Na mbụ na blọọgụ anyị dere banyere ka e-book formats si pụta и .
Isiokwu nke akụkọ taa bụ EPUB.
Foto: / CC BY
Akụkọ nke usoro
Na 90s, e-book ahịa na-achịkwa ihe ngwọta nke nwe ya. Na ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta e-agụ nwere usoro nke ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, NuvoMedia ji faịlụ nwere ndọtị .rb. Ndị a bụ akpa nwere faịlụ HTML yana faịlụ .info nwere metadata. Ọnọdụ a gbagwojuru anya ọrụ nke ndị mbipụta - ha ga-edepụta akwụkwọ maka usoro nke ọ bụla iche iche. Otu ndị injinia sitere na Microsoft, NuvoMedia a kpọtụrụ aha na SoftBook Press mere imezi ọnọdụ ahụ.
N'oge ahụ, Microsoft ga-emeri e-book ahịa ma na-emepụta ngwa e-agụ maka Windows 95. Anyị nwere ike ikwu na ịmepụta usoro ọhụrụ bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ azụmahịa nke IT ibu.
Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu maka NuvoMedia, a na-ewere ụlọ ọrụ a dị ka onye nrụpụta nke onye na-agụ ihe eletrọnịkị mbụ . Ebe nchekwa dị n'ime ngwaọrụ ahụ bụ naanị megabyte asatọ, na ndụ batrị agafeghị awa 40. Banyere SoftBook Press, ha mepụtakwara ndị na-agụ eletrọnịkị. Mana ngwaọrụ ha nwere ihe pụrụ iche - modem arụnyere arụnyere - ọ nyere gị ohere ibudata akwụkwọ dijitalụ ozugbo na SoftBookstore.
Na mmalite nke XNUMXs, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ - NuvoMedia na SoftBook - bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi zụtara Gemstar wee jikọta na Gemstar eBook Group. Nzukọ a gara n'ihu na-ere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ) na akwụkwọ dijitalụ, Otú ọ dị na 2003 .
Ma ka anyị laghachi na mmepe nke otu ọkọlọtọ. N'afọ 1999, Microsoft, NuvoMedia na SoftBook Press tọrọ ntọala Open eBook Forum, nke malitere ịrụ ọrụ na mpempe akwụkwọ nke akara mmalite nke EPUB. ọkọlọtọ mbụ OEBPS (na-anọchi anya Structure Mepee Ebook). O mere ka o kwe omume ikesa mbipụta dijitalụ n'otu faịlụ (nchekwa ZIP) ma mee ka ọ dị mfe ịnyefe akwụkwọ n'etiti ikpo okwu ngwaike dị iche iche.
Mgbe e mesịrị, ụlọ ọrụ IT Adobe, IBM, HP, Nokia, Xerox na ndị mbipụta McGraw Hill na Time Warner sonyeere Open eBook Forum. Ha na-aga n'ihu na-azụlite OEBPS na ịzụlite gburugburu ebe obibi akwụkwọ dijitalụ n'ozuzu ya. Na 2005, a kpọgharịrị nzukọ ahụ aha International Forum for Digital Publishing, ma ọ bụ .
N'afọ 2007, IDPF gbanwere aha usoro OEBPS ka ọ bụrụ EPUB wee malite ịmepụta ụdị nke abụọ ya. E gosipụtara ya n'ihu ọha na 2010. Ngwaahịa ọhụrụ ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị iche na nke bu ya ụzọ, Otú ọ dị eserese vector na mkpụrụedemede arụnyere n'ime ya.
Ka ọ na-erule oge a, EPUB nọ na-achịkọta ahịa wee bụrụ ụkpụrụ ndabere maka ọtụtụ ndị mbipụta na ndị na-emepụta ngwa eletrọnịkị. O'Reilly na Cisco Press ejirila usoro a, gbakwunyere ngwaọrụ Apple, Sony, Barnes & Noble na ONYX BOOX kwadoro ya.
Na 2009, ọrụ Google Books gbasara nkwado EPUB - ejirila ya kesaa ihe karịrị otu nde akwụkwọ efu. Usoro ahụ malitere inwe ewu ewu n'etiti ndị edemede. N'afọ 2011, JK Rowling malite webụsaịtị Pottermore wee mee ka ọ bụrụ naanị ebe a na-ere akwụkwọ Potter n'ụdị dijitalụ.
Ahọpụtara EPUB dị ka ọkọlọtọ maka ikesa akwụkwọ, nke bụ isi n'ihi ike ya mejuputa nchedo nnomi (). Akwụkwọ niile dị na ụlọ ahịa dị n'ịntanetị nke onye edemede ruo ugbu a .
E wepụtara ụdị EPUB nke atọ n'afọ 2011. Ndị mmepe ahụ agbakwunyela ikike iji faịlụ ọdịyo na vidiyo na ndetu ala ala rụọ ọrụ. Taa ọkọlọtọ na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe - na 2017 IDPF akụkụ nke W3C consortium, nke na-emejuputa ụkpụrụ teknụzụ maka Weebụ Wide World.
Otu EPUB si arụ ọrụ
Akwụkwọ n'ụdị EPUB bụ ebe nchekwa ZIP. Ọ na-echekwa ederede nke mbipụta n'ụdị ibe XHTML ma ọ bụ HTML ma ọ bụ faịlụ PDF. Ebe nchekwa ahụ nwekwara ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi (odiyo, vidiyo ma ọ bụ onyonyo), mkpụrụedemede na metadata. Ọ nwekwara ike ịnwe faịlụ agbakwunyere nwere ụdị CSS ma ọ bụ -akwụkwọ nwere ozi maka ọrụ ọgbọ okwu.
akara XML bụ maka igosipụta ọdịnaya. Iberibe akwụkwọ nwere ọdịyo na onyonyo agbakwunyere :
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html
epub_prefix="media: http://idpf.org/epub/vocab/media/#">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../css/shared-culture.css" />
</head>
<body>
<section class="base">
<h1>the entire transcript</h1>
<audio id="bgsound" epub_type="media:soundtrack media:background"
src="../audio/asharedculture_soundtrack.mp3" autoplay="" loop="">
<div class="errmsg">
<p>Your Reading System does not support (this) audio</p>
</div>
</audio>
<p>What does it mean to be human if we don't have a shared culture? What
does a shared culture mean if we can't share it? It's only in the last
100, or 150 years or so, that we started tightly restricting how that
culture gets used.</p>
<img class="left" src="../images/326261902_3fa36f548d.jpg"
alt="child against a wall" />
</section>
</body>
</html>
Na mgbakwunye na faịlụ ọdịnaya, ebe nchekwa ahụ nwere akwụkwọ mkpagharị pụrụ iche (Akwụkwọ Nsorogharị). Ọ na-akọwa nhazi ederede na ihe oyiyi na akwụkwọ. Ngwa ndị na-agụ na-enweta ya ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-agụ chọrọ ịwụpụ n'elu ọtụtụ ibe.
Faịlụ ọzọ achọrọ na ebe nchekwa bụ ngwugwu. Ọ gụnyere metadata - ozi gbasara onye odee, onye mbipụta, asụsụ, aha na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọ gụnyekwara ndepụta (ọkpụkpụ azụ) nke ngalaba nke akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ilele ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ ngwugwu .
ugwu
Uru nke usoro ahụ bụ mgbanwe ya. EPUB na-enye gị ohere ịmepụta nhazi akwụkwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke dabara na nha ihuenyo ngwaọrụ gị. Nke a bụ otu n'ime isi ihe mere usoro ahụ ji akwado ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ (na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ndị ọzọ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị niile na-agụ ONYX BOOX na-arụ ọrụ na EPUB site na igbe: site na isi na 6-inch. ruo na adịchaghị na 9,7-inch .
/
Ebe ọ bụ na usoro a dabere na ụkpụrụ ewu ewu (XML), ọ dị mfe ịtụgharị maka ịgụ na ịntanetị. EPUB na-akwadokwa ihe ndị na-emekọrịta ihe. Ee, ihe ndị yiri ya dị na PDF, mana ị nwere ike itinye ha na akwụkwọ PDF site na iji sọftụwia nwe ya. N'ihe banyere EPUB, a na-agbakwunye ha na akwụkwọ ahụ site na iji akara na mkpado XML na nchịkọta ederede ọ bụla.
Uru ọzọ nke EPUB bụ atụmatụ ya maka ndị nwere nsogbu ọhụụ ma ọ bụ dyslexia. Ọkọlọtọ na-enye gị ohere ịgbanwe ngosi nke ederede na ihuenyo - dịka ọmụmaatụ, gosipụta njikọ mkpụrụedemede ụfọdụ.
EPUB, dị ka anyị kwuburu, na-enye onye nkwusa ohere ịwụnye ihe nchebe oyiri. Ndị na-ere akwụkwọ e-mail ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ usoro ha na-egbochi ohere ịnweta akwụkwọ. Iji mee nke a, ịkwesịrị ịgbanwe faịlụ rights.xml na ebe nchekwa.
-adịghị emezi emezi
Iji mepụta mbipụta EPUB, ị ga-aghọtarịrị XML, XHTML na CSS syntax. N'okwu a, ị ga-arụ ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke njirimara. Maka ntụnyere, otu gụnyere naanị mkpado kacha nta achọrọ - zuru oke maka nhazi akụkọ ifo. Na ịmepụta Enweghị ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche achọrọ ma ọlị - sọftụwia pụrụ iche na-ahụ maka ihe niile.
A na-akatọkwa EPUB n’ihi ịdị mgbagwoju anya nke imepụta ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nwere ọtụtụ ihe atụ. N'okwu a, onye na-ebipụta ya ga-emepụta nhazi static na nhazi nhazi maka ihe oyiyi ọ bụla - nke a nwere ike iwepụta mgbalị na oge dị ukwuu.
Kedu ihe na-esote
IDPF na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na nkọwapụta ọhụrụ maka usoro ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu n'ime ha ga-enyere gị aka ịmepụta nkuzi mmekọrịta . Otu akwụkwọ ahụ ga-adị iche maka onye nkụzi na nwa akwụkwọ - na nke abụọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, azịza nke ule ma ọ bụ ajụjụ nchịkwa ga-ezobe.
Foto: / CC BY-SA
A na-atụ anya na ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ ga-enyere aka ịhazigharị usoro mmụta. Taa, nnukwu mahadum na-eji EPUB arụ ọrụ nke ọma, dịka ọmụmaatụ Mahadum Oxford. Afọ ole na ole gara aga ha Nkwado EPUB 3.0 na ngwa ọba akwụkwọ dijitalụ gị.
IDPF na-ekepụta nkọwapụta maka mmejuputa ndetu ala ala ala mepere emepe na EPUB. W3C mepụtara ọkọlọtọ a na 2013 - ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mfe iji ụdị nkọwa dị mgbagwoju anya rụọ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịnwere ike iji ya tinye ndetu n'otu akụkụ nke onyonyo JPEG. Ọkọlọtọ nhọrọ na-emekọrịta mgbanwe na nkọwa n'etiti mbipụta nke otu akwụkwọ EPUB. Mepee ndetu usoro nkọwa banye faịlụ EPUB ọbụlagodi ugbu a, mana anabatabeghị nkọwapụta maka ha.
A na-arụkwa ọrụ na ụdị ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ - EPUB 3.2. Ọ ga-enwe usoro и , nke a na-eji mpikota onu mkpụrụedemede (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ha nwere ike ibelata nha faịlụ site na 30%). Ndị mmepe ahụ ga-anọchikwa ụfọdụ àgwà HTML emechiela. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kama ihe mkpalite dị iche maka ịgbalite faịlụ ọdịyo na vidiyo, ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ ahụ ga-enwe ihe ọdịyo na vidiyo nke HTML nke obodo.
Draft и adịlarị na ebe nchekwa W3C GitHub.
Nlebanya nke ndị na-agụ e-agụ ONYX-BOOX:
isi: www.habr.com