- Ndị nzuzu ndị a na-etinye akpa poselin na "jelii" n'ime ụlọ pụrụ iche, dịpụrụ adịpụ ... Ya bụ, ha chere na ụlọ ahụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ma mgbe ha meghere akpa ahụ na ndị na-emegharị ihe, "jelly" ahụ gafere na ígwè ahụ. na rọba, dị ka mmiri na-esi n'ihe na-esi ísì, gbapụ n'èzí, ihe nile ọ batara na-akpakọrịta ọzọ wee ghọọ "jelii." Egburu mmadụ iri atọ na ise, ihe karịrị otu narị merụrụ ahụ, ụlọ nyocha ahụ dum enweghịkwa ike iji ya. Ị gara ebe ahụ? Ụlọ mara mma! Ma ugbu a "jelii" abanyela n'ime okpuru ulo na ala ala ... Nke a bụ mmalite nke ịkpọtụrụ.
- A. Strugatsky, B. Strugatsky "picnic okporo ụzọ"
Ndewo %% aha njirimara%!
Tua eziokwu ahụ bụ na m ka na-ede ihe . O nyere m echiche ahụ.
Obere oge m chechara echiche, ekpebiri m na obere oge ịgagharị n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata caustic ga-adị ngwa ngwa. Ma eleghị anya, mmadụ ga-enwe mmasị. Maka ụfọdụ ọ bara uru.
Gaba.
Ka anyị kọwapụta echiche ozugbo.
Na-emebi emebi - 1. Chemically corrosive. 2. Nkọ nkọ, na-akpata iwe, mgbu. 3. Sargent, caustic.
Ozhegov S.I. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Russian. - M.: Rus.yaz., 1990. - 921 p.
Ya mere, anyị ozugbo tụfuo ihe abụọ ikpeazụ pụtara. Anyị na-atụfukwa lachrymators "caustic" - nke na-abụghị nke ukwuu ka ha na-akpata lacrimation, na sternites - nke na-ebute ụkwara. Ee, n'okpuru ebe a ga-enwe ihe ndị nwere ihe ndị a, ma ha bụ ihe dị mkpa! - n'ezie corrodes ihe, na mgbe ụfọdụ anụ.
Anyị agaghị atụle ihe ndị na-akpata caustic naanị maka ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị yiri ya - n'ihi mbibi kpọmkwem nke membranes cell. Ya mere, gas mọstad ga-anọgide na-agaghị eji.
Anyị ga-atụle ogige ndị bụ mmiri mmiri na ọnọdụ ụlọ. Ya mere, anyị agaghị atụle mmiri mmiri oxygen na nitrogen, yana gas dị ka fluorine, ọ bụ ezie na a pụrụ iwere ha caustic, ee.
Dị ka mgbe niile, echiche ahụ ga-abụ naanị ihe gbasara onwe ya, dabere na ahụmahụ onwe onye. Ma ee - ọ ga-ekwe omume na agaghị m echeta mmadụ - dee nkwupụta,% aha njirimara%, n'ime ụbọchị atọ site na ụbọchị e bipụtara, m ga-agbakwunye isiokwu ahụ na ihe echefuru site na mmalite!
Ma ee - Enweghị m oge na ume iji wuo "nri egwu", ya mere ọ ga-abụ hodgepodge. Na ihe niile ewepụrụ, ọ tụgharịrị dị nnọọ mkpụmkpụ.
Caustic alkalis
Kpọmkwem, alkali metal hydroxides: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium, thallium (I) hydroxide na barium hydroxide. Mana:
- A na-atụfu lithium, cesium, rubidium na barium - ọnụ ma dị ụkọ
- Ọ bụrụ na gị,% aha njirimara%, gafeta francium hydroxide, mgbe ahụ ihe ikpeazụ ị ga-echegbu onwe gị bụ causticity - ọ bụ nnukwu redioaktivu.
- Ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ na thallium - ọ dị oke nsi.
Ya mere, sodium na potassium na-anọgide. Ma ka anyị kwuo eziokwu - ihe onwunwe niile caustic alkalis yiri nnọọ.
Sodium hydroxide - nke a maara dị ka caustic soda - bụ onye ọ bụla maara. Potassium hydroxide dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri E525 kwa. Ha abụọ yiri ihe onwunwe: ha dị oke hygroscopic, ya bụ, ha na-adọta mmiri na "gbari" na ikuku. Ha na-agbaze nke ọma na mmiri ma hapụ nnukwu okpomọkụ.
"Ịgbasa" n'ikuku bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ichepụta ngwọta nke alkalis na-etinye uche nke ukwuu. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye mpempe caustic alkali na akwụkwọ, akpụkpọ anụ, ụfọdụ ọla (otu aluminom) - mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ị ga-achọpụta na ihe ahụ eriwo nke ọma! Ihe e gosiri na "Fight Club" yiri eziokwu: n'ezie, ọsụsọ aka - na alkali - ga-afụ ụfụ! Onwe m, ahụrụ m na ọ na-egbu mgbu karịa hydrochloric acid (karịa na nke dị n'okpuru).
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na aka gị akpọnwụwo nke ukwuu, o yikarịrị ka ị gaghị ahụ ihe ọ bụla na alkali akọrọ.
Caustic alkalis dị oke mma n'ịkwatu abụba n'ime glycerin na nnu nke fatty acids - nke a bụ otú e si eme ncha (ndewo, "Fight Club!") Obere oge, mana dị ka nke ọma, a na-agbaji protein - ya bụ, ụkpụrụ. , alkalis na-agbari anụ ahụ, karịsịa ngwọta siri ike - na mgbe ọkụ. Ọdịmma ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu perchloric acid (karịa na nke dị n'okpuru) bụ na alkalis niile na-adọta carbon dioxide site na ikuku, ya mere ike ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, alkalis na-emeghachi omume na akụkụ nke iko - iko ahụ na-aghọ urukpuru, ọ bụ ezie na iji gbazee ya niile - ebe a, n'ezie, ị ghaghị ịnwale.
A na-ekewa tetraalkylammonium hydroxides mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka caustic alkalis, dịka ọmụmaatụ
Tetramethylammonium hydroxide
N'ezie, ihe ndị a na-ejikọta ihe onwunwe nke cationic surfactants (nke ọma, ọ dị ka ncha nkịtị - naanị cationic: ebe a na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ bụ akụkụ diphilic - na ụgwọ "+", na ncha - na ụgwọ "-") na. ndabere dịtụ elu. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bata n'aka gị, ị nwere ike ịkwanye ya na mmiri ma saa ya dị ka ncha; The "causticity" megide ndabere nke sodium na potassium hydroxides bụ otú ahụ.
Sọlfọ acid
NXH 2
Kacha ewu ewu, eleghị anya, na akụkọ niile. Ọ bụghị ihe kachasị mma, mana ọ na-adịghị mma: sulfuric acid gbadoro anya (nke bụ 98%) bụ mmiri mmanụ na-ahụ n'anya nke ukwuu, ya mere na-ewepụ ya n'aka onye ọ bụla. Site n'iwepụ mmiri na cellulose na shuga, ọ na-agba ha. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ ga-eji obi ụtọ wepụ mmiri ahụ n'aka gị,% aha njirimara%, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ị wụsa ya na akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro nke ihu gị ma ọ bụ n'ime anya gị (nke ọma, n'eziokwu, ihe niile ga-abanye n'anya gị na njem njem) . Ndị mmadụ nwere obi oma na-agwakọta acid sulfuric na mmanụ ka o wee sie ike ịsacha ma banye nke ọma na akpụkpọ ahụ.
Site n'ụzọ, site na ịṅụ mmiri, sulfuric acid na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-eme ka foto ahụ dịkwuo ụtọ. Ya mere, iji mmiri na-asachapụ ya bụ echiche jọgburu onwe ya. Ọ ka mma iji mmanụ (sachapụ, ghara ịcha ya, wee kpochaa mmiri). Ọfọn, ma ọ bụ nnukwu eruba mmiri ozugbo jụrụ ya.
"Mmiri mbụ, na acid - ma ọ bụghị nnukwu nsogbu ga-eme!" - nke a bụ kpọmkwem banyere sulfuric acid, ọ bụ ezie na n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ onye ọ bụla na-eche na ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla acid.
N'ịbụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, sulfuric acid na-eme ka elu ọla dị na oxides. Na ebe ọ bụ na mmekọrịta nke oxides na acids na-ewere ọnọdụ na ntinye nke mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpata - na sulfuric acid adịghị ahapụ mmiri - mmetụta a na-akpọ passivation na-eme: ihe nkiri siri ike, nke na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke na-apụghị imeri emeri nke metal oxide na-echebe ya pụọ na mgbasa ọzọ.
Dị ka usoro a si dị, ígwè na aluminom na-eziga sulfuric acid gbadoro ụkwụ n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na ọ bụrụ na acid na-agbaze, mmiri na-apụta, na ọ gaghị ekwe omume izipu - ọla na-agbaze.
Site n'ụzọ, sọlfọ oxide SO3 na-agbaze na sulfuric acid ma na-emepụta oleum - nke a na-edehie mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka H2S2O7, mana nke a ezighi ezi. Oleum nwere mmasị ka ukwuu na mmiri.
Mmetụta nke onwe m mgbe sulfuric acid na-abanye n'aka m: ọ dị ntakịrị ọkụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-ere ọkụ ntakịrị - m sachara ya n'okpuru mgbata, ọ dịghị nnukwu ihe. Ekwetaghị ihe nkiri ndị ahụ, mana anaghị m akwado itinye ya na ihu gị.
Organics na-ejikarị chromium ma ọ bụ "ngwakọta chromic" - nke a bụ potassium dichromate etisasịwo na sulfuric acid. N'ezie, nke a bụ ihe ngwọta nke chromic acid, ọ dị mma maka ịsacha efere sitere na ihe ndị dị na organic. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'aka gị, ọ na-erekwa ọkụ, mana n'ezie ọ bụ sulfuric acid tinyere chromium hexavalent na-egbu egbu. Ị gaghị ahụ oghere n'aka gị, ewezuga ma eleghị anya n'uwe gị.
Onye dere ahịrị ndị a maara onye nzuzu nke jiri potassium permanganate kama potassium dichromate. Mgbe a na-ejikọta ya na ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọ na-ada ntakịrị. Ndị nọ ebe ahụ na-atụ onwe ha ihe ma jiri ntakịrị ụjọ gbapụ.
Hydrochloric mmiri
HCL
Ọ dịghị elu karịa 38% na mmiri. Otu n'ime acid kachasị ewu ewu maka mgbasa - na nke a ọ dị jụụ karịa ndị ọzọ, n'ihi na nkà na ụzụ ọ nwere ike ịdị ọcha nke ukwuu, na mgbakwunye na ime ihe dị ka acid, ọ na-emepụta chlorides mgbagwoju anya nke na-abawanye solubility. Site n'ụzọ, ọ bụ n'ihi nke a ka insoluble silver chloride bụ nnọọ soluble na ndọpụ hydrochloric acid.
Nke a, mgbe ọ na-abanye na akpụkpọ ahụ, na-ere ọkụ ntakịrị, n'onwe ya, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-esikwa ísì: ọ bụrụ na ị na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu na hydrochloric acid na ụlọ nyocha na-adịghị mma, dọkịta dọkịta gị ga-ekele gị: ị ga-eme ka ọ baa ọgaranya na ndochi. Site n'ụzọ, ịta chịngọm na-enyere aka. Ma ọ bụghị ọtụtụ. Mma - mkpuchi.
Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị mmanu mmanu ma ghara ikpo ọkụ dị ukwuu na mmiri, ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ naanị ọla, ọ bụghịkwa ihe niile. Site n'ụzọ, ígwè dị na hydrochloric acid gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na-agafe wee kwuo "ọ dịghị!" Nke a bụ ihe ha na-eji n'oge njem.
Nitric acid
HNO3
Ọ na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu, n'ihi ihe ụfọdụ ha na-atụkwa ya egwu - mana n'efu. Gbadoro anya - nke a bụ ihe ruru 70% - ọ bụ nke kachasị ewu ewu, dị elu - ọ bụ "ịṅụ sịga", ọtụtụ mgbe ọ dịghị onye chọrọ ya. Enwekwara nke anhydrous - ọ na-agbawakwa.
N'ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka oxidizing, ọ na-agafe ọtụtụ ọla ndị na-ekpuchi ihe nkiri na-adịghị edozi ma na-ekwu "dị mma" - ndị a bụ chromium, iron, aluminum, cobalt, nickel na ndị ọzọ.
Ọ na-emeghachi anụ ahụ ozugbo dịka ụkpụrụ nke mmeghachi omume xanthoprotein si dị - a ga-enwe ntụpọ edo edo, nke pụtara na gị,% aha njirimara%, ka bụ protein! Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, akpụkpọ ahụ na-acha odo odo ga-apụ apụ, dị ka a ga-asị na ọkụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ na-agba obere nnu, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-esi ísì ọjọọ - na oge a ọ na-egbu egbu: nitrogen oxides na-efe efe adịghị mma maka ahụ.
Na onwu, ha na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "ngwakọta nitrating" - nke kachasị ewu ewu bụ sulfuric na nitric acid. A na-eji ya eme ihe, karịsịa na mmepụta nke ihe na-enye obi ụtọ - pyroxylin. N'ihe banyere causticity - otu chromium gbakwunyere akpụkpọ anụ odo mara mma.
E nwekwara "mmiri eze" - nke a bụ akụkụ nitric acid ruo akụkụ atọ hydrochloric acid. A na-eji agbaze ụfọdụ ọla, ọkachasị ndị dị oke ọnụ ahịa. Usoro ntapu nke ịlele ihe nlele nke ngwaahịa ọla edo na-adabere na oke dị iche iche na mgbakwunye mmiri - n'ụzọ, ọ na-esiri ndị ọkachamara ike iji usoro a ghọgbuo na adịgboroja. N'ihe banyere causticity maka akpụkpọ ahụ - otu "ngwakọta nitrating" gbakwunyere na ọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, ísì enweghị ike mgbagwoju anya na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, ọ bụkwa ihe na-egbu egbu.
Enwekwara "reverse aqua regia" - mgbe agbanwere oke, mana nke a bụ nkọwa dị ụkọ.
Phosphoric acid
ND3PO4
N'ezie, m nyere usoro maka orthophosphoric acid, nke kachasị. Na e nwekwara metaphosphoric, polyphosphoric, ultraphosphoric - na nkenke, nke ahụ zuru ezu, ma ọ dịghị mkpa.
Orthophosphoric acid na-etinye uche (85%) bụ ụdị sirop. Acid n'onwe ya bụ nkezi, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nri, n'agbanyeghị - mgbe ị na-ejuputa, n'elu eze na-ebu ụzọ tinye ya na phosphoric acid.
Njirimara corrosion ya dị otú ahụ, mana enwere nuance na-adịghị mma: sirop a na-etinye obi gị dum nke ọma. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na ọ na-adaba n'ihe, ọ ga-abanye n'ime ya, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi. Ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ntụpọ ma ọ bụ oghere sitere na nitric na hydrochloric acid, mgbe ahụ site na phosphorus ihe ahụ ga-adaba, nke a na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa na akpụkpọ ụkwụ, mgbe oghere ahụ yiri ka ọ na-adaba ruo mgbe ọ ga-apụta.
Ọfọn, n'ozuzu ọ na-esiri ike ịkpọ ya caustic.
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Hydrofluoric acid na-etinye uche bụ ihe dịka 38%, n'agbanyeghị na enwere mwepu dị iche.
Acid na-adịghị ike nke na-ewere ịhụnanya siri ike nke fluoride ion iji mepụta ogige na-adịgide adịgide na onye ọ bụla ya na ya nwere ike. Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe ijuanya na-agbari ihe ndị ọzọ, ndị enyi siri ike na-enweghị ike, ya mere a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ngwakọta dị iche iche maka mgbasa. Mgbe ị nwetara ya n'aka gị, mmetụta ahụ ga-adị ukwuu site na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ngwakọta ndị dị otú ahụ, ma enwere nuance.
Hydrofluoric acid na-agbaze SiO2. Nke ahụ bụ ájá. Nke ahụ bụ iko. Ya bụ, quartz. Were gabazie. Mba, ọ bụrụ na ị fesa acid a na windo, ọ gaghị agbaze, mana ntụpọ ojii ga-adịgide. Iji gbazee, ịkwesịrị ijide ya ogologo oge, ma ọ bụ karịa, kpoo ya ọkụ. Mgbe agbazere, a na-ahapụ SiF4, nke bara uru maka ahụike nke na ọ ka mma ime ya n'okpuru mkpuchi.
Obere nuance dị ụtọ: gị,% aha njirimara%, nwere silicon na mbọ gị. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na hydrofluoric acid na-abanye n'okpuru mbọ gị, ị gaghị achọpụta ihe ọ bụla. Ma ị gaghị enwe ike ihi ụra n'abalị - ọ ga-ewute nke ukwuu nke na mgbe ụfọdụ ị na-achọ ịdọpụ mkpịsị aka gị. Kwere m enyi, ama m.
Na n'ozuzu, hydrofluoric acid bụ egbu egbu, carcinogenic, etinye obi gị dum site na akpụkpọ na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ - ma taa, anyị na-ekwu banyere causticity, nri?
Ị chetara otú anyị siri kwekọrịta na mmalite na a gaghị enwe fluoride? Ọ gaghị abụ. Ma ha ga-...
Fluorides nke gas inert
N'ezie, fluorine bụ onye siri ike, ị nweghị ike igosi ya n'ezie, ya mere ụfọdụ gas na-adịghị ahụkebe na-emepụta fluorides na ya. A maara fluorides kwụsiri ike ndị a: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Ihe ndị a niile bụ kristal, nke ikuku na-agba ọsọ dị iche iche ma na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na mmiri na hydrofluoric acid. The causticity kwesịrị ekwesị.
Hydroiodic acid
HI
Nke kachasị ike (n'ihe gbasara ogo nke dissociation na mmiri) ọnụọgụ abụọ acid. Onye ọrụ na-ebelata ike siri ike, nke ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na-eji. N'ikuku, ọ na-aghọ oxidize ma ghọọ aja aja, nke na-ebute ntụpọ na kọntaktị. Mmetụta dị na kọntaktị dị ka mmiri nnu. Ha niile.
Perchloric acid
HclO4
Otu n'ime ihe kachasị ike (n'ihe gbasara ogo dissociation na mmiri) acids n'ozuzu (super acids na-asọrịta mpi ya - ihe gbasara ha n'okpuru ebe a) - ọrụ Hammett acidity (okwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike nke onye na-ajụ ịbụ onye na-enye onyinye proton. n'ihe metụtara ntọala aka ike, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ka acid siri ike) bụ - 13. Anhydrous bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị ike, na-enwe mmasị ịgbawa, ọ naghịkwa akwụsi ike. Na-etinye uche (70% -72%) bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị njọ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nbibi na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-akpali akpali n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịgbawa na usoro ahụ: ịkwesịrị ijide n'aka na ọ dịghị ihe dị iche iche nke coal, na ọ naghị esi oke ike, wdg. Perchloric acid dịkwa unyi - enweghị ike ịsacha ya site na subdistillation, ọrịa ahụ na-agbawa! Ya mere, a naghị eji ya eme ihe mgbe mgbe.
Mgbe ọ batara na akpụkpọ ahụ, ọ na-ere ọkụ ma na-adị ya ka nnu. Ọ na-esi ísì. Mgbe ị hụrụ na fim na mmadụ tụbara ozu n'ime akpa nwere perchloric acid wee gbazee, mgbe ahụ ee, nke a ga-ekwe omume - ma ọ ga-ewe ogologo oge ma ọ bụ kpoo ya ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na ị kpoo ya ọkụ, ọ nwere ike ịgbawa (lee n'elu). Yabụ na-akatọ sinima (Echere m na m hụrụ nke a na 10 Cloverfield Lane).
Site n'ụzọ, causticity nke chlorine oxide (VII) Cl2O7 na chlorine oxide (VI) Cl2O6 bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na ndị a oxides na-etolite perchloric acid na mmiri.
Ugbu a, ka anyị were ya na anyị kpebiri ijikọta acidity siri ike na causticity nke fluorine n'otu ogige: were otu molecule nke perchloric ma ọ bụ sulfuric acid ma jiri fluorine dochie otu hydroxyl ya niile! Ihe mkpofu ga-apụta dị ụkọ: ọ ga-ejikọta ya na mmiri na ogige ndị yiri ya - na saịtị nke mmeghachi omume, a ga-enweta acid siri ike na hydrofluoric acid ozugbo. A?
Fluorides nke sọlfọ, bromine na ayodiin
Cheta na anyị kwetara ịtụle naanị mmiri mmiri? N'ihi nke a, etinyeghị ya n'isiokwu anyị. chlorine trifluoride ClF3, nke na-esi na + 12 Celsius C, ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ niile na-atụ egwu na ọ na-egbu egbu, na-agbanye iko, ihe mkpuchi gas, na mgbe ọ na-awụfu kilogram 900, na-eri 30 cm nke ihe na otu mita nke gravel - ihe a niile bụ eziokwu. Ma anyị kwetara - mmiri mmiri.
Agbanyeghị, enwere mmiri mmiri edo edo - Iodine pentafluoride IF5mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agba - Bromine trifluoride BrF3, acha odo odo - Bromine pentafluoride BrF5, nke na-adịghị njọ. BrF5, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agbazekwa iko, ọla na konkịtị.
N'otu aka ahụ, n'etiti sọlfọ fluorides niile, naanị Disulfur decafluoride (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa sulfur pentafluoride) bụ mmiri mmiri na-enweghị agba nke nwere usoro S2F10.. Ma nke a onyinye bụ nnọọ ike na nkịtị okpomọkụ, adịghị decompose na mmiri - ya mere ọ bụghị karịsịa caustic. N'ezie, ọ na-egbu egbu ugboro 4 karịa phosgene nwere usoro ọrụ yiri ya.
Site n'ụzọ, a na-ekwu na ayodiin pentafluoride bụ "gas pụrụ iche" eji jupụta ikuku na ụgbọ mmiri mgbapụ na ebe ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri 1979 Alien. Ọfọn, anaghị m echeta, n'eziokwu.
Super acids
James Conant chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "super acid" na 1927 iji wepụta acids siri ike karịa acid ịnweta nkịtị. N'ebe ụfọdụ, a na-ekewa acid perchloric dị ka nnukwu acid, ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị otú ahụ - ọ bụ ihe ịnweta nkịtị.
Ọtụtụ superacids bụ mineral acid nke etinyere halogen: halogen na-adọta electrons n'onwe ya, atom niile na-ewe oke iwe, ihe niile na-aga hydrogen dị ka ọ dị na mbụ: ọ na-ada n'ụdị H + - ọganihu: ya mere, acid adịla ike.
Ọmụmaatụ - fluorosulfuric na chlorosulfuric acid
Fluorosulfuric acid nwere ọrụ Hammett nke -15,1 n'agbanyeghị, ekele maka fluorine, acid a ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaze tube ule nke echekwara ya.
Mgbe ahụ, onye nwere ọgụgụ isi chere: ka anyị were Lewis acid (ihe nwere ike ịnakwere otu ụzọ electrons site na ihe ọzọ) ma jikọta ya na Brønsted acid (ihe nwere ike inye proton)! Anyị gwakọtara antimony pentafluoride na hydrofluoric acid wee nweta hexafluorantimony acid HSbF6. N'ime usoro a, hydrofluoric acid na-ewepụta proton (H+), na conjugate base (F-) dịpụrụ adịpụ site na njikọ nhazi yana antimony pentafluoride. Nke a na-emepụta nnukwu octahedral anion (SbF6-), nke bụ nucleophile na-adịghị ike na isi adịghị ike. N'ịbụ onye nwere onwe ya, proton na-ekpebi hyperacidity nke sistemụ - ọrụ Hammett -28!
Ma ndị ọzọ bịara kwuo ihe mere ha ji were Bernstead adịghị ike acid wee wepụta nke a.
Tetrafluoromethanesulfonic acid
- n'onwe ya abụrụla nnukwu acid (ọrụ Hammett - 14,1). Ya mere, ha gbakwunyere antimony pentafluoride ọzọ - ha nwetara mbelata ruo -16,8! Otu aghụghọ ahụ na fluorosulfuric acid nyere mbelata ruo -23.
Na mgbe ahụ, otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si na ngalaba kemịkalụ nke American University of California, nke Prọfesọ Christopher Reed na-edu, kpakọrịtara na ndị ọrụ ibe si Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk) wee bịa na carborane. Acid H (CHB11Cl11). Ọfọn, ha kpọrọ ya "carborane" maka ndị nkịtị, ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ inwe mmetụta dịka ọkà mmụta sayensị, kwuo "2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecachlor-1- carba-closo-dodecaborane (12)" ugboro atọ na ngwa ngwa.
Nke a bụ ihe ịma mma a dị
Nke a bụ ntụ ntụ akọrọ nke na-agbaze na mmiri. Nke a bụ acid kachasị ike n'oge a. Carborane acid dị ihe dị ka otu nde ike karịa sulfuric acid etinyebere. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịlele ike nke acid na ọnụ ọgụgụ nkịtị, ebe ọ bụ na acid na-emepụta ntọala niile a maara na-adịghị ike na ihe mgbaze niile ọ na-agbaze, gụnyere mmiri, benzene, fullerene-60, na sulfur dioxide.
Mgbe e mesịrị, Christopher Reed gwara ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ Nature, sị: “Echiche maka njikọ nke carborane acid sitere n’echiche efu banyere “ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-eketụbeghị mbụ.” Ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, ọ chọrọ iji carborane acid oxidize atọm nke inert gas xenon - nanị n'ihi na ọ dịghị onye mere nke a mbụ. Original, kedu ihe m nwere ike ikwu.
Ọfọn, ebe ọ bụ na super acids bụ acid nkịtị, ha na-eme nke ọma, ọ bụ naanị ntakịrị ike. O doro anya na akpụkpọ ahụ ga-ere ọkụ, ma nke a apụtaghị na ọ ga-agbaze. Fluorosulfonic acid bụ ikpe dị iche, mana ọ bụ ekele maka fluorine, dị ka ọ dị na fluoride.
Trihaloacetic acid
Kpọmkwem, trifluoroacetic na trichloroacetic acid
Mara mma ma na-atọ ụtọ n'ihi nchikota nke akụrụngwa nke ihe mgbaze polar organic na acid siri ike. Ha na-esi ísì—dị ka mmanya.
Ihe kacha mma bụ trifluoroacetic acid: ngwọta 20% na-ebibi ọla, okwuchi, roba, bakelite, polyethylene. Akpụkpọ ahụ na-ere ọkụ wee mepụta ọnya akọrọ na-eru n'ọkpụkpụ akwara.
Trichloroacetic acid bụ nwanne nke tọrọ na nke a, mana nke ahụ dịkwa mma. Site n'ụzọ, ịkụ aka maka mmekọahụ na-esighị ike: n'ịchụso ịma mma, ụfọdụ na-aga maka usoro a na-akpọ TCA peeling (TCA bụ TetraChloroAcetate) - mgbe a na-eji otu tetrachloroacetic acid a gbazee n'elu, oyi akwa akpụkpọ anụ.
N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na cosmetologist na-akparịta ụka na ekwentị, ọdịda ga-ekwe omume
Ọfọn, ihe dị ka nke a, ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu banyere mmiri mmiri na causticity. A ga-enwekwu mgbakwunye?
isi: www.habr.com