Ariadne Conill, onye okike ihe egwu egwu Audacious, onye malitere usoro IRCv3, na onye ndu otu nchekwa nchekwa Alpine Linux, katọrọ amụma Free Software Foundation na firmware nwe na microcode, yana iwu nke nkwanye ugwu nnwere onwe nke ebumnuche bụ asambodo nke ngwaọrụ na-emezu ihe achọrọ maka ịhụ na nzuzo na nnwere onwe onye ọrụ. Dị ka Ariadne si kwuo, atumatu ntọala ahụ na-amachibido ndị ọrụ na ngwaike adịgboroja, na-agba ndị na-emepụta ihe na-achọ asambodo ka ha mebie ihe nhazi ngwaike ha, na-akụda mmepe nke nhọrọ ndị ọzọ n'efu na firmware nwe, ma gbochie iji usoro nchekwa kwesịrị ekwesị.
Ihe kpatara nsogbu a bụ na ị nwere ike nweta asambodo "Ịkwanyere nnwere onwe gị" naanị site na ngwaọrụ nke software niile ewepụtara ga-abụrịrị n'efu, gụnyere famụwe nke ejiri CPU bụ isi jupụta. N'otu oge ahụ, firmware eji na ndị nrụpụta agbakwunyere agbakwunyere nwere ike ịnọgide na-emechi, ma ọ bụrụ na ha apụtaghị mmelite mgbe ngwaọrụ ahụ dabara n'aka ndị ahịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwaọrụ ahụ ga-eji BIOS na-akwụghị ụgwọ buru ụgbọ mmiri, mana microcode nke chipset kwajuru na CPU, firmware na ngwaọrụ I/O, yana nhazi nke njikọ dị n'ime nke FPGA nwere ike ịnọgide na-emechi.
Ọnọdụ na-ebilite na ọ bụrụ na eburu ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa n'oge mmalite site na sistemụ arụmọrụ, akụrụngwa enweghị ike ịnweta asambodo sitere na Open Source Foundation, mana ọ bụrụ na ejiri mgbawa dị iche na-ebufe firmware maka otu ebumnuche ahụ, enwere ike ị nweta asambodo ngwaọrụ ahụ. A na-ewere usoro a dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, ebe ọ bụ na nke mbụ a na-ahụ ngwa ngwa, onye ọrụ na-achịkwa nbudata ya, mara banyere ya, nwere ike ịme nyocha nchekwa onwe ya, ma nwee ike dochie ya ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụrụ na enwere analogue efu. N'okwu nke abụọ, firmware bụ igbe ojii, nke siri ike ịlele na ọnụnọ nke onye ọrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ama, na-ekwere ụgha na ngwanrọ niile dị n'okpuru ya.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ nke aghụghọ iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike nkwanye ugwu gị, enyere ekwentị Librem 5, nke ndị mmepe ya, iji nweta na iji maka ebumnuche ahịa, akara nke nnabata n'ihe achọrọ nke Free Software Foundation, jiri a iche iche processor ka ibido akụrụngwa na ibu firmware. Mgbe emechara ọkwa mmalite, a na-ebufe njikwa na CPU isi, ma gbanyụọ ihe nrụpụta inyeaka. N'ihi ya, enwere ike nweta akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ebe ọ bụ na kernel na BIOS anaghị ebu ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ, mana ewezuga iwebata nsogbu ndị na-enweghị isi, ọ nweghị ihe ga-agbanwe. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, n'ikpeazụ nsogbu ndị a niile bụ ihe efu na Purism enweghị ike ịnweta asambodo.
Okwu nchekwa na nkwụsi ike na-ebilite site na ndụmọdụ Open Source Foundation maka iji Linux Libre kernel na Libreboot firmware, kpochapụrụ nke blobs ndị etinyere na ngwaike. Ịgbaso ndụmọdụ ndị a nwere ike iduga ụdị ọdịda dị iche iche, na izochi ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere mkpa ọ dị ịwụnye mmelite firmware nwere ike iduga njehie na-ezighị ezi na nsogbu nchebe nwere ike ime (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-enweghị imelite microcode, usoro ahụ ga-anọgide na-adị mfe na Meltdown na Specter). . A na-ahụta gbanyụọ mmelite microcode dị ka ihe nzuzu, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebunye ụdị agbakwunyere nke otu microcode, nke ka nwere adịghị ike yana mperi emezighị, n'oge usoro mbido mgbawa.
Mkpesa ọzọ gbasara enweghị ike ịnweta asambodo nkwanye ùgwù nnwere onwe gị maka akụrụngwa ọgbara ọhụrụ (ụdị kachasị ọhụrụ nke laptọọpụ agbaara agbagoro azụ na 2009). Teknụzụ dị ka Intel ME na-egbochi asambodo ngwaọrụ ọhụrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Laptọọpụ Framework na-abịa na ngwa ngwa mepere emepe ma lekwasị anya na njikwa onye ọrụ zuru oke, mana o yighị ka Free Software Foundation na-akwado ya n'ihi iji Intel processors nwere teknụzụ Intel ME (iji gbanyụọ Intel Management Engine, ị nwere ike wepu modul Intel ME niile na firmware , ọ bụghị ihe metụtara mmalite mmalite nke CPU, ma gbanyụọ isi Intel ME njikwa site na iji nhọrọ enweghị akwụkwọ, nke, dịka ọmụmaatụ, System76 na Purism mere na laptọọpụ ha).
Otu ihe atụ bụkwa laptọọpụ Novena, nke emepụtara dịka ụkpụrụ nke Open Hardware si dị ma wetara ya na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mepere emepe na ngwa ngwa. Ebe ọ bụ na arụ ọrụ nke GPU na WiFi na Freescale i.MX 6 SoC chọrọ ntinye blọgụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịbeghị njikere nsụgharị nke blobs ndị a na mmepe, iji gosi Novena, Open Source Foundation chọrọ ka ndị a akụrụngwa ga-mechanical nwere nkwarụ. Emechara mepụta ngbanwe n'efu ma mee ka ndị ọrụ nweta ya, mana asambodo gaara egbochila ndị ọrụ iji ha ebe GPU na WiFi, nke na-enweghị firmware n'efu n'oge asambodo, ga-enwe nkwarụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri nkwanye ùgwù gị bute ya. Akwụkwọ nnwere onwe. N'ihi ya, onye nrụpụta Novena jụrụ ị nweta asambodo nkwanye ugwu gị, na ndị ọrụ natara ikike zuru oke, ọ bụghị ngwaọrụ ewepụrụ.
isi: opennet.ru