP, Chrony, na sistemu-timesyncd RPM dị na ebe nchekwa Fedora ọkọlọtọ. Sistemu-udev RPM bụ njikwa mmemme kernel arụnyere na ndabara na Fedora, mana ọ bụ nhọrọ.
Ị nwere ike ịwụnye ha atọ wee gbanwee n'etiti ha, mana nke a ga-emepụta isi ọwụwa ọzọ. Yabụ na ọ ka mma ịghara ime ya. Mwepụta nke Fedora, CentOS na RHEL nke oge a na Chrony dị ka mmejuputa atumatu, ha nwekwara usoro-timesyncd. Achọpụtara m Chrony na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-enye interface dị mma karịa ọrụ NTP, na-enye ọtụtụ ozi na njikwa, nke ndị na-ahụ maka sistemụ ga-enwe mmasị na ya.
Gbanyụọ ọrụ NTP
Ọrụ NTP nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ na onye ọbịa gị. Ọ bụrụ otu a, ịkwesịrị gbanyụọ ya tupu ịgbanwee gaa na ihe ọzọ. Enwere m chronyd na-agba ọsọ ya mere ejiri m iwu ndị a kwụsị ma gbanyụọ ya. Gbaa iwu kwesịrị ekwesị maka daemon NTP ọ bụla ị na-agba na onye ọbịa gị:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl disable chronyd ; systemctl stop chronyd
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/chronyd.service.
[root@testvm1 ~]#Lelee na akwụsịla ọrụ ahụ wee gbanyụọ:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:chronyd(8)
man:chrony.conf(5)
[root@testvm1 ~]#Lelee ọnọdụ tupu mmalite
Ọkwa mmekọrịta elekere sistemụ na-enye gị ohere ikpebi ma ọrụ NTP na-agba ọsọ. Ebe ọ bụ na ịmalitebeghị NTP, iwu timesync-status ga-egosi na nke a:
[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl timesync-status
Failed to query server: Could not activate remote peer.Arịrịọ ọkwa ozugbo na-enye ozi dị mkpa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu timedatectl na-enweghị arụmụka ma ọ bụ nhọrọ na-eme iwu subcommand na ndabara:
[root@testvm1 ~]# timedatectl status
Local time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:10 EDT
Universal time: Fri 2020-05-15 12:43:10 UTC
RTC time: Fri 2020-05-15 08:43:08
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: inactive
RTC in local TZ: yes
Warning: The system is configured to read the RTC time in the local time zone.
This mode cannot be fully supported. It will create various problems
with time zone changes and daylight saving time adjustments. The RTC
time is never updated, it relies on external facilities to maintain it.
If at all possible, use RTC in UTC by calling
'timedatectl set-local-rtc 0'.
[root@testvm1 ~]#Nke a ga-enye gị oge mpaghara maka onye ọbịa gị, oge UTC na oge RTC. N'okwu a, a na-edozi oge usoro na mpaghara oge America / New_York (TZ), RTC ka edobere oge na mpaghara oge mpaghara, ọrụ NTP anaghị arụ ọrụ. Oge RTC amalitela ịwepụ ntakịrị site na oge usoro. Nke a bụ ihe nkịtị maka sistemu nke emekọrịtabeghị elekere ya. Ọnụ ego nkwụghachi na onye ọbịa na-adabere na oge gafeworo kemgbe emekọrịtara sistemu ikpeazụ.
Anyị nwetakwara ịdọ aka ná ntị gbasara iji oge mpaghara maka RTC - nke a metụtara mgbanwe mpaghara oge yana ntọala DST. Ọ bụrụ na agbanyụrụ kọmputa mgbe achọrọ mgbanwe, RTC agaghị agbanwe. Mana maka sava ma ọ bụ ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ na-agba gburugburu elekere, nke a abụghị nsogbu ma ọlị. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ọ bụla na-enye mmekọrịta oge NTP ga-edozi oge onye ọbịa n'oge mmalite mmalite, ya mere oge ahụ ga-adị mma ọzọ mgbe ịmalitechara.
Ịtọ oge mpaghara
Ọtụtụ mgbe, ị na-akọwapụta mpaghara oge n'oge usoro nrụnye ma ị nweghị ọrụ nke ịgbanwe ya ma emechaa. Agbanyeghị, enwere oge mgbe ịchọrọ ịgbanwe mpaghara oge. Enwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ nwere ike inye aka. Linux na-eji faịlụ mpaghara oge iji chọpụta mpaghara oge nke onye ọbịa. Faịlụ ndị a dị na ndekọ /usr/share/zoninfo. Site na ndabara, maka mpaghara oge m, sistemụ na-enye iwu nke a: /etc/Localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/America/New_York. Mana ịkwesighi ịma ụdị aghụghọ dị otú ahụ iji gbanwee mpaghara oge.
Isi ihe bụ ịmara aha mpaghara oge gọọmentị maka ọnọdụ gị yana iwu kwekọrọ. Ka anyị kwuo na ịchọrọ ịgbanwe mpaghara oge ka ọ bụrụ Los Angeles:
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl list-timezones | column
<SNIP>
America/La_Paz Europe/Budapest
America/Lima Europe/Chisinau
America/Los_Angeles Europe/Copenhagen
America/Maceio Europe/Dublin
America/Managua Europe/Gibraltar
America/Manaus Europe/Helsinki
<SNIP>Ugbu a ị nwere ike ịtọ mpaghara oge. Eji m ụbọchị iwu ụbọchị ịlele mgbanwe, mana ị nwekwara ike iji timedatectl:
[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 04:47:49 PM EDT
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/Los_Angeles
[root@testvm2 ~]# date
Tue 19 May 2020 01:48:23 PM PDT
[root@testvm2 ~]#Ugbu a ị nwere ike ịgbanwe mpaghara oge onye ọbịa gị ka ọ bụrụ oge mpaghara.
Sistemu-timesyncd
Sistemu timesync daemon na-enye mmejuputa NTP nke dị mfe ijikwa na ọnọdụ sistemụ. Ejiri ya na ndabara na Fedora na Ubuntu. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-amalite naanị na ndabara na Ubuntu. Amaghị m maka nkesa ndị ọzọ. Ị nwere ike ịlele onwe gị:
[root@testvm1 ~]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncdNa-ahazi sistemu-timesyncd
Faịlụ nhazi maka systemd-timesyncd bụ /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf. Nke a bụ faịlụ dị mfe nwere nhọrọ ole na ole enyere aka karịa ọrụ NTP na chronyd ochie. Nke a bụ ọdịnaya nke faịlụ a (na-enweghị mgbanwe ọzọ) na Fedora VM m:
# This file is part of systemd.
#
# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
# You can change settings by editing this file.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
#
# See timesyncd.conf(5) for details.
[Time]
#NTP=
#FallbackNTP=0.fedora.pool.ntp.org 1.fedora.pool.ntp.org 2.fedora.pool.ntp.org 3.fedora.pool.ntp.org
#RootDistanceMaxSec=5
#PollIntervalMinSec=32
#PollIntervalMaxSec=2048Naanị akụkụ dị na ya, ewezuga nkọwa, bụ [Oge]. A na-akọwapụta ahịrị ndị ọzọ niile. Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ ndabara na ekwesịghị ịgbanwe (ọ gwụla ma ị nwere ihe kpatara ya). Ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị ihe nkesa oge NTP akọwapụtara na ahịrị NTP=, Fedora na-adaba na ihe nkesa oge Fedora. M na-agbakwụnyekarị ihe nkesa oge m:
NTP=myntpserverNa-agba ọsọ timesync
Ị nwere ike ibido wee mee ka systemd-timesyncd rụọ ọrụ dị ka nke a:
[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl enable systemd-timesyncd.service
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.freedesktop.timesync1.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sysinit.target.wants/systemd-timesyncd.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service.
[root@testvm2 ~]# systemctl start systemd-timesyncd.service
[root@testvm2 ~]#Ịtọlite elekere ngwaike
Nke a bụ ihe ọnọdụ dị ka mgbe ịgba ọsọ timesyncd:
[root@testvm2 systemd]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:54 EDT
Universal time: Sat 2020-05-16 18:34:54 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2020-05-16 14:34:53
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: no Na mbido, ọdịiche dị n'etiti RTC na oge mpaghara (EDT) erughị otu nkeji, yana nghọtahie ahụ na-abawanye site na sekọnd ole na ole ọzọ n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị echiche nke mpaghara oge na RTC, iwu timedatectl ga-eme ntụnyere iji chọpụta mpaghara oge ziri ezi. Ọ bụrụ na oge RTC adabaghị kpọmkwem n'oge mpaghara, yabụ na ọ dabaraghị mpaghara oge mpaghara.
N'ịchọ ozi ndị ọzọ, elelera m ọkwa nke systemd-timesync wee hụ nke a:
[root@testvm2 systemd]# systemctl status systemd-timesyncd.service
● systemd-timesyncd.service - Network Time Synchronization
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-timesyncd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT; 18h ago
Docs: man:systemd-timesyncd.service(8)
Main PID: 822 (systemd-timesyn)
Status: "Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org)."
Tasks: 2 (limit: 10365)
Memory: 2.8M
CPU: 476ms
CGroup: /system.slice/systemd-timesyncd.service
└─822 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd
May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Starting Network Time Synchronization...
May 16 09:57:24 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: System clock time unset or jumped backwards, restoring from recorded timestamp: Sat 2020-05-16 13:56:53 EDT
May 16 13:56:53 testvm2.both.org systemd[1]: Started Network Time Synchronization.
May 16 13:57:56 testvm2.both.org systemd-timesyncd[822]: Initial synchronization to time server 163.237.218.19:123 (2.fedora.pool.ntp.org).
[root@testvm2 systemd]#Rịba ama ozi ndekọ na-ekwu na oge sistemụ edobebeghị ma ọ bụ tọgharịa ya. Ọrụ Timesync na-edobe oge usoro dabere na timestamp. Timesync daemon na-edobe stampụ oge ma na-emepụta ya na mmekọrịta ọ bụla na-aga nke ọma.
Iwu timedatectl enweghị ụzọ ọ ga-esi were uru elekere ngwaike si na elekere sistemụ. Ọ nwere ike ịtọ oge na ụbọchị site na uru etinyere na ahịrị iwu. Ị nwere ike ịtọ RTC ka ọ bụrụ otu uru dị ka oge usoro site na iji iwu hwclock:
[root@testvm2 ~]# /sbin/hwclock --systohc --localtime
[root@testvm2 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46 EDT
Universal time: Mon 2020-05-18 17:56:46 UTC
RTC time: Mon 2020-05-18 13:56:46
Time zone: America/New_York (EDT, -0400)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: yesNhọrọ --Localtime na-agwa elekere ngwaike ka ọ gosi oge mpaghara, ọ bụghị UTC.
Kedu ihe kpatara ịchọrọ RTC ma ọlị?
Mmejuputa iwu ọ bụla nke NTP ga-edobe elekere sistemụ n'oge mmalite. Ma gịnị mere RTC? Nke a abụghị eziokwu kpamkpam: nke a ga-eme naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ị nwere njikọ netwọk na ihe nkesa oge. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ sistemụ anaghị enwe ohere ịnweta njikọ netwọkụ mgbe niile, yabụ elekere ngwaike bara uru maka Linux iji tọọ oge sistemụ. Nke a dị mma karịa iji aka dozie oge, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ịpụ n'oge.
nkwubi
Edemede a enyochala ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ maka ịhazi ụbọchị, oge, na mpaghara oge. Ngwá ọrụ systemd-timesyncd na-enye onye ahịa NTP nke nwere ike mekọrịta oge na onye ọbịa mpaghara na sava NTP. Agbanyeghị, systemd-timesyncd anaghị enye ọrụ nkesa, yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ sava NTP na netwọkụ gị, ị ga-eji ihe ọzọ, dị ka Chrony, rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe nkesa.
Ọ masịrị m inwe otu mmejuputa iwu maka ọrụ ọ bụla na netwọkụ m, yabụ m na-eji Chrony. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị sava NTP mpaghara, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị ịma iji Chrony dị ka sava yana systemd-timesyncd dị ka onye ahịa SNTP. E kwuwerị, ọ dịghị mkpa iji atụmatụ ndị ọzọ nke Chrony dị ka onye ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na afọ ojuju na arụmọrụ nke systemd-timesyncd.
Ihe ọzọ edeturu: ị chọghị iji ngwaọrụ sistemu iji mejuputa NTP. Ị nwere ike iji ụdị ntpd ochie, Chrony, ma ọ bụ mmejuputa NTP ọzọ. E kwuwerị, systemd mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrụ; ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nhọrọ, yabụ ị nwere ike gbanyụọ ha wee jiri ihe ọzọ kama. Nke a abụghị nnukwu anụ ọhịa monolithic. Ị nwere ike ọ gaghị amasị sistemụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya, mana ịkwesịrị ịme mkpebi mara mma.
Mmejuputa NTP sistemu na-amasị m, mana Chrony masịrị m n'ihi na ọ dabara m mkpa karịa. Ọ bụ Linux, nwa -)
Ikike nke Mgbasa Ozi
VDSina na-enye , nnukwu nhọrọ nke sistemụ arụmọrụ maka ntinye akpaaka, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịwụnye OS ọ bụla site na nke gị , ntụsara ahụ́ mmepe nke onwe na ịkwụ ụgwọ kwa ụbọchị. Cheta na anyị nwere sava na-adịru mgbe ebighị ebi bụ nke na-agaghị adịte aka 😉
isi: www.habr.com